Pachifukwa chokakamiza kumasulidwa kwa msilikali mmodzi 'ogwidwa ndi zigawenga' (kapena, ngati mukufuna, 'kugwidwa ndi kutsutsa'), Israeli wachita zotsatirazi: kulanda mamembala a boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase; anaphulitsa mabomba unduna wake wa zamkati, maofesi a nduna yaikulu, ndi sukulu; anawopseza dziko lina lodzilamulira (Syria) ndi kuwuluka koopsa; adagwetsa timapepala kuchokera mlengalenga, kuchenjeza za kuvulaza anthu wamba ngati 'satsatira malamulo onse a IDF' (Israel Defense Forces); anamasula 'mabomba omveka' usiku molamulidwa ndi nduna yaikulu ya Israeli kuti 'awonetsetse kuti palibe amene amagona usiku ku Gaza'; anaponya mizinga m’malo okhala, kupha ana; ndi kugwetsa malo opangira magetsi omwe anali jenereta yekhayo wa magetsi ndi madzi opopera kwa anthu zikwi mazanamazana a Gazan.
Mabanja ozunguliridwa a Palestine, otsekeredwa mu Gaza yotsekedwa, nthawi zambiri amadya chakudya chimodzi patsiku, amadyedwa ndi makandulo. Komabe zovuta zawo zimangonyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi dziko lozoloŵera njira zowopsya za Israeli m'dzina la chitetezo: pafupifupi 10,000 Palestinians otsekeredwa m'ndende za Israeli, ambiri opanda malipiro; Nyumba za 4,000 za Gaza ndi West Bank zidagwetsedwa kuyambira 2000 ndi maekala mazana a minda ya azitona yolima pansi; kuŵirikiza katatu anthu wamba amene anaphedwa ku Israel, ambiri chifukwa cha ‘kuwonongeka kwa chikole’ m’zochitika zophatikizira kupha anthu oganiziridwa kukhala ankhondo.
‘Dzukani!’ anafuula motero mtolankhani wachinyamata wa ku Palestine Mohammed Omer wochokera ku Gaza pa wailesi ya San Francisco ya ‘Arab Talk’ kumapeto kwa June. ‘Anthu a ku Gaza akuvutika ndi njala. Pali vuto lenileni lothandizira anthu. Ana athu amabadwa kuti akhale ndi moyo. Kodi anthu awa alibe mtima uliwonse? Palibe zomverera konse? Dziko lili chete!’
Kwa Apalestina, kulira kwa Omer kumalankhula ndi kumvetsetsa kwapagulu: Kuti dziko lapansi likuwona moyo wa Aarabu kukhala wamtengo wapatali kwambiri kuposa wa Israeli; kuti palibe kuchuluka kwa kuzunzika kwa Apalestina osalakwa kuli kochuluka kotero kuti kulungamitse kubwerera kwa msilikali mmodzi wachiyuda. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku, komanso ukali ndi manyazi zomwe zimalimbikitsa, zakhala zikuyendetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kupyola zaka zambiri za zipolopolo, nkhondo, ndi zipolowe zapitazo. Zowonadi, mawu omveka bwino a Omer amapanga mantra, akubwereza njira yonse yobwerera kunkhondo yoyamba pakati pa Aluya ndi Ayuda, ndipo makamaka ku 5 kuphulika kwapakati pa July masiku 58 zapitazo.
'The Catastrophe'
Nkhondo ya Aarabu ndi Israeli ya 1948, yomwe imadziwika ku Israeli ngati Nkhondo Yodzilamulira, imatchedwa al-Nakba kapena Tsoka la Palestine. Kwa mibadwo yambiri ya Achimereka adadzutsa nkhani yamphamvu yakubadwa kwa Israeli, makamaka yolembedwa ndi Leon Uris mu Eksodo, palibe malo al-Nakba. Komabe bala lofunika kwambiri la Palestine, ndi mphamvu ya kukumbukira kwake lero, sizingangofunidwa.
Chikumbutso chosadziwika bwino, July 11-15, sichidziwika kunja kwa kukumbukira kwa Palestina. Komabe zidathandizira kukwiyitsa, zigawenga, komanso kulakalaka kwa Palestine kuthamangitsidwa komwe kumathandizira kuyendetsa mkangano lero. M'malo mwake, sizingatheke kumvetsetsa zozimitsa moto masiku ano popanda kumvetsetsa koyamba Nakba, ndipo makamaka zimene zinachitika pansi pa dzuŵa lankhalwe chakum’maŵa kwa Tel Aviv m’kati mwa chirimwe cha 1948.
