Maphunziro apamwamba a Sayansi Yachitukuko (CIDES, UMSA [Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz]), Colectivo Comuna ndi Fundación por la Europa de los Ciudadanos [Foundation for a Citizens' Europe] adakonza seminayi 'Pensar el Estado y. la sociedad' [Kuganiza za Boma ndi Sosaite], m'mene anthu anzeru odziwika bwino, akunja ndi amitundu yonse, adatenga nawo mbali.
Emir Sader, mlembi wamkulu wa Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO - Latin American Social Sciences Council), m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru aku Brazil masiku ano, wolemba komanso mkonzi wa mabuku 77 (kuphatikiza Enciclopedia Latinoamericanna ndi La Venganza de la Historia [Kubwezera kwa Mbiri]) adafunsidwa za momwe amaonera Bolivia. Iye anati:
Dziko la Bolivia silinali lodziwika kumayiko ena. Monga momwe mayi wina wa ku India ananena pamene Evo Morales anasankhidwa: 'Munabwera kokha pamene maboma anagwa,' pamene chithunzi chinali chimodzi cha kusakhazikika kwa mabungwe. Zomwe zikuchitika tsopano, zomwe zimawonedwa kunja, ndikuti chaka chathachi chikuwoneka kuti chinali chaka chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya Bolivia.
Poyambirira, ndi mtsogoleri wamtunduwu kukhala Purezidenti wa Bolivia, kuwonetsa magawo awiri mwa atatu a anthu aku Bolivia. Kachiwiri, chifukwa ma hydrocarbons ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zakhazikitsidwa. Chachitatu, chifukwa Msonkhano Wachigawo wakhazikitsidwa kuti uyese kubwezeretsa boma la Bolivia pozindikira ufulu ndi njira za moyo wa anthu amtunduwu.
Chachinayi, chifukwa ndondomeko yokonzanso ulimi wayamba. Chotero masitepe aakulu achitidwa pokwaniritsa zofuna za magulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu, za anthu a ku Bolivia m’zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi. Choncho, iyi ndi njira yomwe ikuyang'aniridwa ndi chifundo chachikulu, chidziwitso ndi chiyembekezo, chifukwa apa ndi pamene njira yatsopano ya kumanzere ku Latin America ikufotokozedwa.
Kodi mukuwona bwanji ndondomeko yomwe ikuchitika ku Bolivia?
Mwachiwonekere, mukhoza kuyang'ana mitengo kapena mukhoza kuyang'ana nkhalango.
Ndikuganiza kuti nkhani zomwe zikukambidwa zomwe sizinachitikepo ndi 'nkhalango' yabwino kwambiri, ngati kuti zenizeni ndi zomwe zilipo ndipo sizingakhale mwanjira ina. Kachiwiri, kutenga nawo mbali kwa magulu amagulu omwe sanakhalepo ndi chigamulo chilichonse pa zomwe zimawachitikira. Chachitatu, mfundo yakuti yankho la bungwe lakwaniritsidwa - lomwe likuwoneka kuti likugwira ntchito - momwe mitu yomwe sinafotokozedwe ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu idzavoteredwa ndi anthu ambiri, kotero kuti ulamuliro wodziwika umasungidwa ndi chisankho chamtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, ndikuganiza kuti iyi ndi yankho labwino, ndikuganiza kuti ndi malingaliro abwino kwambiri.
Ku South America atsogoleri atsopano akumanzere atulukira. Maganizo anu ndi otani pankhaniyi?
Latin America inali labotale yoyesera zandale ndi neoliberalism, zomwe zidachitika pafupifupi kontinenti yonse, kotero tsopano ikukumana ndi zovuta zomwe idakumana nazo. Ndiye anthu akuvotera kusintha. Maboma ena asintha zinthu m’njira zodalirika. Ena, pamlingo wina, alowa nawo ndondomeko yogwirizanitsa zigawo koma osasiya chitsanzo. Mzere wogawanika lero ku Latin America suli pakati pa kumanzere kapena kumanzere kwabwino, ndi pakati pa mayiko omwe akusayina mapangano a malonda aulere ndi United States ndi omwe, mosiyana, akuika patsogolo njira zogwirizanitsa zigawo. Izi zikuphatikiza zina zomwe zasweka ndi neoliberalism - izi ndi momwe zilili ndi Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela ndi Cuba - ndi ena omwe ali ndi mfundo zakunja zomwe zimakonda kuphatikizika kwa zigawo koma zimasunga chitsanzocho. Izi zikuphatikizapo Brazil, Argentina ndi Uruguay, kotero pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo.
Koma tisaiwale kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kuli pakati pa maiko omwe adasiya kugwiriridwa ndi USA ndi omwe adasungitsa tsogolo lawo pamapangano aulere; Chile ndiye mlandu womveka bwino.
Maganizo anu ndi otani pa zamagulu a anthu?
Magulu a chikhalidwe cha Latin America akhala akulimbana ndi neoliberalism. Koma chitsanzo ichi chikatha, kunali koyenera kuthana ndi mikangano ina, maboma otsutsana. Mabungwe ena adapereka izi kwa magulu ena. Nkhani ya gulu lachibadwidwe la Ecuadorian ikuwonekera bwino, idapereka kwa Lucio Gutiérrez ndipo adaperekedwa ngakhale boma lake lisanakhazikitsidwe. Ndipo gulu lachitukuko la Bolivia - ndipo mwachiwonekere tsopano gulu la Ecuadorian - lazindikira kuti liyenera kupanga njira zawo, kotero ndi zatsopano kuti magulu a anthu apanga phwando, ndi mavuto onse omwe akuphatikizapo, chifukwa ndi kulumpha kwakukulu patsogolo.
Kuphatikiza apo, sakumanga chipani chotsutsana ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo, koma chipani chomwe tsopano chili ndi njira ina ya boma, zomwe sanakhalepo nazo m'mbiri yonse ya Bolivia, kotero izi sizongochita masewera olimbitsa thupi koma ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa. magulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu sangapitirize kutsutsa. Kukhalabe pamlingo wa zomwe zimatchedwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi njira yogonjetsa, chifukwa imalephera kutsutsa hegemony pamtundu wa dziko. Kudziyimira pawokha kumakhala koyenera kuteteza zofuna za mphamvu zina zomwe zimayikidwa pa kayendetsedwe ka anthu, koma ndi kudziyimira pawokha kulimbana ndi hegemony; ngati ndi kudziyimira pawokha kusazindikira Boma, kusazindikira boma, ndikuganiza kuti ndi msewu womwe supita kulikonse, womwe umabweretsa kutopa, kutsitsa anthu komanso kugwirizanitsa magawo ena. Si nkhani yolamulira ndi Boma limenelo.
Ku Venezuela Msonkhano Wachigawo unachitidwa; ku Ecuador asankha izi, ndipo ku Bolivia ayamba kuchita izi pochita, ndi za kumanga chida china cha mphamvu ndi magulu a anthu ali ndi ufulu wochita izi, akuwonetseratu, kudzaza mpweya umene umatha. wasiyidwa ndi zipani za ndale.
Kodi magulu azikhalidwe akuyenera kuzunguliridwa ndi demokalase?
Kodi demokalase ndi chiyani?
Boma la anthu ndi anthu.
Ndinganene kuti, kutanthauziridwa motero, pali ma demokalase ochepa. Ma demokalase akhala maboma a anthu osankhika kuti aberekenso mphamvu za anthu apamwamba, kotero sitiyenera kudziletsa tokha ku mtundu umenewo wa Boma lomwe liripo, lomwe linapangidwa ndi inertia, ndi kubereka kwa maubwenzi omwe alipo. Ndikuganiza kuti magulu a anthu adzayenera kuchita zomwe akuchita ku Ecuador kapena ku Bolivia, ndikuganiziranso chida chawo champhamvu, kukhala wosinthira, osati wobwereketsa maubwenzi omwe alipo, omwe amaphwanya ufulu wachinsinsi wa oligopolies pa TV. , pa umwini wa mphamvu zamagetsi, pa mabanki, mphamvu zopezera ndalama, ndi zina zotero.
Ndi zovuta zotani zomwe zikuyembekezera Evo Morales?
Kumanga Lamulo Ladziko Latsopano, Boma latsopano lovomereza ufulu, njira ya moyo, miyambo ya anthu amtundu womwe ndi ambiri m'dziko lino.
Chiwonetsero chakuchezera kwanu ku Bolivia…
Ndinacheza mwachidule ku Bolivia m’zaka za m’ma 70, ndinali kuno kaamba ka kampeni yachisankho, ndi kaamba ka kukhazikitsidwa kwa Evo Morales, chotero ndinadziŵitsidwa pang’ono za zimene zikuchitika ku Bolivia. Sindinathe kupereka chithunzithunzi patatha kupitilira chaka chimodzi chaboma. Ndazindikira za mavuto, zovuta, koma lingaliro langa ndiloti ndondomekoyi ikuyenda bwino, malingaliro a kusinthika akupereka chidziwitso ndipo titha kukhala ndi chiyembekezo ngati sititaya mtima pamaso pa anthu. kuukira kwa adani. Ngati adani achita mwamphamvu kwambiri ndichifukwa choti zofuna zawo zikusokonezedwa. Zingakhale zomvetsa chisoni ngati bourgeoisie woyera wa Santa Cruz akanagwirizana ndi boma. Zingatanthauze kuti analibe chidziwitso chamagulu - koma mwachiwonekere ali nazo, monga zawonetsera - kapena kuti boma silikukhudza zofuna zake.
Zomwe amachita zikuwonetsa kukula kwa kusintha kwa maulamuliro omwe akuchitika ku Bolivia.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama