Coolidge anali wolondola. M'miyezi ingapo ya imfa yake, New Deal idzayamba kusangalatsa dziko la ndale la America. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka pano, New Deal yakhala ngati maziko amalingaliro andale adziko. Ndi mwala wa Rosetta womvetsetsa chitukuko cha ndale chazaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu zapitazi.
Mbiri ya Harry Truman Chilungamo ndi Lyndon Johnson's Great Society adapangidwa ngati kufotokozera zomwe New Deal idachita. Neoliberalism ndi New Conservatism zinapangidwa kuti zithetse zowonongeka. Masiku ano, Green New Deal ikuwonetsa mbali yakutali yamalingaliro omasuka amanzere. Kwa iwo omwe amatsutsidwa, Green New Deal, monga yoyamba, ndiyobisa socialism.
Mbali zonse ziwiri za gawoli zimakhudzidwa ndi nthabwala. Nthawi ina, m'zaka za m'ma 1960, New Left ya nthawi imeneyo idawona New Deal ngati njira yopangira mgwirizano. Ife tiri patali ndi izo tsopano. Zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi za kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo, kuchotsedwa kwa gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito, kuphwanyidwa kwa chitetezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi kubisala anthu adachita zodabwitsa. Kotero kuti tsopano ngakhale mitundu yoyambira kwambiri ya New Deal Order ikuwoneka ngati yamasiku ano yomwe yatsala ngati masomphenya, ngati sizingatheke.
Pakalipano, iwo omwe amalembetsa mu chiphunzitso cha laissez-faire economics ndi msika waulere - ufulu waufulu wa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi - m'moyo weniweni amadalira mitundu yonse ya chithandizo cha boma kwa mabungwe apadera omwe adachita upainiya ndi New Deal.
Pafupifupi zaka zana zapita, ndipo New Deal ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ngati kudzoza kwa Kumanzere komanso ngati ndi noire wa Kumanja. Mbali zonse ziwiri zimagawana nthano: kuti New Deal inali yotsutsana ndi capitalist. Ngakhale kuti mikangano imachitika m'mabwalo omenyera nkhondo ambiri, nkhondoyo ndiyomwe ili pafupi. Ndipo nthano, mofanana ndi nthano zonse zolimba, ili ndi chowonadi chake.
America yapirira nkhondo ziwiri zapachiweniweni. Yoyamba inali yokhudza ntchito yaukapolo ndipo inamenyedwa mpaka kuthetsa magazi. Yachiwiri inali yokhudzana ndi ntchito ya malipiro ndipo inathera mu kulolerana. The New Deal chinali chotulukapo cha theka lapitalo pamene, mโmawu a Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson, โFunso lomwe laima patsogolo pa ena onse pakati pa kudzutsidwa kwakukulu kwamakono ndilo funso la ntchito.โ Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni itangotha, dzikolo linatsala pangโono kugaลตanikanso ndi nkhondo yachiลตeniลตeni yatsopano, nkhondo ya ochuluka yolimbana ndi oลตerengeka, opeza ndi osoลตa, odyera masuku pamutu oponderezedwa. Ambiri ankawopa kuti dzikolo likukhala โmitundu iลตiri,โ kuti โmkangano wosayanjanitsikaโ watsopano uyenera kutha mwina ndi ulamuliro waulamuliro wa chikapitalist kapena mgwirizano wa anthu onse.
Tikayang'ana m'mbuyo, New Deal ikhoza kuwonedwa ngati kukana kwamoyo kwa ulosi wowopsawo - kapena, kutengera mbali yomwe mudali, kulawa kosangalatsa kwa chiwombolo. Pansi pazovuta kwambiri, New Deal inapanga kulolerana kwa mbiri yakale. Zomwe mu M'badwo Wokhazikika zidakanidwa kuti "ukapolo wamalipiro" udzakhala wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ukapitalism ndi demokalase zitha kukhalapo bola ngati capitalism ikugwira ntchito moyang'aniridwa.
Koma kwa iwo omwe analipo pakulengedwa, pamene capitalism yaku America inali pafupi kufa, palibe amene adatha kuwoneratu zotsatira zake. Zilakolako zonse zoyaka moto zotsutsana ndi capitalist zomwe zidasokonekera kuchokera ku Agelded mpaka ku Great Depression zikadali zamoyo. Zowonadi, apitiliza kupereka mphamvu zambiri zomwe zidapangitsa kuti New Deal itheke. Koma panthawiyo, ndani ankadziwa kumene angakafike?
Komanso, ngakhale zitadziwika kuti capitalism ipulumuka, palibe amene anganene motsimikiza kuti mkati mwa malamulo a msika waulere angalowe bwanji - makamaka ngati zochitika zakale zasintha, zomwe zikadatero. Chosadziwikacho chikapitirizabe kulimbikitsa Kumanzere ndikuwopseza Kumanja.
Demokalase ya capitalist inali kupindula kosatha kwa New Deal. Zakhala zikusokonekera kuyambira pamenepo pakati pa zonena za demokalase ya anthu mbali imodzi, ndi msika waulere absolutism mbali inayo. Koma capitalism yakhalabe pampando woyendetsa. Kudzikundikira ndalama zachinsinsi ndi zomwe zidalipo kale, zomwe zimaperekedwa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kusintha kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pachifukwa ichi, New Deal ikulephera chinyengo chotonthoza cha Kumanzere kuti demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ikhoza kukhala kwinakwake pafupi ndi New Deal yolimbikitsidwanso. Pachifukwa chimenecho, demokalase ya capitalist ya New Deal siwowopsa womwe Ufulu umafuna kuti ukhale. Ndipo pachifukwa chimenechonso, Chigwirizano Chatsopano monga kunyengerera kwa mbiri yakale nthawi zonse ndi ntchito yomwe ikuchitika, yosakhazikika, yokokedwa koyamba mwanjira iyi ndiyeno mwanjira imeneyo, vuto la mdierekezi lomwe likuyika pansi pampanipani misasa yonse ya anthu.
Pokhapokha m'mbuyo momwe New Deal ikuwoneka ngati yosapeลตeka, ngati siinakonzedweratu, kuthetsa mikangano yowawa ya dziko. Ngati pali zovuta zambiri ku capitalism khothi lalikulu kufalitsidwa kudzera m'magulu aku America panthawiyo, chinsinsi chatsalira: chinachitika ndi chiyani? Kodi adasinthidwa bwanji - ngati adasinthidwa osati kuchotsedwa - kuti akhale gawo lazandale ndi chikhalidwe cha capitalism yatsopano? Kodi mbiri yakale ikuwonetsa chiyani za zotsutsana zomwe zilipo komanso zamtsogolo za capitalism yokonzedwanso ya zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi zaku America?
Kumeneko pa Chirengedwe
Kupatulapo Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni, Kupsinjika Kwakukulu kunali chochitika chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri mโmbiri ya United States. Mu chikhalidwe cha ku America chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'chipinda chopanda mawindo cha zochitika zamakono, kuwonongeka kwachuma kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi New Deal yomwe inayesa kukonza izo mpaka lero zasindikizidwa kwambiri pa psyche ya dziko. Kugwa Kwachuma Kwakukulu kwaposachedwa kumangotchedwa kuti ngati kufananiza kotheratu ndi zomwe mosaiwalika zidagwera dzikolo zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu m'mbuyomo.
Ndalama za dzikolo zinachepetsedwa ndi theka mโzaka zitatu kuyambira ndi kuwonongeka kwa msika wa masheya mu 1929. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a anthu ogwira ntchito (pafupifupi anthu 1933 miliyoni) analibe ntchito mu 37. Kusoลตa ntchito kunali kuwirikiza katatu mโzaka zitatu zomwezo. Ndipotu, ngati tisiya anthu amene amalembedwa ntchito mโnjira zosiyanasiyana zaulimi, ndiye kuti ulova unkafika pa 80 peresenti. Mโmizinda ya mafakitale monga Toledo, chiwerengerocho chinali 75 peresenti. Pa XNUMX peresenti ya anthu ogwira ntchito mโdzikolo amene analembedwadi ntchito, mmodzi mwa atatu alionse akanatha kupeza ntchito yaganyu basi, motero kwenikweni theka la anthu ogwira ntchito okangalika ndi theka lokha la anthu ogwira ntchito mโdziko limene limagwira ntchito nthaลตi zonse.
Malipiro a antchito anthawi zonse ku United States Steel adachoka pa 25,000 mu 1929 kufika paziro kumayambiriro kwa 1933. Ntchito yomanga mafakitale inasanduka nthunzi, kuchoka pa $449 miliyoni kufika pa $74 miliyoni mu 1932. Zopanga zopanga zidatsika ndi 39 peresenti pakati pa 1929 ndi 1933 mabala khumi ndi atatu. wa thonje sanagulitsidwe mu 1932, pamene mbewu za chakudya zinawola mโminda ndipo ngโombe zinaphedwa ndi mamiliyoni ambiri. Mabanki zikwi zisanu anali atalephera pamene Franklin Roosevelt anayamba kugwira ntchito mu March 1933. Kutumiza kunja kunatsika pamlingo womwe sunawonekere kuyambira 1904.
Ndalama, chifukwa mwa zina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba omwe adachita mantha ndi vuto lakubanki, zidatsika ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu pakati pa 1929 ndi 1933, ndikukulitsa zomwe zinali kale kutsika kwamitengo komwe kudakhudza chilichonse kuyambira mitengo yanyumba mpaka malipiro. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, 80 peresenti ya mtengo wa msika mu 1929 unali utachepa pofika 1933. Dow Jones avareji adatsika kuchoka pa 381 mu September 1929 kufika pa zosaoneka makumi anayi ndi chimodzi kumayambiriro kwa 1932. minda komanso malo okhala m'tauni ndi akumidzi, anali atalandidwa. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1933, zizindikiro makumi atatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi mwa makumi anayi zazikulu zazachuma zidafika pamalo otsika kwambiri omwe amayenera kufikira zaka khumi ndi chimodzi zomvetsa chisoni za Great Depression.
Mantha ndi kupsinjika maganizo sikunali kwachilendo; izo zinali zitachitika zaka makumi awiri zirizonse kapena kupitirira apo, kuyambira ndi chowawa kwambiri mu 1837. Koma chimene sichinachitikepo kapena kugwa kwapambuyo pake kunali ndi lingaliro lodetsa nkhaลตa kuti dongosolo lonse la kupanga ndi kugaลตira linafikira mkhalidwe wa kusokonekera kotheratu. Umphawi unali utayamba kale kukhala limodzi ndi zinthu zambiri. Tsopano zikuwoneka, komabe, kuti mizere yofananirayo idalumikizana - kuti chuma chambiri, kuchuluka kowopsa kwachuma, kudabweretsa umphawi.
Komanso, mabungwe andale a dzikolo adawoneka kuti akhudzidwanso, mwina chifukwa cha zaka khumi zaukapitalizimu wapampando kapena chifukwa chosachitapo kanthu komanso kusachita bwino m'zaka zoyambirira za kugwa. Kaya madongosolo a demokalase atha kusungika panthaลตi ya ngozi yowopsa yoteroyo sizinadziลตike konse. Mosapeลตeka, ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe cha anthu amenewo mโzoulutsira nkhani, mโzandale, mโsukulu zamaphunziro, mโtchalitchi, ndipo koposa zonse, mโzamalonda, amene anathera zaka khumi zapitazo akukondwerera โnyengo yatsopanoโ ya kulemerera kosatha, tsopano anali pamlingo waukulu. kuchotsera kwakukulu.
Zonsezi, izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lenileni lachidaliro komanso kuvomerezeka.
Poyamba, mantha amasakanikirana ndi kusokonezeka maganizo. Pamene masabata anakhala miyezi ndi miyezi inasanduka zaka za kukhumudwa koopsa ndi kukhumudwa, mantha, liwongo, ndi kukana zinapereka mmalo ku malingaliro ochuluka a minofu. Mkwiyo, ludzu lobwezera, chiyanjano chaukali cha ochotsedwa, ndipo ngakhale nthawi zina, malingaliro opotoka a kumasulidwa, adapanga mgwirizano wamatsenga womwe unapambana kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chakale.
โKusokonekera kwa msika wa masheya kunali kofunikira kwa ife,โ anatero Edmund Wilson, ponena za ojambula anzake, olemba, ndi anzeru, โpafupifupi ngati kungโambika kwa dziko pokonzekera Tsiku la Chiweruzo.โ Phokosolo likhoza kukhala loledzera. โKomabe kwa olemba ndi akatswiri aluso a mโbadwo wanga amene anakulira mโnthaลตi ya Mabizinesi Aakulu ndipo nthaลตi zonse ankadana ndi khalidwe lankhanza lake . . . zaka zimenezi sizinali zofooketsa koma zolimbikitsa. Wina sakanachitira mwina kusangalatsidwa ndi kugwa kwadzidzidzi ndi kosayembekezereka kwa chinyengo chopusacho. Zinatipatsa lingaliro latsopano laufulu, ndipo zidatipatsa mphamvu zatsopano zodzipeza tikuchitabe pamene osunga mabanki, kusintha, akumenya nkhondo.
Zinali ngati kuti dziko lonse ladzuka chifukwa cha chipwirikiti. Olemba ochokera Kumanzere ngati Wilson, komanso ochokera Kumanja ndi pakati, adazindikira. Wilson anali mโgulu la olemba ndi anzeru, kuphatikizapo John Dos Passos, Malcolm Cowley, Langston Hughes, ndi Lincoln Steffens, amene anapereka chikalata chovomereza kuti akhale purezidenti wa Chipani cha Komyunizimu mu 1932 โpofuna kuti anthu akhaledi mโgulu la anthu. zomwe njira zonse zodyera masuku pamutu zathetsedwa; mโmalo mwa kuyambiranso kwa chikhalidwe chatsopano.โ
Mkonzi ku Baltimore Sun adatsimikizira kuti kwa anthu apakati, chikondi ndi kupembedza kwa anthu akuluakulu zamalonda zatha. Pare Lorentz, yemwe kupanga kwake filimu kunakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la anthu okonda kuvutika maganizo mu nthawi ya Depression, adanena kuti "masewera akuluakulu aku America oyambira pachiyambi atha."
John Dewey, wanthanthi ndi wochirikiza ndale, analemba za โKutha kwa Chikondi,โ chikhulupiriro chotopa chimene mwanjira inayake kutchova njuga kumadzetsa mphamvu zaumunthu ndi magwero obisika a nthaลตi yabwino yazachuma. Katswiri wazachuma wokonda kusamala Virgil Jordan adati "ng'ombe yopatulika yafa." โChizindikiro champhamvu chimenecho cha zaka chikwi za chuma,โ chimene, malinga ndi kunena kwa Jordan, chinaloลตa mโmalo mwa chiwombankhanga monga chizindikiro chokondedwa cha mtunduwo, tsopano chinapereka nzika yolambira.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino - mafilimu, masewero, zojambulajambula, nyimbo, mabuku, zolemba zazithunzi, zolemba, ngakhale zojambula ndi ndakatulo - zidasefukira ndi kunyoza ndi ukali wolunjika pa ulamuliro wakale. Zonsezi zinawonjezera kuzindikira koyambirira kwa gulu lolamulira kukhala losayenera kulamulira. Walter Lippman anadzudzula mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni wa gulu la utsogoleri wa ku America, gulu lophunzitsidwa kuti apambane koma osati โkuchita mphamvu,โ kukhala ndi moyo tsiku ndi tsiku, kulamulira ngati kunali kosayembekezereka, kumvera koma popanda ulamuliro.
Kuzunzika kwakuthupi pachokha sikuyenera kubweretsa kulimba mtima ndi malingaliro andale. Ngati Chisoni Chachikulu chikadakhala pansi ndikutsegula mwayi wokulirapo pazandale ndi pagulu, chinali chifukwa cha tsokalo kuphatikizanso kukhudzika kumeneku kuti kubwezeredwa kwa dzikoli kunalinso kulephera kwa anthu osankhika, zikhulupiriro ndi miyambo yake yonse, malingaliro ake ndi malingaliro ake oyenerera. . Chiwonetsero chilichonse chamasewera ausiku ndi katuni, nthabwala zilizonse ndi ndakatulo, kusefukira kwa mbiri yakale yodziwika bwino, kuchotsedwa m'makanema, ndi ma jeremiads olembedwa adathetsa chisangalalo cha gulu lakale lolamulira.
Olamulira akhoza kukhala ndi mbiri yodzipatula; Zowonadi, m'mikhalidwe yoyenera, kutchuka kwa nkhanza zopanda chidwi kungapangitse kuti anthu awoneke ngati osavomerezeka komanso apamwamba. Chomwe chili chovuta kwambiri kupirira ndicho kukhudzika kofala kwakuti ulamuliro wakale suli wodzikonda chabe, mopanda dyera, ukusokoneza ubwino wake ndi wa anthu, koma ndi wopusa, wopusitsidwa, wofooka, ndi wopanda pake.
Kupanduka kwachibadwidwe kunadziwonetsa Roosevelt asanasankhidwe, njira zilizonse za New Deal zisanayambike. Zinatenga njira zambiri. Alimi ankapita mโminda ndi mโmisewu mochititsa mantha. M'mbali zonse za chimanga, zigawenga zinagwirizana kuti aletse alimi anzawo kuthamangitsidwa.
Malinga ndi Milo Reno, pulezidenti wa Farm Holiday Association, amene anachititsa kuti alimi a mโdzikoli avutike kwambiri ndi kubwereketsa ndalama mopanda chifundo ku Wall Street. Kuyeretsa nyumba kwakuluakulu kunafunidwa kuti "awononge mphamvu ya Wall Street ndi mabanki apadziko lonse pa boma lathu."
Komanso nkhawa zake sizinali pa lamba wa pafamu; Bungwe la Holiday lidafuna kuti anthu omwe ali m'tauni asamagwire ntchito komanso kuti boma liziyendetsa mabanki azilipira msonkho wokhazikika. Association, umembala wawo pafupifupi miliyoni, idakhazikitsa njira yoletsa kutseka kuchokera ku Rockies kupita ku Appalachia m'nyengo yozizira FDR isanayambe. Ziwonetsero m'maboma akuluakulu ku Iowa, Nebraska, ndi Minnesota, pakati pa ena, zidapangitsa kuti aphungu akhazikitse kuletsa kapena kukulitsa ngongole zanyumba mochedwa. Kum'mwera, ochita lendi ndi ogawana nawo adagwirizana ndikuchita zomwe dipatimenti ya Labor inanena kuti "nkhondo yachiลตeniลตeni yaing'ono."
Ntchito zamafakitale, nkhondo zam'matauni, ziwonetsero zachiwawa kumwera, kuguba kwa anthu ambiri osagwira ntchito, kulanda migodi ndi zofunikira zapagulu chifukwa cha kuzizira komanso kusimidwa, kuthamangitsidwa pamalo opanda anthu komanso m'nyumba zopanda anthu, komanso kutsekedwa kotsekedwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa m'mizinda yayikulu zinali zonse. chizindikiro cha kukonzekera kuphwanya maulamuliro ndi katundu wamba zomwe zidanenedwa kale.
Omenyera nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse adasonkhana ku Washington kuti afunse boma kuti lifulumizitse kulipira ndalama za penshoni; Gulu Lankhondo la Bonasi linabalalitsidwa mwankhanza ndi asitikali otsogozedwa ndi Douglas McArthur ndi Dwight Eisenhower, molamulidwa ndi Purezidenti Hoover. Kuchokera pamakhonsolo osagwira ntchito kudatuluka zomwe pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti Lundeen bill (yotchedwa Farmer-Labor Party congressman ku Minnesota ndipo nthawi zina imadziwika kuti "Workers Bill"), yopereka inshuwaransi ya feduro kwa onse omwe alibe ntchito, yokhudzana ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. bwino, ndi kuthandizidwa ndi msonkho wopita patsogolo pa ndalama zopitirira $5,000, zomwe ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi makhonsolo a antchito osankhidwa.
Ku Detroit, alendi ndi makhonsolo osagwira ntchito anasiya kuthamangitsidwa konse mโchaka cha 1931. Makhonsolo ena anaphatikizidwa, ena analandira chithandizo cha Urban League, ndipo ena anafuna inshuwaransi ya milungu khumi ndi inai ya inshuwaransi ya ulova patchuthi chakumayi. Kumenyedwa kwa Pre-New Deal makamaka mu lamba wansalu ku Carolinas kudagonja, koma kuwonetsa kukopa kwamagulu ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono, achikomyunizimu, socialists, ndi "wobblies," pakati pa ena.
Zipolowe zandale zotsutsana ndi ukapitalisti zidayamba kuyambira pomwe Huey Long adawukira mafuta a petrochemical ndipo zidabweretsa osankhika aku Louisiana mpaka pawailesi yachilungamo ya abambo a Charles Coughlin ku Michigan, kudzudzula mabungwe amabanki apadziko lonse lapansi. Kwa nthawi yayitali adaganiza zolanda ndalama zonse zomwe zimadutsa malire, kwinakwake pakati pa $600,000 ndi $1.8 miliyoni, ndi chilolezo chotsimikizika chapanyumba cha madola zikwi zitatu kapena zisanu ndi penshoni kwa aliyense wopitilira zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Upton Sinclair's End Poverty mu gulu la California adalonjeza kuti adzalowa m'malo mwa capitalism ndi chinthu chonga mgwirizano wapagulu. Pakati pa malingaliro ake owonjezera: kukhazikitsa anthu miliyoni pa malo osagwiritsidwa ntchito; kuyendetsa mafakitale osagwira ntchito ndi ndalama za boma, kusinthanitsa zomwe amapanga; kupereka penshoni kwa onse osowa komanso opitilira zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Chifukwa cha vuto lake, Sinclair adanyozedwa ndi mlonda wakale ngati wakhunyu, wofiira, wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, komanso wochirikiza chikondi chaulere.
Ku Midwest maphwando a alimi-ogwira ntchito anali akugonana. Anzeru akum'mawa adapanga zipani zachitatu, kuphatikiza League for Independent Political Action, yomwe idalimbikitsa kugawanso ndalama zambiri. Chipani cha Socialist chotsogozedwa ndi Norman Thomas chidakhalabe chotsutsana ndi capitalist, ngakhale kuti chikoka chake chidacheperachepera. Kumbali ina, umembala wa Chipani cha Komyunizimu unayamba kukula. Ndipo maphwando onse awiriwa adapereka kuyitanitsa kwa anthu kukhala ndi chuma chofunikira komanso kuyanjana ndi ngongole.
Zonsezi ndi zina zinali mkati FDR asanalumbirire udindo wawo.
Zoyenera Kuzichita?
Revolution sichinayambe pa ndondomeko ya New Deal. Komabe, m'masiku oyambilira, malingaliro a kusintha kwakukulu adawonekera ngakhale m'magulu amkati mwa boma.
Ntchito zapagulu, mwachitsanzo, zidakhala m'njira zambiri ndipo zinali zobwerezabwereza za njira yowongolera chuma cha oyang'anira. Zina mwa izi zinali malire ndi ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi boma komanso zoyendetsedwa ndi boma, zomwe wolemba mbiri wina adazitcha "kubwezeredwa kwakukulu kwa boma pazolinga zachitukuko chachuma," zina mwazo zidali ndi cholinga chopanga "misika yanthawi yayitali pomanga zomangamanga m'madera osatukuka," monga TVA. mu Appalachia.
Panali olowa mkati mwa New Deal ngati Rexford Tugwell ndi Henry Wallace omwe adawoneratu kusapeลตeka kwa mgwirizano, mgwirizano wamabizinesi, ogwira ntchito, ndi boma lomwe "lingakonzekere kupanga." Harold Ickes analankhula za โmkangano wosayanjanitsikaโ pakati pa โmphamvu ya ndalama ndi mphamvu ya chibadwa chademokalaseโ ndipo anawopa โmalonda aakulu ndi kubwera kwa Amereka wa Chifasistiโ Amereka waukapolo.
Mabungwe a makanda a dongosolo latsopanoli adamva kutentha. Mkati mwabungwe lomwe likukulirakulirabe, gulu la zigawenga lidafunitsitsa kuti pakhale pulogalamu yokwanira yosamalira ndalama. Ikalipidwa mwa kupereka msonkho kwa olemera kwambiri ndikuyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito zachitukuko ndi makasitomala awo osagwira ntchito, omwe nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito ndi makhonsolo a anthu osagwira ntchito, ena mwa iwo omwe ankakhala m'maofesi a chithandizo.
Gululi lidayambanso kukhazikitsa ntchito zachitukuko komanso njira yake yaukadaulo yomwe idagogomezera kuwongolera, kuwongolera, ndi kulowererapo kwamaphunziro m'miyoyo ya "makasitomala" awo. Iwo anatsutsa m'malo mwake kuti chinali chofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kulinganiza migwirizano, ndi kulowa nawo ndawala zazikulu za nyumba, ufulu wokonzekera, ndi kugawanso kwakukulu kwa ndalama.
Atangokhazikitsidwa muofesi, oyang'anira New Deal adapita mbali zosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi, kuyesa izi ndi izi. Orthodoxy adakali ndi zonena, mwachitsanzo, mu chikhulupiriro cha axiomatic, chomwe FDR idagawana, pakufunika kulinganiza bajeti. Koma kufulumira kwa nthawiyo kunakakamiza zosankha zina.
Chifukwa chake, National Recovery Administration idayesa corporatism; boma lingabweze mโmbuyo mphamvu ya bizinesi yodziletsa, kulamulira mโzikhumbo zake zodziononga zopikisana, kuchulukitsa, kuchepetsa malipiro. Pakadali pano, Tennessee Valley Authority idalowa m'malo okonzekera maboma ndi chitukuko cha zigawo. Malamulo atsopano oyendetsera mabanki ndi msika wamasheya angayang'anire dongosolo lazachuma. Ntchito zapagulu zimapangitsa anthu kugwira ntchito, kutsitsimutsa ndi kukulitsa zomangamanga pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mwina zidapangitsa kuti ntchito yobwezeretsa mafakitale ikhale yabwino.
Zonsezi zinali kuchitika m'miyezi itatu. Zonse, ngati sizinali zatsopano, zinkawoneka molimba mtima, zosokoneza. Palibe mwa izo, komabe, chomwe chinapangidwira kuzula maziko a capitalism ku America, koma m'malo mwake kuwabwezeretsa. Kunja kwa maulamuliro, komabe, ndi pamene mitsinje yotsutsa-capitalism inkadziwika m'zaka zopanga izi pamene New Deal inali isanakhazikitse kugwira ntchito kwake; osati zodziwikiratu, koma zamphamvu zenizeni ndi matalikidwe.
Kusintha kwa Equilibrium
Kumenyedwa ndi kulinganiza migwirizano kunali kofala mโzaka khumi; ndiponso iwo, atadzipatula, sanatsutse maziko a msika. M'malo mwake, mgwirizano wamba, nthawi zonse, umatengera msika, antchito olipidwa, ndi mgwirizano wamakontrakitala pakati pa mabwana / eni ake ndi antchito. Komabe, zochitikazo sizinali zachilendo, komanso khalidwe la bungwe la mgwirizanowu silinali lachizolowezi.
Poyamba, zigawo zonse zazikulu za chuma cha mafakitale zinali zopanda mgwirizano. Iyi sinali nkhani yamwayi kwa makalasi olembedwa ntchito, koma zotsatira za khama lomwe linabwerera zaka makumi angapo kuti ayeretse mabizinesi kukhalapo kwawo. Mabungwe ongoyamba kumene kapena okhazikitsidwa kale anali atagonjetsedwa mobwerezabwereza, ndipo anathamangitsidwa mobisa kapena kuchokapo chifukwa cha khama la makampani, makhothi, apolisi, alonda, ndi kusonkhanitsa magulu ankhondo achinsinsi ndi aboma.
Poyang'anizana ndi mbiri imeneyo ya kulephera, kuyitanitsa chifuno choyeseranso kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi kusiya ntchito, kupha, ndi kudzinyozetsa mwachibadwa m'malo oterowo. Ngati nthawiyi imadziwika bwino kwambiri ndi kuwukira ndi kulinganiza kwa mamiliyoni a anthu ogwira ntchito, ndiye kuti chodabwitsa chimenecho chokha chikuwonetsa kuphulika kwakukulu ndi zakale.
Kuwonjezera pa kupanduka kumeneku, gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito lija linali ndi zizindikiro zina zachilendo. Zambiri zomwe pamapeto pake zidakhala Congress of Industrial Organisations zidatsogozedwa ndi anthu andale. Ndipo antchito amene ankawatsogolera ankawadziwa kuti ndi amuna ndi akazi a Kumanzere.
Komanso, mabungwe atsopano omwe anayambitsa anali ogwirizana ndi matchalitchi. Zotchinga za luso, chipembedzo, fuko, jenda, ngakhalenso mtundu, zomwe, kupatulapo zochepa kwambiri, zidalepheretsa zoyesayesa zapoyamba zokhazikitsa mgwirizano wophatikizana komanso kukhala ndi mgwirizano wamoyo, zidagonjetsedwa; osati kwathunthu, osati kwamuyaya, koma ndi kulimbikira kokwanira kuti mupambane motsutsana ndi zovuta zazitali.
Migwirizano ya ana obadwa kumene nthawi zambiri inkayamba ngati zochita za anthu onse. Izi zinali choncho makamaka mโmafakitale a zitsulo, zolongedza nyama, ndi nsalu, ndipo zinali zoona kwina kulikonse mโmagalimoto, labala, ndi migodi (kumene zinali zowona nthaลตi zonse). Izi zikutanthauza kuti dala sanapeze thandizo lokha komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa magulu a anthu monga magulu amitundu, mabungwe a lendi, mipingo yapafupi, ndi magulu a abale pakati pa ena.
Mabungwe okhazikika amangokhalira kukhala m'njira yawoyawo, kuchita zinthu zawo nthawi zina atachotsedwa kwa anthu wamba, ndikuyika nkhawa zawo pamagwirizano ndi umwini. Mabungwe a CIO, munthawi yoyambirayi, anali ochita bwino kwambiri. Iwo adadzizindikiritsa okha zokonda zawo ndi za chilengedwe chonse cha chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe adalowetsedwamo. Ndi m'dera lino, pakati pa machitidwe achikhalidwe cha mgwirizano wamagulu ndi kuyesa molimba mtima kuyimira gulu lonse, kumene chidziwitso chamagulu. wabadwa.
Zizindikilo za mzimu wovuta kwambiri umenewu zinali chizindikiro cha nthawiyo. Kunyanyala kokhala pansi m'mafakitale a labala ndi magalimoto makamaka, komanso m'madera ambiri azachuma, kunali kosokoneza. Iwo amakayikira kusaphwanyika kwa katundu wamba pomwe ogwira ntchito amakhala m'mafakitale ndi zinthu zina zamalonda. Izi zinadzetsa chipwirikiti pakati pa akuluakulu andale ndi mabungwe.
Ndiponso kuwukira kumeneku sikukanakhala kopambana monga momwe ambiri a iwo anasonyezera kukhala popanda kusonkhanitsa โalendoโ achifundo ochokera mโmatauni ndi madera ozungulira. Ndiponso, mafunde a sitiraka amene anasakaza dzikolo kwa zaka zingapo kaลตirikaลตiri anali kusonkhezeredwa kapena kuthandizidwa ndi โgulu lankhondo lowulukaโ la zigaลตenga zimene zinkathamanga uku ndi uko kaamba ka zimene wamba; chiwonetsero china chogwirika cha chikhalidwe cha anthu - chidziwitso cha kalasi, ngati mungafune - cha zigawenga.