Pa Julayi 11, 1948, gulu la ma halftracks ndi jeep zochokera ku Israeli Commando Battalion Eighty-Nine anafika ku mzinda wa Aluya wa Lydda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Palestine. Asilikali a 150 anali m'gulu lankhondo lalikulu lopangidwa ndi opulumuka ku Nazi, kwenikweni atangotsala pang'ono kuthamangitsidwa ndi tsoka la ku Europe, komanso Ayuda omwe adabadwira ku Palestine omwe adakulitsa luso lawo lakumenya nkhondo pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndi a Britain. asilikali. Majepi awo anali opakidwa ndi mfuti zopangidwa ndi Czech- ndi Germany, iliyonse yokhoza kuwombera maulendo osachepera 800 pamphindi. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo, msilikali wachinyamata dzina lake Moshe Dayan, adalamula kuti ziwombere ziphezi zomwe zidadalira moto komanso kudabwa kotheratu.
Nkhondoyo idayamba mwalamulo mu May, pambuyo pa miyezi ya udani pakati pa Aluya ndi Ayuda. Mu November 1947, bungwe la United Nations lidavota kuti dziko la Palestine likhale la magawo awiri, lina la Aluya ndi lina la Ayuda. Kwa gulu la Zionist, monga kwa anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, izi zinayimira chitsimikizo cha malo otetezeka kwa Ayuda pambuyo pa Holocaust. Aarabu ambiri ku Palestine, komabe, adadabwa chifukwa chake ayenera kukhala njira yothetsera tsoka lachiyuda ku Ulaya. Iwo anali ndi malo ochuluka kwambiri, kuphatikizapo 80% ya minda yake ya citrus ndi minda ya tirigu, ndipo Aarabu omwe anagwera kumbali ya Ayuda ya magawowo analibe chikhumbo chofuna kukhala ochepa pa nthaka yawo. Iwo ankafuna kuti dziko la Aarabu likhale ndi anthu ambiri a ku Palestine, ndipo anapempha thandizo kuchokera ku mayiko oyandikana nawo a Arabu kuti aletse Ayuda kukhazikitsa dziko la Israel.
Kumenyana kunakula m’miyezi yoyambirira ya 1948. Mu April, kuphana kochitidwa ndi gulu lankhondo lachiyuda la Irgun m’mudzi wa Aarabu wa Deir Yassin kunawombera mafunde a mantha ku Arabiya Palestine; izi zinayambitsa kuphana kobwezera kwa Aluya kwa madokotala ndi anamwino achiyuda panjira yopita ku chipatala cha Hadassah pafupi ndi Yerusalemu. Pakadali pano, pambuyo pa Deir Yassin zikwizikwi za anthu akumidzi achiarabu adathawa kuti apulumuke, akufuna kubweranso nkhondo ikatha.
Pa May 13, tauni ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Aarabu ya Jaffa inagwa, ndipo othawa kwawo anayamba kudzaza misewu ya Lydda ndi tauni yoyandikana nayo, al-Ramla. Tsiku lotsatira, m’nkhani yake ku bungwe lachiyuda la kanthaŵi, David Ben-Gurion analengeza ufulu wa Israyeli, ndipo pa May 15, magulu ankhondo a Aarabu anawoloka malire kukaukira dziko latsopano lachiyuda. Asilikali ankhondo a Aarabu ndi Achiyuda omwe anali pansi, mosiyana ndi nkhani zotsatizana zomwe zabwerezedwa kumadzulo, zinali zofanana pamene nkhondo inayamba. Kwa kanthawi Aarabu adawoneka kuti ali ndi malire pang'ono, koma panthawi yachigwirizano cha masabata anayi chomwe chinayamba pa June 11, Israeli adatha kuthyola chiletso cha zida za UN, ndipo pamene nkhondo inayambanso kumayambiriro kwa July, Israeli anali ndi mwayi wosankha.
