Angela Davis ndi mlongo wake Fania Davis anali akugwira ntchito zachilungamo pamaso pa anthu ambiri omenyera masiku ano asanabadwe. Kuchokera paubwana wawo ku Birmingham, Alabama, kumene abwenzi awo anazunzidwa ndi mabomba a 16th Street Baptist Church, mpaka ku mgwirizano wawo ndi Black Panther Party ndi Communist Party, mpaka kuntchito yawo yolimbana ndi ndende ndi mafakitale, miyoyo yawo yakhazikika pa. kukweza ufulu wa African American.
Mu 1969, Angela Davis adachotsedwa paudindo wake wophunzitsa ku UCLA chifukwa cha umembala wake mu Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu. Pambuyo pake anaimbidwa mlandu wothandiza pa kubedwa kwa khoti komwe kunapha anthu anayi. Ndawala yapadziko lonse yofuna kuti amasulidwe mโndende inatsogozedwa ndi, mwa ena, mlongo wake Fania. Pambuyo pake Angela adamasulidwa ndipo akupitiriza kulimbikitsa kuti chilungamo chisinthe.
Molimbikitsidwa ndi oyimira milandu a Angela, Fania adakhala loya waufulu wa anthu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo adachita mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, pomwe adalembetsa pulogalamu yamaphunziro achikhalidwe ku California Institute of Integral Studies ndipo adaphunzira ndi sing'anga wachizulu ku South Africa. Atabwerera, adakhazikitsa Restorative Justice for Oakland Youth. Masiku ano, akufuna kuti pakhale njira yowona ndi kuyanjanitsa yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri zachiwopsezo chambiri chomwe chikupitilizabe ku United States.
Sarah van Gelder: Nonse munali omenyera ufulu kuyambira muli achichepere. Ndikudabwa momwe kulimbikira kwanu kudakulirakulira m'moyo wabanja lanu, komanso momwe mudalankhulira pakati pa inu nonse.
Fania Davis: Ndidakali wamngโono, banja lathu linasamukira mโdera limene linali la azungu. Dera limeneli linadzatchedwa kuti Dynamite Hill chifukwa mabanja akuda omwe ankasamukiramo ankazunzidwa ndi gulu la Ku Klux Klan. Nyumba yathu sinaphulitsidwe konse ndi mabomba, koma nyumba zapafupi ndi kwathu zinaphulitsidwa.
Angela Davis: Fania mwina ndi wamngโono kwambiri kuti asakumbukire zimenezi, koma ndikukumbukira kuti kunja kunkamveka phokoso lachilendo, ndipo bambo anga ankapita kuchipinda chogona nโkutulutsa mfuti yawo mโdrowa, nโkutuluka panja nโkukafufuza ngati gulu la Ku Klux Klan. anali ataponya bomba mโtchire. Zimenezo zinali mbali ya moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku.
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kuphulitsidwa kwa tchalitchi cha 16th Street Baptist Church chinali chochitika chimodzi, koma kwenikweni panali kuphulika kwa mabomba ndi kuwotcha nthawi zonse. Pamene ndinali ndi zaka 11 ndipo Fania ali ndi zaka 7, tchalitchi chimene tinkapitako, First Congregational Church, chinatenthedwa. Ndinali membala wa gulu la anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kumeneko, ndipo tchalitchicho chinatenthedwa chifukwa cha gululo.
Tinakulira mโmalo oopsa. Ndipo lero, ndi zokambirana zonse za zigawenga, ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti panali maulamuliro achigawenga m'zaka zonse za 20th.
Sarah: Ndiye munali kuti pamene munamva kuti 16th Street Baptist Church kuphulitsidwa kwachitika?
Fania: Ndinali kusukulu ya sekondale ku Glen Ridge, New Jersey. Ndipo sindinatenge kanthu kwa aliyense. Nthawi zonse ndimalankhula za James Baldwin kapena Malcolm X, ndipo nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi tsankho komanso chilungamo.