Chidwi choterechi chinali ndi zotsatira za ndale. Asanatengedwe njira iliyonse yodzithandizira yomwe imadziwika ndi New Deal (Wagner Act, Social Security Act, Fair Labor Standards Act), mikangano iwiri idayambika. Mmodzi anali ku San Francisco ndipo motsogozedwa ndi mgwirizano wa longshoremen. Wina anali ku Minneapolis ndipo motsogozedwa ndi Teamsters. Onsewa anali otsogozedwa ndi a revolutionary socialists.
Kunyanyala kochulukira sikuchitika kawirikawiri ndipo ndi zandale. Pomwe zikupitilira, njira ndi ulamuliro wa kunyanyalako ukulowa m'malo kapena kukhalapo limodzi ndi aboma "ovomerezeka" aboma. Mphamvu zoyendetsera zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku - chilichonse kuyambira paukhondo kupita pamayendedwe, kuchokera kuchipatala mpaka apolisi - zimayenderana pakati pa mabungwe akale ndi malo oyambira omenyera anthu ambiri, kapena atha kukhala mu General Strike Committee.
Izi ndizovuta. Popanda kusintha kwenikweni, mphamvu imabwerera komwe idachokera. Koma kuyitanira ndikuchita sitiraka ndizovuta kwambiri. Zingakhale zopanda zikhumbo zosintha, komabe zimatsegula chitseko ku zosadziwika. Kuti zigawenga ziwirizi zidachitika chaka chomwecho - 1934 - ndikuwonetsa momwe gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito lidayenda kutali ndi njira ya anti-capitalism.
Ngakhale kuti kugwa pansi ndi kunyalanyazidwa kwakukulu kunali mawu ochititsa chidwi kwambiri komanso ovuta kwambiri pa ndale za anthu ogwira ntchito, gulu lonse la CIO linali, kuyambira pachiyambi, ndale komanso zachuma. Mโlingaliro lina, zimenezo zinali zosadzifunira. Mabungwe akuluakulu monga GM, Ford, US Steel, US Rubber, General Electric, pakati pa ena, adapita mwachangu kwa apolisi, oweruza, ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti asokoneze kulimbikitsa anthu ogwira ntchito.
Gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito linafulumira kufunafuna ogwirizana nawo andale ngati otsutsa. Nthawi zina izi zinkagwira ntchito - mwachitsanzo pamene mlembi wa ntchito Frances Perkins adalowererapo, ngakhale kuti sizinali zopindulitsa, pakulimbana kwa GM-UAW - ndipo nthawi zina sizinatero - mwachitsanzo, pamene Purezidenti anakana kutenga mbali pa mpikisano wamagazi pakati pa "chitsulo chaching'ono." โ makampani ndi Komiti Yokonzekera Ya Steel Workers Organising.
Kupatula zochitika zenizeni ngati izi, mozama kwambiri, kukhalapo ndi kupulumuka kwa gulu lachigwirizano chamakampani akhanda kudakhazikika pa mgwirizano ndi oyang'anira Roosevelt. M'zaka zoyambirira, ubale umenewo sunali wa mbali imodzi monga momwe ungawonekere. Zowona, kuyitanitsa koyambirira kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito kuti mulowe nawo mgwirizano chifukwa purezidenti akufuna kuti mutero, onse anali osakhulupirika (FDR inali yokayikira kwambiri za migwirizano) komanso zachisoni. Komabe, zowawa ndi momwe ntchito idachitidwira nkhanza kapena kunyalanyazidwa kotheratu ndi National Recovery Administration, atsogoleri a gulu loyambilira adaganiza zopitira okha, osayembekezera thandizo lililonse kuchokera ku Washington.
Pamene magawo ofunikira amabizinesi aku America adaganiza kuti nawonso anali ndi vuto la New Deal kukhudzana ndi chuma, kusakonda kwawo kudatsegula khomo lomwe gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito lingathe kulowanso. Nthawi imeneyo, zomwe zinachitika panthawi yomwe Khothi Lalikulu linagamula kuti NRA sinagwirizane ndi malamulo a 1935, inasintha ndale za dziko. Ulamuliro wa Roosevelt unkafuna ogwirizana nawo atsopano. Kuti awathandize kumayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri za chipwirikiti cha anthu chomwe chikuchitika m'dziko lonselo. Pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka inali kusuntha, ndipo New Deal iyenera kusuntha nayo kapena kudzipatula.
Ponena za gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito, izi zikutanthauza kuti, osachepera, thandizo la Administration pa lamulo latsopano la ogwira ntchito, Wagner Act, lomwe FDR silinasonyezepo chidwi. malamulo - ndi omwe poyang'ana m'mbuyo adayimitsa ufulu wochitapo kanthu - m'mbuyomo pamene adavomerezedwa, adakondweretsedwa moyenera ngati gawo la demokalase ya mafakitale, yomasula mamiliyoni.
Magawo ena abizinesi adakonzedwa, ngakhale kufunitsitsa, kufunafuna a modus vivendi ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito lomwe lingathandize kukhazikika kwa ubale wa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndikuchotsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito pamlingo wodziwononga, wopikisana. Mabizinesi ena, makamaka omwe adakhazikika m'mafakitale olemera, adakwiya kwambiri atathamangitsidwa m'malo awo omwe amakhala pamwamba. Iwo anayatsa Mgwirizano Watsopano ndi kubwezera.
Komanso, kulekanitsidwa kwa magawo (osati onse) amakampani, kudapangitsa kuti CIO yongobadwa kumene achite nawo ndale.
Kupanga League's Non-Partisan League mu 1936 kuti ithandizire kusankhidwanso kwa FDR (komanso ndale za New Deal ogwirizana m'dziko lonselo) zitha kuwoneka ngati sitepe yoyamba yowopsa yomwe ingathe pakuphatikizidwa kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Democratic Party. Zinali. Koma, pa nthawi ya chilengedwe, kunalinso kukana zomwe zinali kale gulu la ogwira ntchito losakhulupirira zandale zandale. Ndipo momwe dziko likusinthira, New Deal idakakamizika kuti ilankhule zilankhulo zandale - mafanizo osinthika ngati "mbiri zamafakitale" ndi "olamulira azachuma" - omwe sanangoyang'ana gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito, komanso ena onse omwe akutukuka. zipanduko.
Zovuta kwambiri, New Dealers ku Washington akuda nkhawa ndi kayendetsedwe kotsogozedwa ndi Huey Long, Bambo Coughlin, ndi Francis Townsend. Long's Share Our Wealth clubs, Coughlin's National Union for Social Justice, ndi Townsend Clubs omwe akutsata ndondomeko ya penshoni ya Dr. Townsend pamodzi adalandira otsatira mamiliyoni ambiri.
Poyang'ana m'mbuyo nthawi zambiri amatengedwa ngati mapiko akumanja, misonkhano ya protofascist. Zimenezo sizinali zodziwonekera panthaลตiyo. Onse atatu adatulutsa malingaliro odana ndi chikapitalisti ngakhale adagulitsa anti-Semitism (mu mlandu wa Coughlin) ndi ulamuliro wa demagogic (pankhani ya Long.) Maitanidwe oti agawirenso chuma ndi mphamvu adadziwika onse atatu.
Mwanjira imeneyi, iwo anali gawo lachikopa cha anthu ambiri chomwe chimaphatikizapo CIO yopanga. Idawongolera mkwiyo wake pamabungwe apamwamba - mabanki, mabungwe, akuluakulu andale - akale. Ndikoyenera kudziwa madera omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magulu odana ndi capitalist a Kumanzere ndi Kumanja. Izi zinali zowona ku Europe komwe madera opitilira kumanja ndi kumanzere adalowa ndikutuluka mugulu lachifasisti la Mussolini ndi National Socialists la Hitler. Mkhalidwe wa ndale unali wamagetsi ku Dziko Lakale ndi Latsopano.
Ndikayang'ana m'mbuyo, kusankhidwanso kwa FDR mu 1936 kumawoneka ngati kuneneratu. Union Party yopangidwa ndi Coughlin, Townsend, ndi olowa m'malo a bungwe la Long's Share Our Wealth, idapeza mavoti osakwana miliyoni imodzi - 2 peresenti ya mavoti onse komanso opanda mavoti. Koma sizinali kudziwika choncho panthawiyo. Mantha akulu adakhudza akuluakulu aboma kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kungayambitse chiwopsezo chandale.
