Dziko la US ndi ogwirizana nawo akhala akugwira nawo ntchito yopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo ndi mankhwala, komabe akulimbana ndi mayiko ena chifukwa chokhala ndi zida zomwezi. Kuwerengera zaka pang'ono kumeneku kwapangidwa ngati poyambira pakufufuza mozama ndi kusanthula zida za biochemical ndi mfundo zakunja.
400s BC: Agiriki aku Spartan amagwiritsa ntchito fuko la sulfure polimbana ndi adani.
256 AD: Ufumu wa Sasanian Perisiya uyenera kuti unagwiritsa ntchito utsi wapoizoni polimbana ndi asilikali achiroma mumsewu wa ku Syria wamakono.
1346: Anthu a mtundu wa Chitata anyamula mitembo ya mliri wa mliri m'malo ochita malonda ku Italy ku Crimea.
Zaka za m'ma 1500: Ogonjetsa ku Spain amagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo zamoyo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi Amwenye ku America.
1763: Mtsogoleri wa ku Britain Jeffrey Amherst amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mabulangete a nthomba motsutsana ndi Amwenye panthawi ya Kupanduka kwa Pontiac. Zofunda za nthomba zoperekedwa kwa nthumwi za mbadwa za m'dera la Fort Pitt.
1789: nthomba iwononga midzi ya Amwenye a ku Australia ku New South Wales; mkangano ukupitilira ngati a Britain adayambitsa dala.
Mโzaka za mโma 1800: nthomba, chikuku, ndi matenda ena akuwononga madera a Native American ndi First Nation; Akuluakulu aku US ndi aku Britain / Canada amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsekera anthu kuti azipatula matenda m'midzi ya azungu, koma osati m'midzi Yachibadwidwe.
1845: British kuukira Maori resisters ndi mpweya wapoizoni ku Nkhondo ya Ohaeawai, Aotearoa / New Zealand.
1907: Msonkhano wa ku Hague unaletsa zida za mankhwala; US sichita nawo gawo.
1914-18: Nkhondo Yadziko I inayamba; Ajeremani amayambitsa mpweya wa chlorine pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Ypres. Mpweya wapoizoni monga mpiru wa mpiru ndi mpweya wa chlorine umapangitsa kufa kwa 85,000, kuvulala 1,200,000 mbali zonse ziwiri.
1919-21: Mpweya wapoizoni wogwiritsidwa ntchito mโnkhondo yachiลตeniลตeni ya ku Russia, motsutsana ndi zigawenga za a Bolshevik, ndi motsutsana ndi a Bolshevik a Royal Air Force.
1920s: Asilikali a ku Spain ndi a ku France amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mpiru polimbana ndi zigawenga za Berber ku Spanish Morocco. Britain ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala ku Iraq "monga kuyesa" motsutsana ndi zigawenga za Chiarabu ndi Kurdish zomwe zikufuna ufulu wodzilamulira; Winston Churchill "mwamphamvu" akutsutsa "kugwiritsa ntchito gasi wapoizoni motsutsana ndi mafuko osatukuka," zomwe zikuwoneka kuti sizinachitike.
1928: Geneva Protocol (yoyamba kusainidwa mu 1925) ndi League of Nations imaletsa nkhondo ya gasi ndi mabakiteriya; maiko ambiri omwe amavomereza amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa zida zotere.
1935: Italy ikuyamba kugonjetsa Abyssinia (Ethiopia), pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mpiru.
1937: Dziko la Japan linalanda dziko la China, likugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zida za mankhwala pankhondo kuti ligonjetse dziko la China, ndipo linagwiritsa ntchito zida za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga utitiri wonyamula miliri.
1939: Nkhondo Yadziko II inayamba; mbali zonse ziwiri zasankha kuti asagwiritse ntchito zida za biochemical pakuukira kwakukulu, chifukwa choopa kubwezera.
1941: US ilowa Nkhondo Yadziko II; Purezidenti Roosevelt alonjeza US sikhala woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida za biochemical.
1942: Asitikali aku Germany ayenera kuti adagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wapoizoni polimbana ndi zida za Soviet m'mipata pa Nkhondo ya Kerch ku Crimea.
1943: Sitima yapamadzi ya ku United States yomwe inawonongeka ndi mabomba a Germany ku Bari, Italy, inatulutsa mpweya wa mpiru, kupha 1,000.
1945: Pamene ndende zozunzirako anthu zimamasulidwa, akaidi anena kuti Ajeremani agwiritsira ntchito Zyklon-B kupha mamiliyoni a anthu wamba. Kukonzekera kwa US ku Operation Downfall kuwukira ku Japan (sikunachitikepo) kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala. Asilikali aku Japan adapeza kuti adayesa kuyesa kwachilengedwe pa POWs, kupha 3000. US imateteza maofesala omwe amayang'anira milandu yankhondo, pobwezera deta. A Soviet alanda malo opangira gasi ku Germany ku Potsdam. Asitikali a chipani cha Nazi anali ndi mpweya wochuluka wa minyewa yomwe Allies analibe chitetezo, komanso anali akugwira ntchito yopereka magazi.
1947: US ili ndi zida zomenyera majeremusi; Purezidenti Truman achotsa Geneva Protocol kuchokera ku Senate.
1949: US inatsutsa mayesero a Soviet a Japan chifukwa cha nkhondo ya majeremusi monga "zofalitsa." Asilikali ayamba kuyesa mwachinsinsi kwa ma biological agents m'mizinda yaku US.
1950: Nkhondo ya ku Korea inayamba; North Korea ndi China zikuimba US zankhondo za majeremusi-zinango zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe. Matenda a San Francisco amafanana ndi mabakiteriya ankhondo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumzinda.
1951: Anthu aku Africa-Amerika adakumana ndi zoyeserera zakupha ku Virginia kuyesa zida za fungal zamtundu wina.
1952: Wofufuza za zida za mankhwala wa ku Germany Walter Schreiber, wogwira ntchito ku Texas, adavumbula kuti ndi amene adayambitsa mayesero a m'misasa yachibalo, ndipo anathawira ku Argentina.
1954: Fort Detrick ku Maryland inayambitsa Operation Whitecoat kuti ifufuze zotsatira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa asilikali ndi odzipereka okana usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima; Pulogalamuyi imakhalapo mpaka 1973.
1956: Buku lankhondo likunena momveka bwino kuti nkhondo za biochemical siziletsedwa. Rep. Gerald Ford apambana kusintha kwa mfundo kuti apatse asitikali aku US "kumenya koyamba" mphamvu pa zida zama mankhwala.
1959: Chigamulo cha nyumba motsutsana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa zida za biochemical chagonjetsedwa.
1961: Kennedy Administration akuyamba kukwera kwa zida za mankhwala kuchokera pa $ 75 miliyoni mpaka $ 330 miliyoni.
1962: Zida za mankhwala zonyamulidwa pa ndege za US panthawi ya vuto la mizinga ku Cuba.
1963-66: US, UK ndi Israel akudzudzula Egypt kuti akugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala panthawi yomwe adalowererapo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku North Yemen.
1966: Kuyesa kwankhondo zankhondo m'mayendedwe apansi panthaka ku New York.
1968: Pentagon ikufunsa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zida zake zotsutsana ndi otsutsa kuti awonetse "kuthandiza" kwa mankhwalawo. Mkulu JB Medaris anati: โMwa kugwiritsira ntchito gasi mโzochitika za anthu, timakwaniritsa zolinga ziลตiri: kulamulira makamu ndi kuphunzitsa anthu za gasi. njira yomwe ndikudziwira kuti nditha kusankha anyamata ovala zipewa zoyera kuchokera kwa omwe ali ndi zipewa zakuda popanda kupha aliyense wa iwo."
1969: Ngozi ya zida za mankhwala ku Utah inapha nkhosa zikwizikwi; Purezidenti Nixon alengeza kuimitsidwa kwa US pakupanga zida zankhondo ndi kukhala ndi zida zankhondo. UN General Assembly ikuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicides (opha zomera) ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi pankhondo; US imodzi mwa mavoti atatu otsutsa. Asitikali aku US amayambitsa kupha utsi wokhetsa misozi m'ngalande za zigawenga zaku Vietnamese, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri napalm (mafuta amafuta otsekemera omwe amamatira pakhungu).
1971: US ikuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu mwachindunji monga Agent Orange; anali atafalikira mโnkhalango za Indochinese, ndipo anawononga pafupifupi 600,000 peresenti ya zokolola za ku South Vietnam, zokwanira kudyetsa anthu 1977 kwa chaka chimodzi. Matenda ndi zilema zobadwa zidakhudza anthu wamba aku Vietnamese komanso asitikali ankhondo aku US. Magulu oyera a phosphorous amagwiritsidwanso ntchito polimbana ndi zigawenga zaku South Vietnam. Anzeru aku US amapereka kachilombo ka chimfine cha nkhumba ku gulu lankhondo la anti-Castro Cuban, lomwe limakafika kugombe lakumwera kwa Cuba (malinga ndi malipoti a nyuzipepala ya XNUMX).
1972: Msonkhano wa Zida Zachilengedwe ndi Za Poizoni. Cuba imadzudzula CIA kuti imayambitsa matenda a nkhumba omwe amapha nkhumba 500,000.
1974: US potsiriza ikuvomereza 1928 Geneva Protocol.
1975: Indonesia inalanda dziko la East Timor; ndege zimafalitsa mankhwala ophera udzu m'minda.
1978: Gulu lachinsinsi la ku Bulgaria limagwiritsa ntchito ricin mu ambulera nsonga kupha wotsutsa waku Bulgaria ku London.
1979: Matenda a anthrax ochokera ku labotale ya zida zankhondo zaku Soviet amapha 60 pafupi ndi mapiri a Ural ku Russia, pafupi ndi Sverdlovsk. Washington Post malipoti a pulogalamu yaku US yolimbana ndi ulimi waku Cuba kuyambira 1962, kuphatikiza gawo lankhondo lachilengedwe la CIA. Boma loyera la Rhodesia limayipitsa anthu aku Africa ndi matenda a anthrax kumapeto kwa nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha ku Zimbabwe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu 10,000 aphedwe, 182 mwa iwo adapha.
1980: Akuluakulu azamalamulo aku US akunena kuti Soviet amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ku Afghanistan, pomwe amavomereza "palibe umboni." Congress ivomereza malo opangira gasi ku Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Iraq ikuyamba nkhondo yazaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi mdani wamkulu wa US Iran; mbali zonse ziwiri zimagwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala pankhondo.
1981: US ikuimba Vietnam ndi ogwirizana nawo kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mycotoxins (poizoni wa fungal) ku Laos ndi Cambodia. Othawa kwawo ena amafotokoza za ovulala ku Laos; kuwunika kumodzi kukuwonetsa "mvula yachikasu" ngati ndowe za njuchi, koma mafunso adatsalira.
1984: UN ikutsimikizira Iraq kugwiritsira ntchito mpiru ndi mpweya wa minyewa polimbana ndi kuukira kwa โmafunde aumunthuโ aku Iran mโnkhondo yamalire, kupha anthu aku Iran ofikira 100,000; Dipatimenti Yaboma imatsutsa pang'ono, komabe ikubwezeretsa ubale waukazembe ndi Iraq, ndikutsutsa zomwe UN ikuchita motsutsana ndi Iraq. Ngozi ya chomera cha fetereza ya Bhopal ku India imapha 2,000; zikuwonetsa kuopsa kwa zomera za mankhwala zomwe zingawonongeke pankhondo. Purezidenti Reagan alamula kuti maroketi a M55 opitilira theka miliyoni asinthidwanso kuti azikhala ndi zophulika zokolola zambiri komanso gasi wa VX. (Asilikali pambuyo pake adanena kuti ambiri mwa miyalayi anali "osakhazikika" komanso mpweya wotulutsa mitsempha.)
1985: US iyambiranso kuyesa kwapoyera kwa ma biological agents. Makampani aku US ayamba kupatsa Iraq othandizira azachilengedwe ambiri kwazaka zinayi (malinga ndi lipoti la Senate la 1994).
1986: US iyambiranso kuyesa kwapoyera kwa ma biological agents.
1987: Nyumba ya Senate inagwirizana mโmavoti atatu pa kuyambiranso kupanga zida za mankhwala; Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Bush aphwanya maubwenzi onse atatu mokomera kuyambiranso.