Ndinamva za kuphulitsidwa kwa mabombako pamene amayi anga anandiuza kuti mmodzi wa amayi a atsikanawo anawaitanaโchifukwa chakuti iwo anali mabwenzi apamtimaโndipo anati, โPanali kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba kutchalitchi. Bwerani mudzakwere nane kuti titenge Carole, chifukwa Carole ali kutchalitchi lero. Ndipo iwo amayendetsa kumusi uko limodzi, ndipo iye anapeza kuti palibe Carole, iye wakhalaโฆ Ndikuganiza kuti zinayatsa moto uwu, moto waukali ndipo zinangondipangitsa kukhala wotsimikiza kulimbana ndi chisalungamo ndi mphamvu zonse ndi mphamvu zomwe ndikanatha kuzipeza.
Sarah: Kodi munganene zambiri za momwe moyo watsiku ndi tsiku unalili kwa inu kukula?
Angela: Tinapita kusukulu zolekanitsidwa, malaibulale, mipingo. Tinapita kukalekanitsa chirichonse!
Fania: Inde, mโnjira zina chinali chinthu chabwino kuti tinali omangika kwambiri monga gulu la anthu akuda.
Titatuluka kunja kwa nyumba zathu ndi madera athu, mauthenga ochezera a pa Intaneti anali oti ndinu otsika: Simukuyenera kupita kumalo osungiramo masewerawa chifukwa cha mtundu wanu kapena kudya mukapita kukagula zinthu kutawuni. Muyenera kukhala kumbuyo kwa basi.
Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, kunyumba, amayi nthaลตi zonse ankatiuza kuti, โMusamvere zimene akunena! Musalole aliyense akuuzeni kuti ndinu wocheperapo kuposa iwo. โ
Ndipo kotero ndinadzipeza ndekhaโngakhale ndili ndi zaka 10โndikungopita mโzipinda zosambira zoyera ndikumwa mโzitsime zamadzi zoyera, chifukwa kuyambira ndili wamngโono kwambiri ndinali ndi lingaliro lowopsa la chabwino ndi choipa. Mayi anga ankagula zinthu kwinakwake mโsitoloyo, ndipo asanadziwe, apolisi anaitanidwa.
Sarah: Tiyeni tidumphire patsogolo pomwe zidadziwika kuti inu, Angela, mufunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti mutetezedwe. Ndipo Fania, unatha zaka zambiri kumuteteza.
Fania: Eya, pafupi zaka ziwiri.
Angela: Mu 1969, ndinachotsedwa ntchito mu dipatimenti ya filosofi ku UCLA. Ndipamene mavuto onse adayamba, ndipo ndimapeza ziwopsezo ngati tsiku lililonse. Anandiukira chifukwa chakuti ndinali membala wa Chipani cha Komyunizimu.
Fania: Angela anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomenyera ufulu wa ndende panthawiyo, kutsogolera ziwonetsero m'boma. Kenako adamva nkhani yonse: "Chikomyunizimu Chathamangitsidwa Kuphunzitsa ku UCLA," mukudziwa, "Black Power Radical."
Angela: Ndiyeno mu August 1970, ndinaimbidwa mlandu wakupha, kuba, ndi chiwembu. Ndipo kotero ine ndimayenera kupita mobisa. Ndinapeza njira yopita ku Chicago, kenako ku New York ndi Florida, ndipo pomalizira pake ndinamangidwa ku New York mu October. Inali nthawi imene ndinali mobisa pamene kampeni inayambadi kuchitika.
Sarah: Ndiye, Fania, ndi liti pamene unatembenukira kuchirikiza cholinga cha mlongo wako?
Fania: Usiku woti ndichoke ku Cuba, ndinapeza kuti wagwidwa. Chotero mโmalo mopita kwathu ku California, mwamsanga ndinapita kumene Angela anali mโNyumba Yotsekeredwa ya Akazi ku Greenwich Village.
Angela: Anzanga onse ndi anzanga anayamba kumanga kampeni. Nditamangidwa nโkunditumiza mโdzikolo, onse anasamukira ku Bay Area.
Tinali okangalika mu Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, ndipo, mukudziwa, kutsutsa kulikonse kumene munthu angakhale nako kwa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, tikhoza kupita kulikonse padziko lapansi ndi kukapeza anthu amene tinali nawo achibale, ndipo anthu anatsegula nyumba zawo.
Linali Phwando limene linali maziko a makonzedwe a kumasulidwa kwanga, ndipo gululo linatengedwa ndi ophunzira pa sukulu ndi anthu a tchalitchi.