Mantha ndi zomwe zidapangitsa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale kuti aziyang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira makampani awo, zomwe kwa mibadwomibadwo zidasokoneza alimi ndi olima mbewu omwe adawasiya m'manja mwa eni nyumba, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ochotsedwawo athamangire ataona apolisi, zomwe zidapangitsa 'ana aang'ono. ' mantha ndi mantha pamaso pa amphamvu, zomwe zinapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe kuwonekere kukhala kokonzedweratu. Kugonjetsa mantha amenewo, osagonja ndi mantha, ndi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti New Deal itheke.
The Historic Compromise
Ngati gawo la New Deal lidayamba ndi zigawenga zambiri, malingaliro okhwima amenewo posakhalitsa adasinthidwa ndikuchotsedwa zonena zawo zolimba mtima. Kodi mungayankhe bwanji za alchemy yandale? Kuyang'ana mkati mwa zigawenga izi kumawonetsa malingaliro otsutsana, mafunde osasunthika omwe amakokera mayendedwe awa kutali ndi phirilo. Kuyang'ana iwo patali, kutengera muyeso wa kufalikira komwe adayikidwamo, kumavumbulutsa mafunde akuzama a mbiri yakale omwe akuyenda m'magulu aku America omwe adatsogoza zotheka.
Tengani CIO. Ma Radicals - achikomyunizimu, socialists, Trotskyists, syndicalists, pakati pa ena - adatenga maudindo monga okonzekera, akatswiri, ndi ofalitsa. Koma CIO inali gulu la mabungwe ogwira ntchito, osati chipani cha ndale. Ngakhale kuti idalowa m'bwalo la ndale mwamphamvu, mamembala ake sanatsatire malingaliro amodzi kapena mapulani adongosolo.
M'malo mwake, magulu a mabungwe a CIO anaphatikizapo unyinji wa anthu: Akatolika okhazikika, ena omasuka, ena osamala kwambiri pankhani ya banja, maphunziro, ndi chipembedzo. Anthu othawa kwawo ochokera m'mafamu odetsedwa a Appalachia ndi Great Plains adapezeka m'mafakitale akumadzulo ndikusefukira m'mabungwe atsopano. Akhoza kukhala osadzikonda, ngakhale akhala ndi luso la mafakitale ndi mabungwe monga ogwira ntchito m'migodi kapena ogwira ntchito za njanji. Koma nโzosakayikitsa kuti iwo anali ogwirizana ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zongotsatira mfundo za mโBaibulo komanso mโnyumba zokhala mโnyumba zosakhala bwino ndipo ankatsatira miyambo yokhudza katundu wamba, banja la makolo akale komanso fuko.
Ena a CIO anali m'badwo woyamba osamukira kumayiko ena omwe adakhazikikabe m'mitundu yawo komanso amatsatira njira zawo zakale zamoyo komanso zikhulupiriro. Ena anali m'badwo wachiwiri, odziwa zambiri komanso omasuka ku moyo wamakono wa m'tauni. Izi zikhoza kutanthauza kuti adakwatirana kunja kwa chipembedzo chawo, mwachitsanzo, komanso kuti anali omasuka ku malingaliro osagwirizana, ngakhale okhwima. Koma zingatanthauzenso kuti anali omasuka kwambiri kuposa makolo awo ku chikoka cha chikhalidwe chamakono cha ogula ndi kupanga ziyembekezo zawo zamtsogolo moyenerera.
Anthu aku America aku America adalowa nawo CIO m'ziwerengero zomwe sizinachitikepo, pokhapokha chifukwa mayendedwe a CIO asanakhalepo nthawi zambiri amakhala odana ndi kupezeka kwawo. Panali ena mwa iwo amene anali ankhondo odziลตa bwino ntchito zamagulu osiyanasiyana omenyera ufulu wa anthu akuda, kaya kumโmwera kapena mโmizinda ya kumpoto. Mwachibadwidwe adalowa m'magulu oganiza bwino kwambiri mu CIO ndipo adazindikira kugwirizana pakati pa kumasuka kwa mitundu ndi anti-capitalism.
Koma ogawana nawo omwe achotsedwa ntchito komanso ogwira ntchito m'mafamu ndiwo adapanga gawo lalikulu lazachuma ku Africa America. Zokhumba zawo nthawi zambiri zinali zochepa; kuthawa kwa a Jim Crow kuti mutsimikize, koma imodzi yomwe amalipidwa mwaulemu inali ntchito yabwino.
Zinganenedwe kuti CIO sinayimire ma proletariat aku America, koma ma proletariat ambiri. Kaya malingaliro a atsogoleri a CIO anali otani - ndipo onse sanali okhwima mwanjira ina iliyonse - adakakamizika kulabadira zomwe sizili zachipongwe za madera awo osiyanasiyana. Ndipo mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi capitalism, socialism, ndi revolution, gulu lazamalonda lakumanzere limodzi ndi magulu ambiri omenyera ufulu mkati ndi kunja kwa SP ndi CP, adakhalabe ana aamuna ndi aakazi a Chidziwitso.
Kulimbana kosunga ndi kukulitsa demokalase ndi kufanana mu nthawi ya fascism kunali pazifukwa zonse zomveka za moyo wawo. Izi zitha kutchedwa "zandale zandale," malo omwe anthu ambiri ozunguliridwa ndi khoma kupitirira pomwe panali odana ndi capitalist osadziwika.
Mgwirizano wa anthu ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe ang'onoang'ono umatengera chinthu chimodzi, mgwirizano womwe umapangidwa chifukwa cha chikhumbo chofuna kukambilana njira zabwino kwambiri zogulitsira mphamvu zogwirira ntchito. Imalingalira capitalism ndipo sichimalingalira china choposa icho. Komabe, m'moyo weniweni, kupanga mgwirizano kungalimbikitse masomphenya okulirapo a ntchito ndi tsogolo. Zomwe CIO idapangidwira, komanso chidziwitso chotsegula maso chopanga bungwe latsopano lomwe lidadutsa zotchinga zaluso, fuko, chipembedzo, ndi mtundu, zidasiya CIO kwinakwake pakati, nthawi yomweyo mgwirizano wamalonda mwanjira iliyonse wamba. ndi gulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe linkalimbikitsa zilakolako za anthu ogwira ntchito kawirikawiri kaya mkati kapena kunja kwa bungwe lokha.
Flux, osati mantha, ndizomwe sizimadziwika ndi CIO yokha komanso zigawenga zonse zomwe Great Depression idayamba. Dongosolo la penshoni la Townsend (ndipo yake inali yokhayo yodziwika bwino mwa njira zambiri zobwezeretsa chitetezo pakati pa chiwonongeko cha capitalism) inali yolimba mtima, komabe idayenera kulipidwa ndi msonkho wocheperako. Anaganiza zothetsa mitundu ina yonse ya mpumulo wa Federal ngati yovulazidwa, yomwe idayipitsidwanso ndi ubale womwe Doctor Townsend amanyansidwa nawo.
Long's Share Our Wealth clubs (omwe angakhale anasangalala ndi umembala wa mamiliyoni asanu ndi awiri kapena asanu ndi atatu) analonjeza kupatsa zonse nyumba, galimoto, wailesi, ndalama zotsimikizirika zapachaka, sabata lantchito ya maola makumi atatu, chaka chantchito cha miyezi khumi ndi chimodzi, Boma limathandizira pamitengo yaulimi, bonasi yandalama yankhondo akale, ndi zina zotero, zonse zokonzedwa kuti zikwaniritse kugawanso kwakukulu kwa ndalama. Komanso zibonga sizinangokhala Kummwera; iwo anafalikira ku Midwest ndi pakati pa Atlantic mayiko komanso.
Koma gululi silinatanthauze kutsutsa ukulu wa katundu waumwini ndipo posakhalitsa linadzaza ndi tsankho komanso zotsutsana ndi Semitic za Gerald L.K. Smith, yemwe adatenga udindo pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Long. Kwa iye, a Coughlin adayamika Roosevelt bola Purezidenti adathamangitsa "osintha ndalama". Koma posakhalitsa, mawu achipongwe a wansembewo analoza โzachumaโ ya New Deal ndipo ananena kuti boma linali โlosweka la Colossus lomwe likudutsa padoko la Rhodes, mwendo wake wakumanzere utayimilira pa Ukapitalisti wakale ndipo uli mโmatope ofiira a Chikomyunizimu.โ
M'mawonekedwe awo abwino kwambiri, magulu a Long, Coughlin, ndi Townsend adagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chozunguliridwa cha makolo aang'ono ang'onoang'ono komanso chuma chaumwini ndi katundu, akudzimva kuti ali ndi chidwi ndi malonda a dziko lonse, misika ya dziko, dziko lamakono, ndi utsogoleri wopanda umunthu wa bungwe. Koma kutsutsa kwawo chuma chochuluka, Wall Street, "mphamvu zandalama," ndi kupindula kwa parasitic zinali zokopa kwambiri kupitirira malire a "tawuni yathu" America. Antchito ambiri aku Poland, ogwira ntchito ku zitsulo za Slavic, ndi kalipentala wa ku Germany anamvetsera mwachidwi zonse za Chikatolika za chikhalidwe cha Bambo Coughlin ndi democracy ya John L. Lewis wa CIO. Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a maguluwa ankamenyana wina ndi mzake kuchokera kutali, mamembala a Share the Wealth clubs kapena National Union of Social Justice nthawi zambiri ankapezeka pamodzi ndi amisiri anzawo mu AFL yosamala kwambiri kapena ngakhale ndi abale awo opanduka ku CIO.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chinkanenanso momveka bwino. Makanema, wailesi, mabuku, nyimbo, ndi zojambulajambula zinapereka chitonthozo chatsopano ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko la America. Zikhalidwe za anthu zidabwezeredwa ndikukondweretsedwa (ndipo nthawi zina zimathandizidwa ndi mabungwe a New Deal) ndipo nthawi zambiri amanyansidwa nawo mwamwayi, kudzinamiza, komanso apamwamba komanso amphamvu. Kumayambiriro kunali zaka za "Common Man." Mawonekedwe ake okongola adawonekera mu holo ya konsati, m'bwalo lovina, pa siteji, m'malo owonetsera zojambulajambula ndi malo ena osayembekezeka achikhalidwe chapamwamba. Kufanana kwake mwachibadwa kunali kudziwonetsera.
Komabe โmunthu wambaโ ameneyu anakhalabe mwamuna wa banja la makolo akale. Mizu yake inali yachikale, yodziwika bwino. Ntchito, frugality, woleza mtima kukonzekera tsogolo, nyumba monga wopatulika nthawi zina sentimentalized danga. Tizilombo Tating'ono, Walt Disney's first feature length smash hit, yomwe inayamba mu 1933, inali chikondwerero cha chikhulupiriro cha nthawi yakale, chimodzi mwa mabanja ambiri aluso.
Moyo wapabanja umenewu unafunikira kutetezedwa ku ziwawa za msika. Kufufuza kwachitetezo kunali kolimbikitsa kwambiri ngati kufuna kukweza maulamuliro a anthu. Kodi New Deal ingapeze njira yotsimikizirira modicum ya kufanana ndi chitetezo chochepa pomwe ikupereka chiwongolero cha capitalism ku zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa? Inde, inatha ndipo inatero.
The Concordat
Pokakamizidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo yandale kuti apite Kumanzere, boma ndi Roosevelt mwiniwakeyo adagonjetsedwa ndi ulamuliro wakale. Popeza adachokera m'magulu omwewo, pulezidenti adanyansidwa ngati wachiwembu wa gulu lake komanso zoyipa kwambiri. Ndithudi, mlonda wachikulireyo ananena monyodola kuti: โMunthu uja wa ku White Houseโ anali wamisala, Myuda wa mโchipinda chogona, chidakwa, chindoko, chikomyunizimu โchonyansa,โ ndi zina zotero mu Niagara ya bilious distemper imene kunyanyira kwake kunali. mlingo wa gulu lokhala ku ukapolo.
Mkati mwa mkangano woopsa wonena za โmsonkho wachumaโ wolinganizidwa ndi Boma, pulezidenti anayesa kufotokoza kuti: โNdikulimbana ndi chikomyunizimu, Huey Longism, Coughlinism . . . Ndikufuna kupulumutsa dongosolo lathu, dongosolo la capitalistic. " Osati ambiri ku Wall Street kapena m'maofesi akuluakulu omwe amamvetsera. Koma Roosevelt anali kunena zoona.
Chigawo chilichonse cha malamulo a New Deal okhudzana ndi kusintha kwakukulu - Wagner Act, Social Security pensions, inshuwaransi yopanda ntchito, ndi thanzi, Works Project Administration, Public Works, Fair Labor Standards Act, TVA, Rural Electrification Administration tchulani zodziwika bwino kwambiri - zinalidi zotsatira za chipwirikiti chodziwika bwino. Komabe onse adagwira ntchito kuwongolera mphamvuzo munjira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi capitalism yolangidwa, yomvera kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi kuyang'anira.
Ulamuliro wa demokalase m'mafakitale sichinali cholinga chovutirapo kwa m'badwo wa anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu, akatswiri aukadaulo, komanso magulu ena asayansi. Zomwe zimatanthawuza zimatengera yemwe anali kuchita ulaliki. Zitha kutanthauza kulandidwa kwa makampani ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito; kapena umwini ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi a sosholisti kapena chikominisi; kapena kuyang'anira limodzi ndi eni ndi antchito ndi akuluakulu aboma; kapena mabungwe ongoimira ogwira ntchito m'fakitale kapena mafakitale; kapena mabungwe amisiri ang'onoang'ono amalankhula mosamalitsa omwe ali ndi luso linalake. Motsogozedwa ndi New Deal, demokalase ya mafakitale idzathandizira kusintha kwina komwe boma lidzachitapo kanthu pa msika zomwe zoyesayesa zonse za anthu ogwira ntchito kupolisi sizinatheke.
Lamulo la Wagner linathandizira kukhazikitsa mtundu wa demokalase ya mafakitale yomwe idachotsa nkhanza zilizonse pazachuma zomwe zachitika. Idavomereza kukambirana kovomerezeka, kuyika udindo kwa oyang'anira ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito, ndipo idayesetsa kukhazikitsa mtendere pashopu.
Atsogoleri a mgwirizanowu anayenera kupolisi mamembala awo, ndikupangitsa kuti azigwirizana ndi zomwe agwirizana. Kuwongolera moyo pa sitolo-pansi kunakhalabe ndi kasamalidwe. Zigawenga zomwe zinkaganiza mosiyana posakhalitsa zinayamba kulamulira. Ulamuliro woipitsidwa kwambiri (osati popanda chifukwa) unali, pambuyo pake, chipatso cha gulu lalikulu, bungwe, lopangidwa kumene kunalibe kanthu, zotsalira zolimba pang'onopang'ono zamoto. zokhumba.
Lamuloli lidawonedwa, ngakhale ndi mabungwe ena abizinesi, ngati gawo la njira yobwezeretsa chuma. Zingatenge ndalama zogulira antchito kuchoka pampikisano wakupha womwe umapangitsa kuti bizinesi ikhale yovuta kwambiri. Ndipo mwina zitha kukweza kuchuluka kwa malipiro ndikukulitsa mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zidagwa ndi Kukhumudwa. Mabungwe ena ankakondanso mabungwe a mafakitale kusiyana ndi amisiri (akadayenera kusankha choyipa chocheperako) monga momwe mabungwewo angakwaniritsire zingathandize kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza mikhalidwe pamalo onse ogwira ntchito.
Pokhazikitsa malo amalipiro ndi denga kwa maola (ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ana), Fair Labor Standards Act inafunanso zolinga zomwezo. Komabe, biluyo idachotsa ntchito zaulimi ndi zapakhomo kuchitetezo chake chifukwa cha kulemera kwa ndale ku South olimba. Ndipo malipiro oyambirira a lamuloli anali otsika kwambiri.