Chakumapeto kwa July 11, gulu la Battalion Eighty-Nine linatembenuka kuchoka panjira yadothi ndikubangula ku Lydda. Kumapeto kwa tawuniyi adayamba kuwombera kuchokera pamfuti zamakina zomwe zidakwera - makumi masauzande a zipolopolo mumphindi zochepa. 'Chilichonse chomwe chinali m'njira yawo chinafa,' adalemba mtolankhaniyo Chicago Sun Times, m’nkhani ya mutu wakuti ‘Blitz Tactics Won Lydda.’ Ma Commandos anatsatiridwa ndi gulu lankhondo lanthaŵi zonse la Israyeli, limene linalanda Lydda ndi kuthetsa mwankhanza zipolowe zachidule za m’deralo: Anthu 250 anafa, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi asilikali anayi a Israyeli komanso okwana 80 opanda zida. anthu wamba mu mzikiti wakumaloko. Pakadali pano, ndege za Israeli zidasokonekera m'matauni awiriwa ndikugwetsa ndege zomwe zimafuna kuti ma Palestine athawire kum'mawa, ku ufumu wa Transjordan. Madokotala a ku Palestine ankagwira ntchito movutikira, opanda magetsi, pogwiritsa ntchito malamba omangira mabandeji pamene ankavutika kuti apulumutse ovulala.
Tsiku lotsatira, Major Yitzhak Rabin analamula kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu wamba Achiarabu a ku Lydda ndi tauni yoyandikana nayo ya al-Ramla.
Kupunthwa mu History
Kuthamangitsidwa kumeneku kwakhala nthawi yayitali mkangano kwa iwo omwe amawona Israeli pokhapokha pakuwonekera kwake kopambana pambuyo pa Holocaust. Buku la Leon Uris lopambana kwambiri, Eksodo, imene Achimereka ambiri analeredwerapo, inanenedwa mwamphamvu mbali imodzi ya nkhaniyo, ya kubadwa kwa Israyeli kuchokera mu Chipululutso cha Nazi. Komabe sitidziwa chilichonse chokhudza momwe Aarabu amaonera: mbiri yawo, chikhalidwe chawo, ziyembekezo zawo, ndi tsoka lawo mu 1948.
Ndakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha mkangano wa Aarabu ndi Israeli kuchokera kumbali zonse za bukhu langa, Mtengo wa Ndimu: Mwarabu, Myuda, ndi Mtima wa ku Middle East. Ndinafika pomvetsetsa kuti Nakba Ndizofunikira kwambiri ku nkhani yaku Palestine monga momwe Holocaust ilili kwa Israeli. Sizingatheke kumvetsa kuya kwa tsoka lamakono, osanena kalikonse za mkwiyo ndi kutaya mtima kwa Aarabu, popanda kumvetsetsa magwero a tsoka la Palestina.
Kuthamangitsidwa ku Ramla ndi Lydda komanso m'matauni ndi midzi ina ya Palestina ku 1948 kwalembedwa m'mabuku a Israeli, asilikali, ndi kibbutz, komanso olemba mbiri ambiri a Israeli, kuphatikizapo Benny Morris (Kubadwa kwa Mavuto Othawa kwawo ku Palestine; 1948 ndi Pambuyo pake); Tom Segev (1949: Aisrayeli Oyamba), ndi Alon Kadish (Kugonjetsedwa kwa Lida, lofalitsidwa ndi IDF). Kutsimikizirika kowonjezereka kwa kuthamangitsidwa ku Lida ndi Ramla kumachokera m’zolemba za Yigal Alon, yemwe panthaŵiyo anali mkulu wa Palmach (ankhondo) ya Israyeli; ndi mtsogoleri wa ku kibbutz wa tsikulo, Israel Galili B; ndi Rabin mwini mu zokumbukira zake; ndipo mwa zoyankhulana zambiri zomwe ndidachita Mtengo wa Ndimu m’misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo ku West Bank, Gaza, ndi Lebanon kuyambira 1998.
Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Apalestina ku Lydda ndi Ramla kunayamba en masse pa July 13 ndipo anapitiriza kwa masiku atatu. Arabu a al-Ramla, omwe adadzipereka popanda vuto, adayikidwa m'mabasi ndikuthamangitsidwa kupita kutsogolo kwa nkhondoyo, kumene (monga Arabiya a ku Lydda) adalamulidwa ndi kuuzidwa kuyenda.
Kuchokera ku Lyda, anthu aku Palestine adagubidwa kunja kwa tawuni ndikulowera kumapiri kudera lamapiri lachikhristu la Ramallah, mtunda wa makilomita oposa 20. Pambuyo pake asilikali Achiyuda akakumbukira chikhumbo cha kulanga Aluya a ku Lida chifukwa cha kuwukira kwawo kotheratu; asilikali ena analanda golide kwa anthu othawa kwawo, ndipo anawombera m’mwamba kumbuyo kwawo kuti anyamuke. (Mwezi womwewo pamsonkhano wa nduna za Israeli, monga wolemba mbiri Benny Morris adalemba, mtumiki Aharon Cohen adanena kuti asilikali a Israeli ku Lydda 'adalamulidwa' kuti 'atengere ma Arab othamangitsidwa ulonda uliwonse, zodzikongoletsera kapena ndalama' kuti, akafika aumphawi, adzakhala cholemetsa pa gulu lankhondo la Aarabu, 'gulu lankhondo la Mfumu Abdullah ya Transjordan yoyandikana nayo.)
A Palestine adakonzekera ulendo waufupi, mailosi ndi masiku; ambiri analibe nthaŵi yosonkhanitsa zinthu zokwanira pa ulendo wotopetsa umene unali m’tsogolo. Anasiya pafupifupi katundu wawo yense: mbale ndi miphika, zikopa ndi sopo, maovuni a ku Sweden ndi miphika yamkuwa, zithunzi za mabanja azithunzithunzi, zokometsera zakudya. makloubeh, ndi ufa wa mtanda wa makeke awo a deti. Iwo anasiya minda yawo ya nandolo zakuthengo ndi jasmine, passiflora ndi scarlot anemone, maluwa awo a m’mapiri amene ankamera pakati pa balere ndi tirigu. Anasiya azitona zawo ndi malalanje, mandimu ndi maapikosi, sipinachi ndi tsabola ndi therere; sumac awo; indigo yawo.
Chinthu chimodzi chimene Arabu anabweretsa chinali golide aliyense amene anasunga kuti asungidwe; idzakhala nkhokwe zawo zosungirako zoyendayenda, njira yawo yochepetsera njala m'masiku akudzawo. Ankamangirira maunyolo, ndalama zachitsulo, kapena golide m’matupi amene ankaoneka olemera kwambiri poyenda.
Pafupifupi anthu 30,000 aku Palestine, ndipo mwina pafupifupi 50,000, adadutsa m'mapiri kupita ku Ramallah atangothamangitsidwa ku Ramla ndi Lydda. John Bagot Glubb, mkulu wa asilikali a ku Britain wa Arab Legion, anakumbukira ‘tsiku loyaka moto m’chigwa cha m’mphepete mwa nyanja, kutentha pafupifupi madigiri zana pamthunzi.’
Kuchokera ku Lydda ndi ku al-Ramla, anthu adayenda m'njira zafumbi, ngamila, ndi malo opanda kanthu. Dziko lapansi linaphikidwa mwamphamvu ndi lotentha m’mphepete mwa ‘msewu wa abulu.’ Ngati bulu angakhoze kupanga, anakumbukira Mwarabu wa ku Ramla m’kufunsana ndi ine, mwinamwake iwonso akanatha. Othaŵa kwawo mwamsanga anataya masutukesi awo, ndiyeno zovala zawo zakunja. Madzi anatha msanga. Atafika m’munda wa chimanga, ena ankayamwa chinyontho cha chimangacho. Azimayi angapo othaŵa kwawo anandiuza kuti ndinafika pachitsime ndi chingwe chothyoka n’kuchotsa madiresi awo n’kuwaviika m’madzi osasunthika kuti ana amwe pansaluyo. Mayi wina wachikulire—wachichepere panthaŵiyo—anakumbukira kupenyerera mnyamata akusumira m’chitini, kuti agogo ake amwemo.
‘Tinangokhalira kulira ngati chilombo chachikulu, chododometsa, chosokonekera,’ Reja-e Busailah, wothaŵa kwawo ku Lydda, anakumbukira m’nkhani yake imene inalembedwa zaka 40 pambuyo pake ndi mwatsatanetsatane mmene chochitikacho chinakumbukiridwa mozama. ‘Ndinayamba kumva za zinthu zatsopano. Ndinkadutsa anthu akugona, akupumula kutentha popanda mthunzi. Ndinkawamva akulankhula za atate kapena agogo achikulire amene anasiyidwa.’ Panali nkhani za amayi amene anayamba kusangalala kwambiri n’kusiya makanda awo; za amayi omwe anamwalira akuyamwitsa; wa mnyamata wamphamvu yemwe ananyamula agogo ake pamsana ngati thumba la mbatata; za mwamuna amene anatenga golide kwa mkazi wake wokalamba ndi kumusiya kuti afe. ‘Ena amaponya chivundikiro pathupi la mkazi,’ analemba motero Busaileh. 'Timadutsa makanda akufa ndi kukhala ndi moyo, chimodzimodzi, osiyidwa m'mbali kapena m'maenje… Wina analankhula pambuyo pake kuti anawona mwana akadali moyo pachifuwa cha mkazi wakufayo'¦ Apa m'pamene ndinadzilingalira ndekha. kuti, ndikadadziwa, ndikadanyamula m'malo mwa golidi.'