Izi zidachitika padziko lonse lapansi. Nthaลตi zonse ndikapita kumalo kwanthaลตi yoyamba, nthaลตi zonse ndimadzipeza ndikuyenera kuthokoza anthu amene amabwera kwa ine nโkunena kuti, โTinachita nawo mlandu wanu.โ
Sarah: Kodi mumadziwa kuti pali chithandizo chotere chikuchitika?
Angela: Ndinadziwa, ndipo sindimadziwa. Ndinkadziwa bwinobwino, koma Fania ndi amene anayenda ndipo anachitira umboni.
Fania: Eya, ndinali kuyankhula kwa anthu 60,000 ku France ndi 20,000 ku Rome, London, ndi East ndi West Germany, padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwona gulu lalikulu ili lomumasula.
Angela: Inali nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu ankakhulupiriradi kuti kusintha nโkotheka. Maiko anali kupeza ufulu wawo, ndipo magulu omenyera ufulu anali kuchitika, ndipo panali chiyembekezo chimenechi padziko lonse lapansi chakuti tidzathetsa chikapitalism. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndinali ndi mwayi kuti ndidasankhidwa panthawi yolumikizana ndi zinthu zingapo.
Sarah: Ntchito yanu kuyambira nthawi imeneyo yakhazikika pa kayendetsedwe ka milandu. Kodi nonse ndinu othetsa ndende?
Angela: O, mwamtheradi! Ndipo ndizosangalatsa kuona kuti lingaliro la kuthetseratu likuvomerezedwa mochuluka osati njira yokhayo yothetsera kutsekeredwa m'ndende, koma monga njira yoganizira anthu osiyanasiyana omwe samadaliranso zoyesayesa zopondereza zachiwawa ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende.
Kuthetsa kunayambira mโntchito ya W.E.B. Du Bois ndi lingaliro lakuti ukapolo wokha unathetsedwa, koma njira zothetsera zotsatira za bungwe limenelo sizinapangidwe. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, panali nthawi yochepa yomanganso mozama yomwe imatiwonetsa lonjezo la zomwe zikanakhalapo. Anthu akuda adatha kupanga mphamvu zachuma, kuyambitsa nyuzipepala ndi mitundu yonse yamalonda. Koma zonsezi zinawonongedwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa Kumanganso ndi kuwuka kwa Ku Klux Klan mu 1880s.
Fania: Inde, tidathetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwaukapolo, koma kenako kudasinthidwa ndikugawana, Jim Crow, lynching, kubwereketsa wolakwa. Chofunikira cha nkhanza zamtundu ndi zowawa zomwe tidaziwona pakukhazikitsidwa kwaukapolo ndi m'mabungwe otsatizanawa zikupitilirabe masiku ano monga kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri komanso machitidwe apolisi akupha.
Angela: Tikutenga mikangano yomwe imatigwirizanitsa ndi othetsa ukapolo, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndende ndi chilango cha imfa ndi zitsanzo zoonekeratu za njira zomwe ukapolo wapitirizabe kuvutitsa anthu athu. Chifukwa chake sikuti kungochotsa kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, ngakhale ndikofunikira. Ndizokhudza kusintha gulu lonse.
Sarah: Kodi chilungamo chobwezeretsa chingathandize bwanji kusinthaku?
Fania: Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti chilungamo chobwezeretsa chimatha kuthana ndi vuto la anthu-ndipo ndi bwino kwambiri. Koma chowonadi ndi njira yoyanjanitsa ndi imodzi yomwe ikuyenera kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu - kuchiritsa mabala a ziwawa zamapangidwe. Tawona kuti pakugwira ntchito pafupifupi mitundu 40 yosiyana; chodziwika bwino ndi, ndithudi, South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Ku South Africa, bungweli linapempha anthu omwe anazunzidwa ndi tsankho kuti apereke umboni, ndipo, kwa nthawi yoyamba, adanena nkhani zawo poyera. Zinali pa mawailesi onse, mโmanyuzipepala onse, zinali paliponse pa wailesi yakanema, kotero kuti anthu ankabwera kunyumba nโkumamvetsera ndi kuphunzira zinthu zokhudza tsankho zomwe sankazidziwa kale. Panali kukambitsirana kwakukulu kwa dziko, ndipo anthu amene anavulazidwa anadzimva kukhala oyenerera mwanjira inayake.