1988: Iraq imagwiritsa ntchito zida zamankhwala motsutsana ndi zigawenga zazing'ono zaku Kurdish ndi anthu wamba ku Halabjah, kupha osachepera 5,000. US ikupitirizabe kusunga mbiri yaulimi ndi Iraq; Purezidenti Reagan aletsa zilango za Congress motsutsana ndi Iraq.
1989: Msonkhano wa ku Paris wa mayiko 149 umatsutsa zida za mankhwala, ukulimbikitsa kuletsa kofulumira kutuluka mโkukambitsirana kwa pangano la Geneva; US idawulula kuti ikukonzekera kupanga gasi wapoizoni ngakhale atasaina pangano.
1990: US, Soviets ilonjeza kuchepetsa zida za mankhwala zosungidwa mpaka 20 peresenti ya zomwe US โโโโikupezeka pano pofika 2002, ndi kuthetsa zida za gasi wakupha pamene mayiko onse asayina pangano lamtsogolo la Geneva. Israel ikuvomereza kukhala ndi zida za mankhwala; Iraq ikuwopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala ku Israeli ngati iwukiridwa.
1991: Asilikali a US ndi Coalition anaukira Kuwait ndi Iraq pa Gulf War; Iraq ili ndi zida za mankhwala koma sazigwiritsa ntchito. Osachepera 28 omwe amaganiziridwa kuti amapanga biochemical kapena malo osungira adaphulitsidwa ku Iraq panthawi ya Gulf War, kuphatikiza feteleza ndi zomera zina za anthu wamba. CNN ikuti "malawi obiriwira" kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi chamankhwala, ndi kufa kwa asitikali aku Iraq a 50 kuchokera ku anthrax pambuyo pa kugunda kwa ndege pamalo ena. New York Times anagwira mawu mkulu wa zida zankhondo za ku Soviet Union kuti kuwomba kwa ndege pa zida zankhondo za ku Iraq "sikungawononge midzi yoyandikana nayo," koma kumenyedwa kwa zida zankhondo kumatha kufalitsa matenda "m'maiko oyandikana nawo." Gulu lankhondo lankhondo la Czechoslovak limazindikira mpweya wa mitsempha ya sarin pambuyo pa kugunda kwa ndege pa zida zankhondo zaku Iraq. Dokotala waku Egypt akuti kuphulika kwa "matenda achilendo" mkati mwa Iraq. Nkhondo itatha, asitikali aku US adagwiritsa ntchito zophulika ku Khamisiya kuwononga zida zosungiramo zida zankhondo zaku Iraq.
1992: Malipoti akuwonjezereka a US ndi Coalition veterans of Gulf War omwe akuyambitsa mavuto a thanzi, ophatikizapo zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimatchedwa Gulf War Syndrome. Zilango za UN zikukulitsa vuto laumoyo wa anthu wamba mkati mwa Iraq, zomwe zimapangitsa kuzindikira zofananira kukhala zovuta. Mamembala awiri a Minnesota Patriots' Council yotsutsana ndi boma adamangidwa chifukwa chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a ricin motsutsana ndi apolisi.
1993: Purezidenti Clinton akupitilizabe kuphulitsa kwapakatikati ndi kuponya mizinga motsutsana ndi malo aku Iraq; Oyang'anira a UN awonjezera pulogalamu yochotsa zida zaku Iraq. US isayina Msonkhano wa UN Chemical Weapons, ngakhale kuvomerezedwa pambuyo pake kudaletsedwa mu Senate.
1994: Asilikali aku Russia amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zipolopolo zoyera za phosphorous ngati zida zoyaka moto ku Chechnya.
1994-95: Kagulu kachipembedzo ka ku Japan Aum Shinrikyo akuyambitsa ziwopsezo zakupha za mpweya wa sarin pagulu la Matsumoto komanso panjanji yapansi panthaka ya Tokyo.
1996: Miyezo ya Congression pa Gulf War Syndrome imayang'ana kwambiri kuwonongedwa kwa nkhokwe zosungirako zaku Iraq, m'malo mwa zomwe zingayambitse, ndipo sikufuna kufufuza kwapadziko lonse kwa zizindikiro pakati pa Iraqi. Kafukufuku wa CIA akuti kuphulika kwa mabomba ku US kumalo a zida za mankhwala sikunayipitse anthu.
1997: Cuba ikuimba mlandu US popopera mbewu ndi ma biological agents. Iraq imathamangitsa nzika zaku US m'magulu owunikira a UN, omwe amaloledwa kupitiliza ntchito popanda aku America, koma asankhe kutulutsa oyendera onse. US ikukonzekera kumenya nkhondo. Bungwe la Senate limagwiritsa ntchito Msonkhano wa Chemical Weapons, ndi lamulo loti "Purezidenti angakane pempho loyang'anira malo aliwonse" pazifukwa zachitetezo cha dziko.
1998: Woyang'anira zida za UN, Richard Butler, adalamula ofufuza kuti atuluke ku Iraq kutangotsala pang'ono kuphulitsa mabomba ku US. Mu Operation Desert Fox, Clinton aphulitsanso malo omwe akuti aku Iraq agwiritsa ntchito zida za bio-chemical, Iraq atafunsa ngati woyang'anira UN waku America, ndikuletsa woyendera malo ndi chitetezo cha Purezidenti. US ikuyambitsa kuwukira kwa zida zopangira mankhwala ku Sudan komwe akuti imatulutsa mpweya wamagetsi - zomwe zimatsutsidwa ndi mayiko ambiri.
1998-99: Nkhani zachinyengo za anthrax motsutsana ndi zofalitsa zaku US ndi zomwe boma likufuna. Membala wakale wa Aryan Nations a Larry Wayne Harris amachita chinyengo cha anthrax kuti awonetse chenjezo la "chiwopsezo cha Iraq". Mamembala atatu a gulu lankhondo la Republic of Texas amangidwa chifukwa chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito anthrax ndi ma biological agents motsutsana ndi akuluakulu aboma. Kuchuluka kwa anthrax hoaxes motsutsana ndi zipatala zochotsa mimba.
1999: Mabomba a NATO Yugoslavia ku Kosovo Crisis, zomwe zinayambitsa kuthamangitsidwa kwakukulu kwa Alubaniya a ku Serbia. Mabomba a NATO anagunda fakitale ya petrochemical ya ku Serbia ku Pancevo, kutumiza mtambo wapoizoni wokhala ndi matani a 2,000 amankhwala pamzindawu, ndipo mankhwala adatulutsidwa m'mabomba ena amakampani opanga mafakitale.
2000: "Topoff Exercise" yokhudzana ndi akuluakulu aboma ndi maboma akulephera kuthana ndi kuukira koyerekeza kwamankhwala, zachilengedwe ndi zida za nyukiliya m'matauni atatu otalikirana.
2001: US idatuluka mumsonkhano woyamba wa Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BTWC), ndikulepheretsa zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse zokhazikitsa njira zapadziko lonse zolimbana ndi zida zankhondo. Pambuyo pake September 11 kuukira, matenda a anthrax omwe amatumizidwa ndi makalata kuzinthu zingapo zandale ndi zofalitsa nkhani kuzungulira US, zomwe zidayambitsa kuwonekera kwa anthrax, matenda, ndi kufa osachepera asanu. Kuukira kwenikweni kwa anthrax limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa anthrax hoaxes ndi "Army of God" ndi magulu ena ndi anthu.
2002: Apolisi aku Russia amagwiritsa ntchito gasi polimbana ndi zigawenga zaku Chechen zomwe zidagwira anthu ku Moscow; Zigawenga 42 ndi anthu 120 omwe adagwidwa adamwalira ndi kuwombera kwa gasi. Bush Administration ikubwerezanso zonena kuti Iraq ili ndi zida za biochemical (potengera zomwe anthu a ku Iraq omwe amathamangitsidwa), amavomera monyinyirika pobwezera owunika zida za United Nations (patatha zaka zinayi kulibe) kuti atsimikizire kapena kutsutsa zomwe ananena. Woyang'anira zida zankhondo ku UN a Hans Blix akuti palibe umboni wa zida zankhondo zaku Iraq zomwe zakonzedwanso.
