Anthu aku South Asia akhala akuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi ndale za m’derali. Pofotokoza za moyo wautali wa banja la a Nehru-Gandhi ku India, a Bandaranaike ku Sri Lanka, ndi a Bhutto ku Pakistan yakhala nkhani yokondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu ambiri omwe aphunzira za Indian subcontinent. Kupatula nkhani zofotokozera za ndale zamphamvu, akatswiri amaphunziro nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti patrimonial - a la Weber - kufotokoza dongosolo la ndale la magulu a pambuyo pautsamunda, kutanthauza chikhalidwe chamunthu champhamvu champhamvu.
Ngakhale kuti machitidwe amtundu wa Weberian nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndizowona kuti machitidwe ambiri a pambuyo pa atsamunda amasonyeza makhalidwe a chikhalidwe chakuya. Zolemba zambiri pazaubwenzi wa kasitomala ndi kasitomala zimayimira kuyesa koonekeratu kumvetsetsa momwe chikhalidwe chimawonekera mu ndale. Nthawi zambiri crux ya nkhaniyi ndikuzindikira momwe chikhalidwe chimayankhulira molumikizana ndi ndale ndi zachuma. Kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu momwe chikhalidwe, ndale ndi zachuma zimavomerezedwa moyenerera zimalola kusanthula kopindulitsa kwa magulu amakono a pambuyo pa atsamunda.
Tsoka ilo, nkhani zandale komanso zanzeru ku South Asia sizimayenderana ndi nkhani zamapangidwe. Zomwe zikuchitika ndikungonena zambiri zomwe zimachitika kwa othandizira payekhapayekha, makamaka utsogoleri wandale woposa moyo wamayiko aku South Asia. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti anthu sachita mbali m'mbiri; ndithudi, ndi anthu ndi magulu omwe amapanga / amaimira zomwe zimakhudza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Koma kumvetsetsa kowona kwa gawo lomwe anthu amachita popanga mbiri ndi kotheka pokhapokha ngati pali kulingalira kwa chilengedwe chomwe amachitiramo.
Ku Pakistan kuperewera kwaluntha kumeneku mwina kumawonekera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ena onse aku South Asia m'lingaliro lakuti ndale nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ngati masewera a mipando yanyimbo yokhudzana ndi anthu ochepa komanso mabanja. Mkhalidwe umenewu si wangozi. Kumbali imodzi zikuwonetsa zoyesayesa zadala zomwe boma lidayesa kuyambira 1977 kuchotsa anthu ogwira ntchito ku ndale zakusintha pokhazikitsa ndale zachipongwe, zochirikiza. M'nthawi yomwe lamulo lankhondo la Zia lisanayambike, ndale zodziwika bwino zidawonekera kwambiri ndikusokoneza boma ndi magulu akuluakulu a anthu; machitidwe a Ziaist cholinga chake chokha kusokoneza chikhalidwe chatsopanochi. M'zaka za Zia ndi pambuyo pake mkulu wa asilikali yemwe ndi mtsogoleri wa ndale ku Pakistan adagonjetsa bwino lingaliro la ndale ndi ndale pamaso pa anthu.
Mfundo yachiwiri komanso yofananira nayo ndikuti kulamulira kwa asitikali mu ndale za Pakistani, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa bwino kwambiri ndi nthawi yayitali yaulamuliro wankhondo, zikutanthauza kuti ma Pakistani azolowera ulamuliro womwe ukuwoneka ngati wa munthu mmodzi. Akuluakulu Ayub, Yahya, Zia ndi Musharraf ndithudi ankaimira zofuna za asilikali ndi magulu ena akuluakulu. Komabe, m'malingaliro odziwika, amuna awa anali anthu amphamvu kwambiri omwe anali ndi udindo pamagawo onse a mfundo za anthu. Bungwe la usilikali linaonetsetsanso kuti likulimbikitsa maganizo amenewa kumapeto kwa lamulo lililonse lalitali lankhondo kuti lionetsetse kuti kukwiyira munthu amene ali pa udindowu sikuwononge mbiri ya asilikali.
Zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa zisankho zimatsutsa zomwe zidachitika kwa nthawi yayitali zankhondo. M'miyezi inayi yomwe yadutsa kuchokera pachisankho, kupita patsogolo kochepa kwambiri komwe kwachitika potsata malamulo kapena ngakhale kuwongolera tsatanetsatane wokhudza kugawana mphamvu. Pakistan People's Party (PPP) motsogozedwa ndi mkazi wamasiye wa Benazir Bhutto Asif Zardari ndiye chipani chomwe chili pampando, pamtunda, pomwe Prime Minister wakale Nawaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz (PML-N) ndiye gulu lalikulu lamphamvu mu chigawo chofunikira kwambiri cha Punjab. Pakadali pano General Pervez Musharraf yemwe adapuma pantchito akubisalira kumbuyo movutikira, akunenabe kuti ali ndi ufulu wochita udindo wa Purezidenti, pomwe adani ake, Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry omwe adachotsedwabe adakhalabe wofunikira kwambiri pomwe nkhani yobwezeretsedwa ikupitilizabe. kuyika zinthu zina zonse kumbuyo.
Mwachidule, zochitikazo zikufanana ndi masewera a mipando ya nyimbo yokhala ndi ma protagonist anayi akuluakulu. Kapena mwina nkolondola kunena kuti umu ndi mmene maganizo odziwika amamasulira mmene zinthu zilili. Kufika pamlingo waukulu malingaliro otchukawa atha kukhala chifukwa cha mawailesi ofalitsa nkhani akuwonetsa zochitika zandale, zokopa chidwi komanso zopanda tanthauzo. Komabe, ndikofunikanso kukumbukira kuti kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kumazungulira pakati pa anthu ambiri kupanga ndale za mipando ya nyimbo kukhala ulosi wodzikwaniritsa.
M'malo mwake, zochitika zandale zikuwonetsa momwe zimakhalira. Asif Zardari ndi Nawaz Sharif akuyimira zigawo zandale, pomwe amadzinenera kuti ndi oyimira anthu nthawi zambiri. Iwo ali ololedwa mkati mwa dongosolo la ndale lolamulidwa ndi asilikali ndipo akuyesera kuti apeze malo a zipani zawo mkati mwa dongosololi. Poganizira kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kutchuka kwa asitikali, mwachiwonekere akuyesera kupeza gawo lalikulu lamphamvu kuposa m'mbuyomu, koma sakudzipereka kukonzanso dongosolo.
Izi ndi zina mwa gawo la kuvomereza kwawo gawo lomwe United States ndi Saudi Arabia idachita mu ndale za Pakistani. Maulamuliro onse awiriwa akhala akudzipereka ku ndale zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi asilikali, ndipo zilipobe lero. Maulamuliro onsewa akufuna kuwona kukhazikika kwina ku Pakistan komwe zipani zazikulu zandale zimapeza gawo lamphamvu popanda kugwedeza bwato lankhondo kupitirira mfundo.
Izi zimanditengera ku usilikali. Akadali wotsutsana ndi ndale za Pakistani, posachedwa adabwerera kumbuyo kuyesa ndikukonzanso chithunzi chake pambuyo pa zaka zoposa 8 za ulamuliro wachindunji momwe adatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse m'mbiri ya dziko. Musharraf akadali pamkangano chifukwa amasangalala ndi chithandizo chadzina chankhondo. Tsiku lomwe mkulu wa asilikali asankha kuti ali ndi udindo wambiri pa bungweli, Musharraf adzakhala mbiri.
Ndiyeno pali Iftikhar Chaudhry. Iye akuyimira momveka bwino zikhumbo za kusintha kwa magulu akuluakulu a ndale ndi andale omwe sakuyimiridwa mkati mwa ndale zolamulidwa ndi asilikali. A Jamaa't-e-Islami (JI), yemwe kale anali wothandizana nawo gulu lankhondo, adagwirizananso ndi a Chaudhry chifukwa adanyanyala zisankho za February ndipo tsopano akudziwitsidwa ndi ndale zatsopano. Gulu lotsogozedwa ndi loya kuti abwezeretse Bambo Chaudhry komabe amagawika m'malingaliro ndipo atha kusinthidwa ngati PPP ndi PML-N sizisintha posachedwa dongosolo logawana mphamvu.
Pakalipano, munthu wa Asif Zardari akubwera chifukwa chotsutsidwa kwambiri pamaso pa anthu. Akuimbidwa mlandu wosakwaniritsa zomwe adalamula pa zisankho za February 18 posabwezeretsa a Iftikhar Chaudhry ndi abwenzi ake 60, pomwe akulephera kupereka mpumulo kwa anthu ogwira ntchito omwe akuvutika ndi vuto lalikulu lazaka zopitilira 8. neo-liberalism. Kumbali inayi, kutchuka kwa Nawaz Sharif kukukulirakulira chifukwa cha 'makhalidwe abwino' pa kubwezeretsedwa kwa oweruza. Komabe, ngati Bambo Zardari anali mtsogoleri wa chipani chochuluka, a Sharif ayenera kuti akanadzudzulidwanso ndi anthu. Bambo Musharraf wopuma pantchito akadali munthu wosakondedwa kwambiri ku Pakistan, ngakhale kupezeka kwake ndi komwe kumapangitsa PPP ndi PML-N kukhala odzipereka ku zolinga zomwezo za 'demokalase'. Iftikhar Chaudhry akadali wotchuka, ngakhale zochepa chifukwa anthu ogwira ntchito amasangalatsidwa ndi oweruza apamwamba komanso makamaka chifukwa amawonedwa ngati munthu amene adayimilira ku Musharraf.
Zonsezi, dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri komanso losinthika lamphamvu limachepetsedwa pamaso pa anthu mpaka kukangana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu anayi. Izi sizikutsutsa mfundo yakuti ndale ku Pakistan ndizokhazikika komanso kuti sifarish (kuchita zabwino) ndi modus operandi. Komabe, monga ndanenera apa, ndikofunikira kuti ndale zamunthu payekha ziziganiziridwa molingana ndi zovuta zamakonzedwe, komanso kumvetsetsa udindo wa anthu mudongosolo lamphamvu lamunthu.
Zachidziwikire kuti kumvetsetsa kotereku kukupitilirabe akatswiri ambiri aluntha ku Pakistan kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu lankhondo. Ngakhale andale akuwoneka kuti akusokoneza zinthu, asitikali abwereranso kumasewera omwe amasewera bwino kwambiri, otsutsana ndi anthu. Kotero ndale ndi ndale zidzapitirizabe kukhala pilloried, mwa zina chifukwa cha kusafuna kwawo kuswa dongosolo, koma makamaka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha dongosolo lokha, makamaka kupatukana kwa anthu ogwira ntchito.
Nditanena izi, kusintha kwamapangidwe kumatha kukhala pamapewa a umunthu wachikoka womwe umatuluka ngati mtsogoleri wa gulu lotchuka lofuna kusintha. Zoonadi ngati izi zitachitika, mtsogoleriyo akanakhala akukwera pamwamba pa mafunde otsutsana ndi hegemonic omwe angachotse mphamvu zomwe zilipo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, anthu wamba amayenera kupanga mafunde otsutsana ndi hegemonic m'malo modikirira mesiya kuti awachitire ntchitoyo.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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