Zinthu ngati izi zitha kuchitika panonso, kudzera mu chowonadi ndi kuyanjananso. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu woterewu wa makomiti omvera, pakhoza kukhala mabwalo omwe amachitika m'magulu amderalo - mabwalo apakati, mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe adachitiridwa nkhanza ndi omwe adawavulaza.
Angela: Kodi munthu akuganiza bwanji kuti adzayankha mlandu kwa munthu woimira boma amene wachita zachiwawa zosaneneka? Ngati tingodalira njira yakale yowatumiza kundende kapena chilango cha imfa, ndikuganiza kuti titha kupanganso njira yomwe tikuyesera kutsutsa.
Ndiye kodi tingalankhule mozama za chilungamo chobwezeretsa? Ambiri mwa makampeni poyambilira adafuna kuti apolisi aimbidwe mlandu, ndipo zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti titha kuphunzira kuchokera ku chilungamo chobwezeretsa ndikuganizira njira zina.
Sarah: Fania, unandiuza pamene tinali kukambirana chaka chatha kuti ntchito yako yobwezeretsa chilungamo inabweradi pamene unadutsa mโnyengo ya kusintha kwaumwini mkati mwa zaka za mโma 1990, pamene unaganiza zosintha magiya.
Fania: Ndinafika pamene ndinadzimva kukhala wosalinganizika chifukwa cha mkwiyo wonse, ndewu, kuchokera ku mtundu wa khalidwe laumuna lomwe ndinayenera kutengera kuti ndikhale loya wopambana. Komanso kuyambira zaka pafupifupi 30 za chikhalidwe chaukali chomwe ndidakakamizika kuchitenga ngati womenyera ufulu wotsutsa-kusiyana ndi izi ndi izi, ndikumenya izi ndikumenya izi.
Mwachidziwitso, ndinazindikira kuti ndikufunika kulowetsedwa kwa mphamvu zambiri zachikazi ndi zauzimu ndi zopanga komanso zochiritsa kuti ndibwererenso bwino.
Sarah: Kodi izi zidakhudza bwanji ubale wanu ngati alongo?
Fania: Ine ndi mlongo wanga tinali ndi nyengoโpakati pomweโpamene maunansi athu anasokonekera kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, chifukwa cha zina za kusinthaku. Zinali zowawa kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndinazindikira kuti ziyenera kuchitika chifukwa ndinali kudzipanga ndekha kusiyana ndi iye. Nthaลตi zonse ndinali mlongo wamngโono amene ankatsatira mapazi ake.
Eya, ndipo kotero tsopano ife tiri pafupi kachiwiri. Ndipo akukhala wauzimu kwambiri.
Angela: Ndikuganiza kuti malingaliro athu pazomwe zimawonedwa ngati zazikulu asintha pakapita nthawi. Kudzisamalira ndi machiritso ndi chisamaliro ku thupi ndi gawo lauzimu-zonsezi tsopano ndi mbali ya mikangano yachilungamo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Sizinali choncho kale.
Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tsopano tikuganiza mozama za kugwirizana pakati pa moyo wamkati ndi zomwe zimachitika mu chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ngakhale omwe akulimbana ndi nkhanza za boma nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo zikhumbo zomwe zimachokera ku chiwawa cha boma mu ubale wawo ndi anthu ena.
Fania: Nditaphunzira za chilungamo chobwezeretsa, chinali chidziwitso chenicheni chifukwa chinaphatikiza kwa nthawi yoyamba loya, wankhondo, ndi mchiritsi mwa ine.
Funso tsopano ndi momwe timapangira njira yobweretsera machiritso pamodzi ndi gawo la chilungamo cha chikhalidwe ndi mafuko-momwe timachiritsira zowawa zamtundu zomwe zimapitirizabe kuchitika.
Angela: Ndikuganiza kuti chilungamo chobwezeretsa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la moyo momwe timafunira m'tsogolomu. Kuyimba izo.
Tiyenera kuganizira mtundu wa anthu amene tikufuna kukhalamo. Sitingangoganiza kuti mwanjira ina, mwamatsenga, tipanga gulu latsopano momwe mudzakhala anthu atsopano. Ayi, tiyenera kuyamba njira yopangira gulu lomwe tikufuna kukhalamo pakali pano.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama