Patent ndi njira yotetezera zinthu zopangidwa, ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa intellectual property. Zikutanthauza kuti woyambitsa ndi munthu yekhayo amene amaloledwa kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kugulitsa zomwe anatulukira. Ngati ena akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito luso limeneli, ayenera kulipira kwa woyambitsayo wotchedwa royalties. Mwachitsanzo, Microsoft imapanga $5-$15 pa foni yamakono iliyonse ya Android chifukwa cha ma patent pamafayilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafoniwo.(1)
Ma Patent akuyenera kukhala ndi zolinga zazikulu ziwiri:
1) Kulimbikitsa chidziwitso kufalitsa. Kuti patent iperekedwe, woyambitsayo akuyenera kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira kuti aliyense athe kuwona momwe zopekazo zimagwirira ntchito.
2) Kupereka mphotho kwa oyambitsa, potero kulimbikitsa anthu kupanga zatsopano.
Mwachidziwitso, aliyense amapindula, koma pali zovuta zambiri za ma patent. M'zochita zake, mabungwe amapezerapo mwayi pa dongosololi kuti apeze phindu lalikulu poyang'anira chidziwitso ndiukadaulo. Mโnkhani zamโmbuyomo tidakambirana njira zina zomwe chuma chimagwirira ntchito kuti anthu olemera akhale olemera. Chimodzi mwa izo chinali phindu la monopoly, kumene kampani imakhala yaikulu mkati mwa mafakitale ake, motero imatha kulipira mitengo yokwera. Ma Patent ndi chitsanzo chomaliza cha kulamulira pawokha, chifukwa palibe wina amene amaloledwa kupikisana.
Kusamutsa Chuma Kuchokera ku Maiko Osauka kupita ku Olemera
Pakhala pali kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kochokera kumayiko otsogola kuti alimbikitse malamulo a patent m'maiko onse osauka kuti agwirizane ndi machitidwe a US ndi Europe. Mayiko olemera amalamulira ma patent ambiri padziko lapansi, motero amalandira pafupifupi ndalama zonse. Mayiko osauka sangakwanitse kulipira, kotero kuti malamulo amphamvu a patent amawalepheretsa kupeza njira zamakono zatsopano, motero kumachepetsa chitukuko ndi kulimbikitsa umphawi.(2)
Mayiko akalowa mโbungwe la World Trade Organization (WTO), amayenera kuvomereza malamulo a patent a WTO. Ngati mayiko alibe malamulo amphamvu a patent, US iwalanga. Onse aลตiri Brazil ndi Thailand anakakamizika kulimbitsa malamulo awo a patent chifukwa chakuti dziko la United States linawopseza kuika zilango zamalonda.(4) Zikuyerekezedwa kuti maiko osatukuka amapereka $5 biliyoni pachaka kumaiko olemera chifukwa cha malamulo a zinthu zaluntha.(45)
Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo zinali zotheka kupanga patent pafupifupi chilichonse ku US, monga njira zachipatala, ngakhalenso ma genetic codes of life pawokha.(7) Pambuyo pa milandu ina, malamulo adasinthidwa kotero kuti tsopano ndizovuta kwambiri zinthu za patent ku US. Komabe, ndizothekabe mbewu za patent. Mabungwe amayesa kupanga patent ku US, kenako amagwiritsa ntchito WTO kunena kuti patent ndiyovomerezeka kulikonse. Akhala akuyesera kupangira mbewu ndi mankhwala omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu amtundu wawo kwazaka zambiri. Izi zimatchedwa biopiracy. Zokometsera, turmeric, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ku India kwa zaka zambiri, komabe panali patent yaku US. Patent iyi pamapeto pake idawonedwa kukhala yosavomerezeka.(8) Ngakhale kuti chigamulocho chinali chofunikira, patent sinayenera kuperekedwa poyambirira.
Kufikira posachedwapa, maiko ambiri anali ndi malamulo amene sanali kulola chilolezo cha chakudya, zomera, mbewu ndi zamoyo.(9) Izi siziri choncho. Mabungwe akuluakulu anayi amayang'anira mbewu zambiri zapadziko lapansi, ndipo magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a chakudya padziko lapansi amachokera ku zomera 12 zokha. Makampaniwa akugwiritsa ntchito molakwika dongosolo la patent kuyesa kuwongolera chakudya chapadziko lonse lapansi (zinyama komanso mbewu). Mwachitsanzo, salola alimi kusunga mbewu chaka chimodzi kupita chaka china, zomwe zimakakamiza alimi kuti azipereka ndalama zachifumu chaka chilichonse. Uku ndiko kusamutsa chuma kuchoka kwa osauka kupita kwa olemera. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu ambiri ochita kampeni anena kuti izi ndi zowopsa, chifukwa pali kusiyana kochepa kwa mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa, ndipo kusowa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo kumatipangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kulephera kwakukulu kwa mbewu.(10)
Kufunika kosintha malamulo a patent kuti athandize mayiko osauka sikungamveke mokwanira. Monga momwe wolemba ndemanga wina ananenera
"Maziko a chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chidziwitso chochuluka." (11)
Kwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, ukadaulo wokopera zakhala njira yofunika kwambiri pakukula. M'mbuyomu, mayiko otsogola amanyalanyaza malamulo a patent nthawi iliyonse yomwe angawafune kuti adzithandize kukhala otukuka potengera zopangidwa kuchokera kumayiko ena. Posachedwapa zakhala zofunikira pothandiza China kukula. Pakali pano, kusalingana padziko lonse kukuwonjezeka. Ngati tilola dongosolo ili la patent kuti lipitirire momwe lilili, mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene adzapeza zovuta kwambiri kuti apeze. Kusalinganika kotereku si mbali yachibadwa ya anthu. Timachipanga ndikuchisamalira pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo opangira kuti apindule ndi anthu amphamvu ndi makampani omwe ali m'maiko olemera.
Owerenga mwanzeru adzazindikira kuti zovomerezeka sizikugwirizana ndi malingaliro okhudza misika ndi mpikisano pakati pamakampani. Ma Patent ndi okhudza mphamvu ndi ulamuliro - kupanga phindu lochulukirapo chifukwa kampani ilibe mpikisano.(13) Makampani amafuna ziphaso zikawakomera, ndipo amati akufuna malonda aulere pomwe ziwayenera. Onse awiri amakakamiza mayiko osauka kuchita zinthu zomwe zimapindulitsa mayiko olemera ndi mabungwe awo.
Stifling Innovation
Imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zomwe kumvetsetsa kwathu za kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndikuti kuyesa komweko kuchitidwe nthawi zambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti zotsatira zake ndi zolondola. Mayunivesite akuuzidwa kuti sangathe kuchita kafukufuku wina popanda kulipira malipiro. Izi ndi zodula, choncho kafukufuku walephera.(14)
Izi zadziwika ndi akatswiri ofufuza zamankhwala. Kupatsidwa chilolezo kwa majini kumabweretsa mavuto kwa madokotala omwe amayesa mayeso achipatala. Madokotala ku England adapanga mayeso kuti awone ngati wina ali ndi jini ya cystic fibrosis. Kampani ina ku Canada inati inali ndi jiniyo ndipo imayembekezera kulipidwa nthaลตi zonse pamene kuyezetsako kunkachitika.(15) Kaganizidwe kameneka kamachititsa kuti mayiko azivutika kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala chotchipa kwa aliyense.
Njira yokhayo yotsutsa patent ndiyo kudutsa milandu yovuta, kotero kuti 'patent trolls' amagula ma patent kuti atenge ndalama. Malamulo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri moti nโngosavuta kulipira kusiyana ndi kupikisana nawo, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu aziimba milandu yambiri yopanda pake. Anthu wamba ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono sangakwanitse kulipira ndalamazo, choncho lasanduka bwalo lamasewera la anthu olemera.(16) Ndalama zimenezi zimalipidwa ndi ogula.
Palibe amene akudziwa kuti ndi zinthu zingati zomwe zingapangidwe zomwe sizinapangidwe chifukwa cha kachitidwe ka patent. Ngakhale anthu odziwika bwino ayamba kukamba za momwe dongosololi lakhalira loipa. Mu 2011, mkulu wa zamalamulo ku Google, David Drummond, adati:
"Zovomerezeka ... zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida choyimitsa zatsopano".
Maiko olemera akhala akukangana za kufunika kolamulira zipangizo zamakono kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Ma Patent a injini zoyambira nthunzi anatsekereza opanga kupanga mapangidwe awoawo, ena omwe anali apamwamba. Kalelo mu 1785 Britain idakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa makina apamwamba omwe amatumizidwa kunja. Pakufufuza kwamakampani opanga utoto ndi mankhwala mu 19th zaka zana, kusowa kwa ma Patent ku Germany kunadziwika ngati chifukwa chachikulu chomwe Germany idapambana kuposa UK. (18) Kumapeto kwa 19th m'zaka za zana lino, Switzerland ndi Netherlands anachotsadi chitetezo cha patent ndi kukopera chifukwa cha kuipa kwawo.(19)
Kodi Tiyenera Kuchotsa Ma Patent Onse?
Mtsutso womwe umaperekedwa pochirikiza zovomerezeka ndikuti mphotho zake ndizofunikira kulimbikitsa zatsopano. Komabe, umboni umasonyeza kuti zatsopano zambiri zidzachitika popanda ma patent. Sipamakhala kukambirana pafupipafupi pawailesi yakanema akufunsa funso "kodi tingakhale bwino ndi ma patent ochepa kapena ocheperako, kapena opanda ziphaso zonse?" Zimatengedwa mopepuka kuti tiyenera kukhala ndi dongosolo lamakono. (Zokambirana m'magazini zaukadaulo ndi zabwinoko.) Komabe, kafukufuku wa 2004 adawonetsa kuti anthu onse atha kukhala bwino popanda ma patenti,(20) popeza zoyipa za dongosololi zitha kukhala zazikulu kuposa phindu. Tingakhale bwino popanda ma patent ambiri.
M'makalata oyambirira tidakambirana za udindo wa anthu pakupanga chuma. Tonsefe timatengera chidziwitso chochuluka kuchokera m'mbuyomu. Udindo wa munthu kapena kampani pakupanga malingaliro atsopano ndi wochepa.(21) Choncho tiyenera kuchepetsa mphotho zomwe zimapita kwa oyambitsa. Panopa ma patent amatha zaka 20. Iyi ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuti mulole anthu azilamulira okha, zomwe zimakakamiza wina aliyense kulipira kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo watsopano. Ma Patent ataliatali amatanthauza kuti anthu amalipira ndalama zambiri popanga zatsopano pomwe mabungwe akulu amapeza phindu lalikulu. Kaya ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ma patent ambiri, ma patent aatali ndi malingaliro oyipa. Ngakhale woyambitsa Amazon, Jeff Bezos, adanena kuti ma patent apulogalamu sayenera kupitirira zaka 3-5. (22)
Ngati tili ndi dongosolo la patent, ndiye kuti liyenera kukhala labwino lomwe limapereka zopindulitsa kwa anthu omwe amaposa zovuta. Chilichonse chomwe chimapatsa mphamvu makampani akuluakulu chiyenera kuwonedwa ngati choyipa. Njira zina zaperekedwa kuti zipereke mphotho kwa oyambitsa popanda kupereka mphamvu kapena chuma chochuluka kumakampani. Izi zipangitsa kuti aliyense athe kutengera zomwe zapangidwa kwaulere.
Mfundo Zowunika
Lamulo la patent limapangidwa kuti lipindulitse mabungwe ochokera kumayiko olemera
Ma Patent omwe alipo pano ndi aatali kwambiri ndipo izi ndizokwera mtengo kwa anthu kulikonse
Titha kusintha ma patent ndi machitidwe abwinoko
Kuwerenga Kwambiri
Drahos & Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Amene ali ndi chuma cha chidziwitso, 2002
Zida Zamakono
Knowledge Economy International, pa
Zothandizira
1) Chris Hoffman, 'Momwe Microsoft imapangira $5 mpaka $15 kuchokera ku chipangizo chilichonse cha Android chogulitsidwa', How-to Geek, 5 Marichi 2014, pa
https://www.howtogeek.com/183766/why-microsoft-makes-5-to-15-from-every-android-device-sold/
2) Peter Drahos & John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Amene ali ndi chuma cha chidziwitso, 2002
3) โIntellectual Property Rights Commission Final Reportโ, IPR Commission, Sep 2002, pa
http://www.iprcommission.org/graphic/documents/final_report.htm
otchulidwa mu Zosia Kmietowicz, 'Patent Laws Are Keeping Poor Countries in Poverty', Sept 14, 2002, pa
https://www.bmj.com/content/325/7364/562.2.extract
4) Malamulo a patent a WTO amadziwika kuti TRIPS. Izi zikuyimira Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
5) Mark Curtis, Trade for Life, p.77
6) Ha-Joon Chang, Asamariya oipa, p.141
7) Joel Bakan, Bungwe (dvd)
8) Radhakrishna Rao, 'War Against Biopiracy', pa www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050401/science.htm
9) Lori Wallach ndi Patrick Woodall, Yemwe Trade Organisation, p.202
10) Francesca Ratcliffe, 'Kupereka Patent ndi Chiwopsezo cha Chitetezo cha Chakudya: Otayika pakuphatikiza msika wambewu padziko lonse lapansi', The Governance Post, 14 Dec 2020, pa
https://www.thegovernancepost.org/2020/12/seed-patenting-threat-to-food-security/
'Vuto ndi chiyani', Palibe zovomerezeka pambewu!, pa
https://www.no-patents-on-seeds.org/en/background/problem
11) Ha-Joon Chang, Asamariya oipa
12) Michael S. Carolan, 'Mavuto okhala ndi ma Patent: Kuwerenga kocheperako kwamtsogolo', Chitukuko ndi Kusintha, March 2009, pa
13) Drahos ndi Braithwaite, Information Feudalism
14) E.Richard Gold et al, 'Kodi zovomerezeka zikulepheretsa chithandizo chamankhwala ndi zatsopano?', PLoS Med, Jan 2010, pa
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795161/
15) George Monbiot, State Captive, pp. 255-261
16) Steven Levy, 'Vuto la patent', Wired 13 Nov 2012, pa
https://www.wired.com/2012/11/ff-steven-levy-the-patent-problem/
17) Daniel Thomas, 'Chifukwa chiyani dongosolo la patent likufunika kukonzanso', Raconteur, 18 Dec 2018, pa
18) Johann Murmann, Chidziwitso ndi Ubwino Wopikisana: Kusinthika kwamakampani, ukadaulo ndi mabungwe adziko, 2004
19) Dean Baker, 'The reform of intellectual property', kuwunika kwachuma kwa post-autistic, No.32, 5 July 2005, pa
http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue32/Baker32.htm
20) Derek Lowe, 'Vuto ndi zovomerezeka', Science, 13 Aug 2015, pa
https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2015/08/13/the-problem-with-patents
21) Linda McQuaig, Vuto Ndi Mabiliyoni
22) Nilay Patel, 'The 'yosweka patent system': momwe tinafikira pano ndi momwe tingakonzere, 10 July 2012, pa
https://www.theverge.com/2011/08/11/broken-patent-system
Rod Driver ndi wophunzira wanthawi yochepa yemwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kutsutsa zabodza zamasiku ano zaku US ndi Britain, ndikufotokozera zankhondo, uchigawenga, zachuma ndi umphawi, popanda zopanda pake pamawayilesi wamba. Nkhaniyi idayikidwa koyamba pa medium.com/elephantsintheroom
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