2003: Oyang'anira a UN adapeza umboni wa kuphwanya malire a mizinga yaku Iraq, ndikuyamba kuwononga zida zoponya. Bush Administration sinakhutitsidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyendera kwa UN. Atangotsala pang'ono kuwukira US-UK ku Iraq, UN idalamula oyendera kuti atuluke mdzikolo. Pambuyo pa kuwukiridwa, US ikutsutsana kuti idzasaka Zida Zowononga Misa yokha, ndipo sichipeza. Monga membala wa UN Security Council, Syria ikupereka WMD-Free Zone ku Middle East, yomwe US โโikukana.
2004: Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Fallujah, asilikali a US amagwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zoyera za phosphorous (zofuna kuunikira mumlengalenga) monga chida chowombera motsutsana ndi zigawenga za Iraq, kupha ndi kuvulaza anthu ambiri. Pentagon potsiriza amavomereza mu 2013 ntchito yake ya phosphorous yoyera ngati chida ku Fallujah. Zionetsero za chilungamo cha chilengedwe ku Anniston, Alabama zimatsutsa kutenthedwa kwa zida za mankhwala m'malo okhala anthu.
2007: Al-Qaeda ku Mesopotamia ikuchita mabomba a chlorine gasi pankhondo yapachiweniweni yaku Iraq. White phosphorous sitima ku Ukraine, kuwononga 90 sq km.
2008: Israeli amagwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zoyera za phosphorous pa nkhondo yake ya milungu itatu yolimbana ndi Palestina ku Gaza Strip. Wogwira ntchito m'boma la US yemwe akuganiziridwa kuti adagwidwa ndi matenda a anthrax mu 2001 adzipha.
2009: Asilikali a Taliban ndi a US akuimbana mlandu wogwiritsa ntchito phosphorous yoyera ngati zida. Zigawenga ku Yemen zikuimba ndege zankhondo za Saudi kuti zagwetsa phosphorous yoyera.
2011: Nkhani zina zimanena kuti phosphorous yoyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asilikali a NATO ku Libya. Asitikali anayi amangidwa ku Georgia chifukwa chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito ricin kuukira ndale, media, ndi IRS.
2012: US yatseka 7 ya zida za 9 za zida za mankhwala ndikuwononga 90 peresenti ya nkhokwe zake, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za Chemical Weapons Convention yomwe inasaina mu 1993. Israel ikugunda chigawo cha UNRWA ku Gaza City ndi phosphorous yoyera; akulengeza chaka chotsatira kuti adzasiya kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyera za phosphorous.
2013: Ammayi akuti amatumiza ricin kwa Purezidenti ndi atsogoleri ena aku US. Mu Januwale, UK ikupereka zilolezo zotumizira mankhwala ku Syria omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga sarin; ziphaso zidathetsedwa pamene zilango zimayamba motsutsana ndi Syria mu Julayi. Boma la Syria ndi zigawenga zikugulitsa milandu yogwiritsa ntchito sarin mu Epulo ndi Ogasiti. Madokotala Opanda Malire alemba 355 omwe anaphedwa mu August sarin kuukira m'dera la Ghouta; Mlembi wa boma a John Kerry ati boma la Syria ndi lomwe lapha anthu 1,429 a ku Syria. UK ikukana kuthandizira nkhondo zankhondo ku Syria; France, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, ndi Israel amathandizira asitikali aku US.
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Dr. Zoltan Grossman ndi Pulofesa wa Geography ndi Native Studies ku The Evergreen State College ku Olympia, Washington, ndipo adalandira Ph.D. kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin. Webusaiti yake ya faculty ndi http://academic.evergreen.edu/
Mndandanda womwe unapangidwa mu 1998, 2003, ndi 2013 kuchokera muzolemba mu Z yolembedwa ndi Stephen Shalom (โZipolopolo, Gasi, ndi Bomba,โ Feb. 1991), Zoltan Grossman (โEcocide in the Gulf?,โ March 1991), Council for a Livable World, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, National Geographic, William Blum's Kupha Chiyembekezo: Kulowererapo kwa Asitikali aku US ndi CIA Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, komanso kuchokera ku malipoti ankhani ndi nthawi za Wikipedia. Zikomo Stephen Shalom chifukwa cha ndemanga.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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