Kwa achikulire, ndi achichepere kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kunali kochulukira. Nayenso Busaileh anali pafupi kusiya. ‘Dzuwa likadachoka, ludzu, golide likanakhala lokha’¦ ndinalowanso pansi. Apa ndinagona chagada. Mayi wina anadutsa n’kunena mawu achifundo ngati kuti wamwalira kale. Ndinadzuka mwamanyazi ndi mantha’¦’
Mwa nkhani zonse za Palestine Nakba, palibe amene amadutsa kuguba uku kudutsa mapiri kuchokera ku al-Ramla ndi Lydda zaka 58 zapitazo mwezi uno. "Palibe amene angadziwe kuti ndi ana angati omwe adamwalira," Glubb amakumbukira m'mawu ake, Msilikali ndi Arabu. Imfa ya Marichi, monga momwe Amapalestina amatchulira, pamodzi ndi kupha anthu ku Deir Yassin, zikuyimira zoopsa ziwiri zapakati zomwe zimapanga tsoka la Palestina. Zikwi zosaŵerengeka zinathaŵa m’midzi yawo, ambiri chifukwa cha ‘zonong’oneza’ zochitidwa ndi magulu a intelligence ankhondo a Israeli, amene, kutsatira Deir Yassin, analinganizidwira kudzetsa mantha Aarabu a kuphana kwina. Ena makumi a zikwi anathamangitsidwa m’nyumba zawo ndi mphamvu.
Mlandu Wopanda Misala
The Nakba ndizodziwika kwambiri kumadzulo, ndipo nkhani yake yapakati imasiyana kwambiri ndi 'mbiri ya Uris' yodziwika bwino, kotero kuti ndinapita kutali kwambiri m'buku langa kuti ndilembe. Zolemba zanga zokha zimafika ku mawu 30,000. Magwero anga okakamiza kwambiri pa kuthamangitsidwa kwa owerenga akumadzulo adzakhala a Israeli okha. Rabin, m’nkhani yake, anafotokoza mmene m’masiku ovuta kwambiri apakati pa July 1948, anafunsa Ben-Gurion choti achite ndi anthu wamba a ku Ramla ndi Lydda, ndi kuti nduna yaikulu ‘inagwedeza dzanja lake m’chizindikiro chimene chinati. , ‘Athamangitseni!
Yigal Allon, polemba m'magazini ya Palmach mu July 1948, adalongosola ubwino wankhondo wa kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri: Kuthamangitsa nzika za Ramla ndi Lydda kumachepetsa chitsenderezo cha anthu omwe ali ndi zida ndi adani, ndikutseka misewu yopita ku Legion ya Aarabu. kutsogolo, kulepheretsa kwambiri kuyesetsa kulikonse kuti atengenso matauni. Allon anafotokozanso mwatsatanetsatane machitidwe amaganizo omwe atsogoleri amtundu wa kibbutz 'amanong'oneza m'makutu mwa Arabu ena, kuti kulimbikitsa kwakukulu kwachiyuda kwafika,' ndi kuti 'ayenera kufotokozera Aluya, monga anzawo, kuti athawe pamene kuli kotheka. ikadali nthawi'¦ Njirayi idafikira cholinga chake kwathunthu.'
Othawa kwawo ochokera ku Ramla ndi Lydda adafika ku ukapolo, ndikusintha tauni yachikhristu ya Ramallah kukhala malo osungira masautso ndi zowawa. Othaŵa kwawo zikwi zana limodzi anaunjikana m’mabwalo a sukulu, m’mabwalo ochitirako maseŵera olimbitsa thupi, m’nyumba za masisitere, m’nyumba za asilikali, kapena kugona m’minda ya azitona, m’mapanga, m’khola, m’khola, ndi pamalo otseguka m’mbali mwa misewu. Pamapeto pake, alumikizana ndi othawa kwawo opitilira 600,000 kuti apange gulu lomwe likukulirakulira komanso losimidwa kwambiri la ku Palestine.
M’zaka zikubwerazi, mkwiyo, kuchititsidwa manyazi, kutayikiridwa, ndi kulakalaka kwawo kwa othaŵa kwawo othamangitsidwawo zidzagwirizana pa lingaliro limodzi lakuti: Kubwerera. Izi zinathandizanso kumanga zomwe anthu a ku Palestine angatchule kuti gulu lawo lomenyera ufulu wawo, lomwe njira zake kuyambira nthawi imeneyo zinkaonedwa ngati zamwamuna za omenyera ufulu kumbali imodzi, ndi uchigawenga ndi wina.
The trauma ya Nakba wapanga kudziwika kwa anthu a ku Palestine, akukulitsa ukali wawo, ndipo wamanga chimbale chokumbukira mapiri amiyala, makiyi a dzimbiri, minda yagolide, ndi mitengo yomwe kulibenso, ndipo zipatso zake zochuluka m'nthano zimakula mochuluka m'malingaliro chaka chilichonse.
Pakuukira kwaposachedwa kwa Israeli ku Gaza, monganso kuphulika kosawerengeka kwankhondo zam'mbuyomu, zoopsazo zimangochitikanso. Zaka makumi asanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake Nabka - monga amayi aku Palestine amagulitsanso golide wawo kuti agule azitona ndi mkate; pamene ndege za Israeli zikugwetsanso timapepala tochenjeza anthu wamba; monga madokotala kusowa mankhwala kapena magetsi akuvutikanso kupulumutsa ovulala - a déjà vu imakhazikika pa amuna ndi akazi okalamba a m’misasa ya anthu othaŵa kwawo, ndi m’madera ambiri akutali, kuwakumbutsa za chaka chinanso chowawa chokumbukira.
Kuukira kwaposachedwa kwa Israeli ku Gaza, mwachiwonekere m'malo mwa msirikali m'modzi, kukumbukira zomwe Rabbi Yaacov Perrin adalankhula monyanyira, m'mawu ake kwa Myuda waku America Baruch Goldstein, yemwe mu 1994 adapha Apalestina 27 akupemphera mu Phanga la Makolo, gawo. wa Msikiti wa Ibrahimi ku Hebroni. ‘Aarabu miliyoni imodzi,’ analengeza motero Perrin, ‘sayenerera mkhadabo Wachiyuda.’
Aisrayeli, nawonso, ndi anthu ovutika maganizo, ndipo zochita za Israyeli zamakono zikusonkhezeredwa ndi mbali ina ndi kutsimikiza mtima kolimba, kobadwa ndi Chipululutso cha Nazi, ‘kusadzapitanso kokaphedwa ngati nkhosa.’ Koma ngati ‘sadzapitanso’ kumayendetsa ndale za kubwezera chilango. , ndi ochepa omwe akuwoneka kuti akuwona kuti kubwezerako sikungatheke chifukwa cha kuputa: pa roketi iliyonse ya Qassam yomwe imagwa mopanda vuto komanso kutali ndi cholinga chake, ambiri, nthawi zina mazana a zipolopolo zimagwa ndi mphamvu zowononga kwambiri pa Palestina. Kwa msilikali mmodzi wosowa, Gazans miliyoni ndi theka amavutika. Masiku ano, malamulo a Israeli ndi nkhani yakuti 'sadzapenganso'.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, mosiyana ndi kuthandiza kumanga doko lotetezeka lomwe akhala akulifuna kwa nthawi yayitali, boma la Israeli, monga US ku Iraq, likungofesa mbewu zaudani ndi mkwiyo.
Sandy Tolan ndi mlembi wa Mtengo wa Ndimu: Wachiarabu, Myuda, ndi Mtima wa ku Middle East (Bloomsbury, 2006). Amatsogolera Project on International Reporting ku Womaliza maphunziro School za Journalism ku University of California-Berkeley, kumene iye anali I.F. Mwala Munthu. Wapanga zolemba zambiri za National Public Radio, zomwe zidanenedwa kuchokera ku Middle East kuyambira 1994, komanso ochokera kumayiko oposa dazeni awiri pazaka 25 zapitazi. Watumikiranso ngati oral history consultant to the US Kupha Anthu Chikumbutso Museum.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa Tomdispatch.com ('mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthawi zonse'), blog ya Nation Institute yoyendetsedwa ndi Tom Engelhardt, woyambitsa nawo Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project ndi wolemba wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, mbiri ya kupambana kwa America mu Cold War.
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