Ngakhale zolakwazo ndi zina zazikuluzikulu, FLSA idatsimikiziranso udindo wa boma poyang'anira msika potengera msika. Ogwira ntchito kumanzere adawona kuti malamulowa ndi gawo limodzi lachigamulo chachikulu chotsutsana ndi South olimba. Zikanatha, nthawi yomweyo, kuletsa kukopeka kwa dera ngati malo osungiramo masitolo othawa kumenyana ndi mgwirizano kuchokera Kumpoto ndikuphwanya mphamvu za olamulira a landlord-mercantile omwe nthawi zambiri ankasokoneza kusintha kwa federal level. Palibe mwa izo zikanapambana; chotsaliracho chinali kudzipereka kocheperako kwa New Deal kukweza miyezo yantchito.
Kugawanso ndalama kunali chimodzi mwa zolinga za kusintha kwa malamulo a ntchito. Palibe amene anafunikira kukumbutsa kuti dzikolo lidalowa m'mavuto azachuma ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakugawa chuma ndi ndalama (zomwe zikanathekanso m'nthawi yathu ino). Ndale zogawanitsanso zitha kukhala kuyambira kulandidwa kupita kumitundu yocheperako yamisonkho yosonkhanitsidwa (zamakampani komanso zaumwini). Apanso, New Deal inamva kukakamizidwa.
Koma Wealth Tax Act idachotsedwa ndikudulidwa chikwi ndi kumasulidwa. Kuseweretsa sikunali kokha chikoka chambiri chamagulu azamalonda adziko komanso olemera kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, chikhulupiliro chosatha cha ku America pakukwera kwabizinesi chinaletsa chilichonse cholepheretsa kudzikundikira.
Mukuya kwa Great Depression, wogulitsa yemwe sanagwire ntchito ku New Jersey adapanga patebulo lake lakukhitchini masewera a board omwe adawatcha Monopoly, momwe zolinga zake zinali zolemera modabwitsa komanso, koposa zonse komanso mwachisoni, kupambana masewerawa. pothamangitsa adani ake ku bankirapuse - kukhala munthu womaliza kuyimirira, titero kunena kwake. Maloto aku America adapitilirabe, ngakhale zinali zowopsa kuti zidakwera utsi.
Zosagwirika momwe zingakhalire, zokhumudwitsa monga momwe moyo weniweni unakhalira, nthano yakuyenda m'mwamba, ya America ngati chitukuko chabizinesi chosayerekezeka kulikonse, idapirira. Kuganiziranso mozama za chuma cha ndale za dziko nthawi zonse kumatsutsana ndi chotchinga chauzimu chimenecho.
Monga malamulo apantchito ndi msonkho wachuma, zopanga zina zonse za New Deal zomwe zidabwereka kale, mitundu yolimba mtima yodana ndi chikapitalisti, idawawongolera, ndikuwasandutsa miyala yoyambira ya capitalism yatsopano.
Mwachitsanzo, ulova wochuluka waika mamiliyoni ambiri mโmavuto aakulu. Mabanja onse anali pachiwopsezo, kuphatikizapo osati โwodyera chakudyaโ koma mwamuna kapena mkazi, ana, ndi okalamba. Malingaliro adawonekera koyambirira kuti akhazikitse "programu yokonza ndalama zokwanira kuti izilipiridwa ndi misonkho yokhazikika ndikuyendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito." Apanso, New Deal inamva kutentha. Koma Social Security Act inangonena pang'ono zokhumbazo.
M'malo mwake idalimbikitsa malingaliro achikhalidwe chokhudza banja la makolo, kumangiriza penshoni kuti agwire ntchito, anali monyanyira pamalipiro ake osagwira ntchito, olumikizidwa bwino ndi umayi, ndipo sanasangalale konse ndi lingaliro lolola olandirawo kuyendetsa chiwonetserochi, m'malo mwake adapereka mphamvuzo m'gulu la ogwira nawo ntchito. ali ndi udindo wophunzitsanso ndi kukonzanso "makasitomala" awo.
Malingaliro okhazikika okhudza "malipiro a banja" ndi "wopatsa chakudya" wamwamuna amatsimikiziranso momwe ntchito zothandizira boma zimayendetsedwa, kusiya akazi pambali. Aliyense, kuphatikizapo Hoover, adawona nzeru zothandizira ntchito zapagulu. Anthu otsamira kumanzere, mkati ndi kunja kwa ulamuliro wa New Deal, amafuna kuti mabizinesiwo azilipidwa ndi boma. Ndipo ena anali (zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti amatanthauza mabizinesi aboma kuti apereke njira yopita ku sosholizimu - sanatero). Koma posakhalitsa mphamvu ya mphamvu inasintha, ndipo umwini waumwini unakula.
Momwemonso, umphaลตi ndi kuthamangitsidwa mโnyumba za anthu ambiri zinadzetsa vuto lalikulu la nyumba. Kulankhula nawo ndi nyumba za anthu sikunapite kulikonse. M'malo mwake, ngongole zanyumba zidalipiridwanso ndikuthandizidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a New Deal. Izi zinali zopulumutsa moyo kwa eni nyumba ena ndi mabanki ndi makampani obwereketsa nyumba kulikonse.
Ndipo kotero izo zinapita. Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo tsopano, patatha zaka makumi ambiri akubwezeretsanso mwachisawawa komanso mwachidwi, chilichonse chomwe New Deal idachita upainiya chikuwoneka ngati champhamvu, chosatheka ngati sichingaganizidwe. Ndipo ndizowona kuti New Deal ndi yosatheka kuganiziridwa popanda zaka makumi ambiri za zionetsero zotsutsana ndi capitalist zomwe zidatsogolera. Koma zilinso choncho kuti New Deal idakhala umboni weniweni kuti demokalase ndi capitalism zitha kukhalapo.
Demokalase ikhoza kulamulira mu zilakolako za capitalism kwambiri, capitalism popanda kusungitsa. Ukanatha kuchita zimenezo osati kokha mโzochitika zapagulu komanso ngakhale mโdera lamdima, la eni ake a malo ogwira ntchito mโmafakitale kumene kuloลตerera kwa anthu kunali koletsedwa kotheratu. Demokalase ya capitalist, demokalase yoyendetsedwa ndi boma loyang'anira ndi chitukuko imathetsa, kapena kuyika muzizindikiro zakuya, chikhalidwe chodana ndi capitalism. Lonjezo la kufanana lidzawomboledwa ndi njira yogawanitsanso ndalama ndi kukulitsa kufanana pamaso pa lamulo.
Ngati makolo athu opanduka nthawi ina ankada nkhawa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito, za vuto lomwe likukumana ndi "magulu opanga" (ogwira ntchito ndi ena), nthawi zathu, chifukwa cha gawo la alchemy ya New Deal, zimayang'ana kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito - momwe ndalama zowonjezera zimagawidwira m'malo mwake. kuposa momwe zimapangidwira.
The New Deal inali nthawi ya kusintha kwa mbiri yakale. Kunyengerera kumeneko kunali kozikidwa pa kuuka kwa ukapitalisti ku chimene chinawoneka kukhala vuto lake lotheratu. Kubwerera kwaumunthu pazachuma chimenecho mu capitalism yatsopano inali yazaumoyo ndi demokalase yamafakitale, komabe zinali zoletsedwa kwambiri.
Koma kukambirana kumeneku kumapereka vuto la mdierekezi lomwe dziko lakhala likulimbana nalo m'badwo wakale. Capitalism ipambana, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera. Ufulu wa anthu ndi demokalase ndizokwera mtengo. Capitalism, potsirizira pake ndi pansi pa kusintha kwa zochitika zakale, imafuna ndalama zake kubwezeredwa. Ngati kunyengerera ndi kupirira kukakamizidwa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kuti asunge dongosolo likukulirakulira; nchifukwa chake bungwe la ogwira ntchito likulonjeza mgwirizano wa "kukweza mabwato onse," kuvomereza, kuti madera onse akope ma Amazons a dongosolo latsopano.
Chifukwa chake ndikuti New Deal imasokoneza moyo wathu wapagulu wamasiku ano. Funso lomwe limayenera kuyankha - ndalama zanu kapena moyo wanu - silinathetsedwe.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama