Ngakhale zisanachitike misonkhano yotsutsa AfD ku Germany konse, kuletsa chipani cholankhula kwambiri cha Neo-Nazi ku Germany, ndi AFD, anali mmodzi mwa ambiri kutsutsana kwambiri nkhani.
Mwatsoka, ena Neo-Nazi waku Germany ali ochenjera kwenikweni. Ufulu wakutali umadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zofooka kwambiri mu demokalase yaufulu. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro azikhalidwe monga chauvinism ndi ultra-nationalism omwe amatanthauzira monyanyira ku Germany, zatengera kumbuyo.
Komabe, mabungwe a anthu akuwoneka kuti adzuka ndi kuopsa kwa neofascism yaku Germany. Pakhala ziwonetsero zazikulu zotsutsa ndi AfD ku Germany konse - kwa miyezi. Ochita zionetsero okwana 100,000 adaguba mumzinda wa Munich wotuwa, wozizira komanso wamvula pa 11 February 2024. Ndipo sanali okha.
Ziwonetserozi, zomwe zatha miyezi tsopano ndipo zayambitsa anthu opitilira mamiliyoni awiri, zidayambitsidwa ndi malingaliro othamangitsidwa ndi Neo-Nazi AfD. Mazana a zikwi za anthu m'mizinda ing'onoing'ono komanso ngakhale ku East Germany wakale - zoona malo achitetezo a AfD - pitilizani kuwonetsa motsutsana ndi chifano komanso kunyada.
Akatswiri ambiri akukambirana ngati demokalase ikuwopsezedwa ndi AfD komanso mowopsa bwanji. Akatswiriwa komanso anthu wamba akufufuza njira za momwe angathanirane ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo cha ufulu wakutali. Anthu a ku Germany, potsiriza, akhudzidwa kwambiri.
Osati kale kwambiri, zinkawoneka ngati kumanja kwa AfD zisankho zidzasintha kuchoka pa chipambano cha zisankho kupita kuchipambano pa zisankho zitatu zazikulu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu 2024.
Komabe, ena owonera amawopa - ngakhale pano ndi misonkhano yayikulu kumapeto kwa sabata iliyonse - kuti malingaliro angatsutse. kutali kumanja, yomwe idzabwerezedwa ndi kubwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kumapeto kwa sabata zikubwerazi, imaphonya vuto lenileni. Akatswiri a mbiri yakalewa amanena kuti kulimbana ndi neofascists, kubwera ndi mikangano yotsutsana nawo, ndikutsutsa zachiwawa zawo zachiwawa, ndizochita zopanda pake.
Izi ndichifukwa choti fascism yakumanja ili pafupi ndi china chake. Ndi za kuwonongedwa kwa dala kwa demokalase. Tsoka ilo, ma demokalase omasuka amapatsa adani awo chithandizo chalamulo ndi chitetezo chifukwa amawapatsa ufulu womwewo woperekedwa kwa omwe amateteza demokalase.
The adani a demokalase adzagwiritsa ntchito thandizo lazachuma ndi mabungwe operekedwa kwa iwo ndi demokalase kulimbana ndi demokalase. Adzagwiritsa ntchito maofesi awo othandizidwa ndi boma ndi ogwira nawo ntchito kuti awononge mbali iliyonse ya demokalase.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, kukongoletsa kubisa operekedwa ndi atolankhani wachifundo ndi ena oligarchs, ufulu wakumanja umawonetsetsa kuti ziwonekere - pamaso pa anthu - ngati chipani cha ndale chopanda makhalidwe abwino. Kwa mlendo, Germany AfD sichidziwikanso ndi mikangano yamkati, zotsutsana, ndi mfundo ziwiri.
Pakali pano, mabungwe a demokalase amadalira anthu omwe ali tcheru, mabungwe ogwira ntchito, ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino zomwe zingathe kuteteza demokalase.
Neo-fascists monga Martin Sellner ndi Björn Höcke dziwani kuti magulu a demokalase ali ndi zofooka. Amapezerapo mwayi pa mawangawo m'njira yolunjika kwambiri.
Pakalipano, kukwiyitsa komwe kulipo pa nthawi ya Neo-Nazi kusamuka ndi koyenera. Komabe, imabwera mochedwa. Germany Neo-Nazi ndi ChidziwitsoWolankhulira, Sellner, waku Austria, akhala akukankhira malingaliro awo a Neo-Nazi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa za Höcke, mphunzitsi wa mbiri yakale ndi wogwira ntchito m'boma yemwe angatchedwe movomerezeka kuti ndi wa fascist. Sellner ndi Höcke akhala akulankhula ndi kulemba za malingaliro awo a Neo-Nazi kwa zaka zambiri. Onse a iwo, ndi AfD, amagwiritsa ntchito pop ndi net Culture kuti aulutse malingaliro awo olondola kwa unyinji wosadziŵika wa ma lemmings amene amawatsatira.
Anthu akumanja aku Germany sanasiyirepo kapena kutsitsa malingaliro awo atsankho, azungu komanso malingaliro a völkisch. Pamene amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "mphamvu”, akutanthauza kuthetsedwa kwa aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti ali osati Aryan. Amatanthauza zosangalatsa za Dachau ndi Auschwitz - popanda kunena mokweza, ndithudi.
Munthu wina amenenso ali ndi maganizo ofanana ndi amenewa ndi wofalitsa wa Neo-Nazi Götz Kubitschek. Iye, pamodzi ndi ena, akhala akugwira ntchito yosokoneza demokalase kwa zaka zambiri.
Awonetsanso kutsimikiza mtima kwakukulu kuti akwaniritse cholinga chawo: kuwonongedwa kwa demokalase. Chifukwa njira zawo ndi njira ndi ochenjera, amawoneka akugwira ntchito.
Iwo, ndi alangizi awo a PR opanda pake, amadziwa momwe angagwirizanitse mwaluso chikhalidwe cha pop ndi pa intaneti ndi malingaliro omwe amagwirizana ndi mbiri yakale ya fascism.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakonozi amafuna kuwononga mwadongosolo ndikuwononga demokalase. Pakadali pano, kupambana kwawo pamasankho kwatsimikizira kuti njira zawo zimagwira ntchito bwino. Otsatira kumanja safuna ngakhale pulogalamu yogwirizana.
Ndipo komabe, akatswiri amachita ntchito yamaphunziro komanso yopanda phindu kuyesa kusokoneza Pulogalamu ya chipani cha AfD. Ndizopanda ntchito monga kukangana nazo Mengele in Auschwitz pamene amakukonzerani patebulo kuti mukachite opaleshoni popanda mankhwala opha ululu. Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za pulogalamu ya chipani cha AfD sikuphonya mfundo.
Cholinga cha kumanja kwakutali ndikusefukira m'bwalo landale ndi nsanja zapaintaneti ndi zinyalala zawo zoyipa, zatsankho kuti awonongeretu chikhalidwe chonse cha demokalase:
- amaika zonyansa m’malo mwa mzimu wademokalase;
- amaika zosonkhezera tsankho m’malo mwa chifundo;
- amafooketsa kapena, makamaka, amachotsa malire a choonadi ndi bodza;
- amalepheretsa anthu kuzindikira choonadi;
- amayesetsa kusintha chikhalidwe cha demokalase; ndi,
- amalemekeza unihilism umene sulinso shies kutali ndi owonjezera of chiwawa.
Pakalipano, zinthu zambiri - nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, kukhazikika, kutentha kwa dziko, ndi zina zotero - zikusewera m'manja mwa anthu omwe ali kumanja kwa anthu omwe amawakonda kwambiri. "kampu ya fascist" - monga amadziwika ku Germany. Mwambiri, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse ya zochitika zabata za Neo-Nazi mu theka lachiwiri la 20.th zaka zana zatha. Masiku ano a Neo-Nazi ndi achangu.
Reactionary anti-modernism yabweranso mu 21st zana limodzi pa liwiro lopatsa chidwi. Chifukwa cha kupambana kwaposachedwapa kwa AfD, ndizovuta kukhala ndi chidaliro pa tsogolo la demokalase.
AfD ikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoti tikukhala m'dziko lovuta kwambiri lomwe likusintha mwachangu komanso lomwe kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi kumasiya ngakhale akatswiri owonera amadabwitsidwa.
Anthu ambiri sangathenso kumvetsa bwinobwino zovuta za moyo mu 21st zaka zana. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kukhala ndi chidaliro chamtsogolo. Izi zikuphatikiza magawo apocalyptic avuto lanyengo padziko lonse lapansi.
Zinthu zonsezi zimasokoneza chiyembekezo chamtsogolo cha anthu ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wachisoni. Mdima womwe ukubwera ndiye umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Bodza Lalikulu la momwe mtsogoleri wamphamvu adzapangitsira tsogolo lowala komanso lofunikanso.
Aliyense azindikira kuti kukula kwa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumafuna njira zothetsera zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa padziko lonse lapansi. M'dziko lolumikizidwa padziko lonse lapansi, anthu ku Global South sakudziwa za kuwonongeka kwautsamunda kokha, komanso za kudalira kwachuma komwe kulipobe mpaka pano komanso moyo wabwino kwambiri m'maiko akumpoto.
Germany yakumanja yakumanja imagwiritsa ntchito madera onsewa kudzera pamakina ake ofalitsa mapiko akumanja. Ma bots ndi maakaunti abodza ochezera a pa Intaneti amapereka njira zosavuta zothanirana ndi zovuta za crypto, kuphatikiza ndi ziwembu zambiri zongoyerekeza zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikuyang'ana anthu wamba ndikuyika moyo wawo pachiswe.
Gulu loyang'anira zachilengedwe ku Germany likudziwa za kuopsa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chidani kwa amayi ndi anthu ovutika m'magulu a anthu ndipo chifukwa chake limalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu mu ndondomeko yamakono.
Kusintha kotereku kwa anthu, ndi kuganiza mozama kwambiri, kuwolowa manja kwa anthu akunja, ngati kukanafalikira mdera lonse, kungathetseretu malingaliro a neofascist.
Ufulu wakutali ndiye kupanga chidani chomwe sichinachitikepo kwa a Greens. Izi zimawonekera makamaka pa intaneti. Mphindi yoyembekezeredwa ya zomwe zimatchedwa "vuto lomwe lilipo" likulengezedwa kuti lili pafupi.
Kwa okonda kumanja monga Höcke ndi Trump ino ndi nthawi yomwe akhala akudikirira chifukwa ali okonzeka kuyambitsa kuchepa Kumadzulo - kenanso. Monga Goebbels adanenapo kale: “Simungathe kusintha unyinji wa anthu. Adzakhala chimodzimodzi: osayankhula, osusuka ndi oyiwala.”
Olamulira amangochita izi chifukwa chosowa psychopathic kuti ateteze moyo wawo wandale komanso wokhala ndi mphamvu. Kwa iwo - otsutsa demokalase otsutsa - mfundo yakuti zokambirana za demokalase nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotopetsa komanso zosokoneza maganizo, zimakhala umboni wa chikhulupiriro chawo chakuti demokalase ndi yofooka kwenikweni - yomwe amawona ngati yoipitsidwa, m'lingaliro la kuipitsidwa, kudwala, wolumala, motero amaloledwa kuphedwa, monga momwe anachitira olumala m’nthaŵi ya chipani cha Nazi.
Pakadali pano amadzinenera - ngati anthu owona za mapiko akumanja - kuyankhula za a chete ambiri, kapena momwe amachitcha mu Chijeremani: das volk. Kwa Ajeremani ambiri mawu akuti Volk amangotanthauza anthu, koma kwa a Neo-Nazis, AfD, ndi ochita monyanyira ku Germany akutanthauza Volksgemeinschaft, gulu lokonda aulamuliro lomwe amakhulupirira molakwika kuti lili ndi chochita ndi kukhala "Aryan."
Old Tricky Dicky Nixon adagwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana zofananira, zomwe zimadziwika kuti agalu malikhweru, kutumiza mauthenga osadziwika bwino kwa anthu osankhana mitundu ku Old South kuti apeze mavoti awo.
Cholinga chenicheni sikuchita nawo demokalase koma kugwetsa mwaulamuliro wa demokalase. Ndi mtundu wa kupanduka kwakuda motsutsana ndi makono ong'ambika. Mantha ake adasinthidwa kukhala kuthandizira kumanja kwakutali. Kumanja kulibe lingaliro kapena pulogalamu yomanga tsogolo labwino, ndipo samalonjezanso. Palibe chifukwa.
M’malo mwake, iwo amatulutsa mkwiyo wosadziŵika bwino ndi wachisoni motsutsana ndi kuipa kolingaliridwa kwa demokalase. Amalonjezanso chitetezo, nthawi zambiri kwa mdani wakunja, monga momwe angapezere anthu othawa kwawo omwe akufuna chitetezo, pakutentha kwadziko, ku Covid-19. Mu ndale za mantha, chifukwa chilichonse chakale chidzachita.
Zomwe zimapangidwira ndikuti: "Simuli kanthu, Volk yanu ndi chilichonse. " Umu ndi momwe a Nazi a m'ma 1930 adapangira. Ndi mantha ochokera pansi - oyambitsidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Nazism, fascism, komanso Neo-Nazism ndizochitika zapamwamba.
Chifukwa chake, kumanja kwakutali kumakwiyitsa ambiri zisonyezero ndi zokambirana zomwe zikuchitika tsopano chifukwa iwo kuchokera pansi.
Amawakwiyiranso chifukwa amatsutsana ndi mbali yakumanja ndi AfD. Misonkhano yonseyi, mwatsoka, sidzathetsa vuto lomwe lili m'miyambi yake.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyanjana kwa demokarasi kungakhale kothandiza ndi wina mkati mwa demokalase - munthu amene akuwerenga kuchokera m'buku lomwelo lamasewera. Ine
sizingakhale zogwira mtima ndi munthu yemwe ali zakufa zowononga demokalase. Popeza ichi ndi cholinga cha AfD, anthu akuchulukirachulukira kulimbikitsa chiletso cha AfD.
Si wina koma über-Nazi Joseph Goebbels amene anafotokozera zonsezi momveka bwino m'chaka 1935, pamene anati:
Monga Witze der Demokratie bleiben, dass sie ihren Todfeinden die Mittel selbst stellte, durch die sie vernichtet mawu. Die verfolgten Führer der NSDAP traten als Abgeordnete in den Genuss der Immunität, der Diäten und der Freifahrkarte. Dadurch waren sie vor dem polizeilichen Zugriff gesichert, durften sich zu sagen erlauben als gewöhnliche Staatsbürger und ließen sich außerdem die Kosten ihrer Tätigkeit vom Feinde bezahlen. Aus der demokratischen Dummheit ließ sich vortrefflich Kapital schlagen.
Idzakhala nthawi zonse imodzi mwa nthabwala zabwino kwambiri za demokalase yomwe idapereka adani ake akufa ndi njira zomwe idawonongedwa. Atsogoleri ozunzidwa a NSDAP, monga nduna, anali ndi chitetezo chokwanira, zakudya komanso tikiti yaulere. Chotsatira chake, adatetezedwa ku polisi, adaloledwa kunena kuti ndi nzika wamba ndipo, kuwonjezerapo, anali ndi ndalama za ntchito zawo zomwe adani amalipira. Zinali zotheka kupanga ndalama zabwino kwambiri kupusa kwa demokalase.
Demokalase siyenera kulakwitsa kawiri kawiri (1933 ndi 2024). Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu - kwenikweni 800,000 - akulimbikitsa kuletsedwa kwa AfD.
Ku Germany konse, kuyitanidwa kuti achitepo kanthu pamilandu motsutsana ndi AfD akukulirakulira. A kafukufuku waposachedwapa adawonetsa kuti andale osankhidwa osachepera 49 ndi okonzeka kuunika mozama zoyambitsa milandu yoletsa AfD.
Kukankha kwaposachedwa kumathandizidwa ndi mfundo yoti mamembala a AfD adakumana ndi zigawenga zakumanja ndi a Neo-Nazi ena mu hotelo pafupi ndi Potsdam - Chithunzi cha 2.0 - kukambirana za mapulani a kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri anthu omwe adachokera ku Germany.
AfD ikufunanso kuthamangitsa anthu omwe ikuwona kuti sakugwirizana ndi Volksgemeinschaft. Donald Lipenga akuwerenga kuchokera mu sewero lomwelo.
Kutengera misonkhano yaposachedwa yolimbana ndi AfD, funso loti AfD ikhale yosaloledwa - "verboten" kapena yoletsedwa - yakula m'masabata aposachedwa. Ndi funso la, "ndibwino bwanji kulimbana ndi AfD?"
Kunena zoona, ndondomeko yoletsa AfD ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi Bundestag (nyumba yamalamulo), Bundesrat (seneti) komanso bwalo lamilandu la Federal Constitution ku Germany.
Komabe, zopinga zoletsa chipani chandale n’zovuta kwambiri kuzithetsa. Chodetsa nkhawa ndikuti zinthu zonse zitha kulakwika kwambiri. Zinatero kamodzi m’mbuyomo pamene khoti lalikulu linakana kuletsa chipani chakale cha Germany cha Neo-Nazi. NPD pa.
Iwo potsirizira pake anasungunuka. NPD idadzitcha dzina Heimat [dziko lakwawo] ndipo alibe gawo lililonse ku Germany. Mamembala ake asamukira ku AfD mokondwera.
Monga chipani cha NPD chakale, AfD ndi chipani chatsankho kwambiri komanso chopanda umunthu. Chifukwa chake, anthu ambiri amakomera kuti afufuzidwe mosamala kuti ayambe njira zoletsa. Inde anthu ambiri amaganizanso kuti ngakhale njira yopambana yoletsa AfD sikudzakhala yankho lokwanira kuthana ndi Neo-Nazism kumunsi kwa Germany.
Pakadali pano, aphungu a zipani zonse za demokalase ayamba kusonkhana pamodzi ku Bundestag ya ku Germany, pofuna kupeza mwayi wopambana.
Ena aganiza kale "kupita ku Karlsruhe." Karlsruhe ndi komwe Federal Constitutional Court ili. Malamulo akuti asanu pa zana (5%) a aphungu a Bundestag ndiwokwanira kuyika nkhani yoletsa chiletso cha AfD pandondomeko yanyumba ya malamulo. Izi sizitanthauza kuti aphungu 37 akufunika.
37 awa atha kupempha kuti boma la Germany liwunikenso mwayi wopambana pakuletsa. Kumbali inayi, Bundestag yokha ingasankhenso kupempha chiletso. Mu gawo lachiwiri, chigamulo choyambitsa chiletso chiyenera kupambana aphungu ambiri pamlanduwo.
Kuthandizira kuletsa kwa AfD kwafalikira kwambiri pakati pa mamembala a Social-democrat SPD, Greens Environmental Green ndi Socialist Die Linke. Sizinafalikire kwambiri pakati pa aphungu a CDU/CSU ndi neoliberal FDP.
Mosadabwitsa, ganizo loletsa AfD likuchirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi aphungu a nyumba ya malamulo omwe amachokera kum'mawa kwa Germany kuposa amene achokera kumayiko akumadzulo.
Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa AfD ndiyamphamvu kwambiri dziko lakale la DDR poyerekeza ndi akumadzulo ndipo motero amapereka zovuta kwambiri ku zipani za demokalase kumeneko.
Mwachiwonekere, thandizo loletsa AfD ndilokulirapo pakati pa aphungu a nyumba yamalamulo omwe amachokera ku mabanja omwe ali osamukira kumayiko ena kusiyana ndi omwe alibe. Mwachitsanzo, membala wina wachipani chaufulu wochokera ku Thuringia anati:
Ndili ndi chisoni chachikulu pakuletsedwa kwa AfD. Chipanichi chimatchedwa anthu ochita monyanyira ku Thuringia. Tonse timadziwa kuti AfD ndi yoopsa bwanji. Komabe, njira yoletsa AfD iyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopambana.
Pazifukwa zambiri, sizikudziwika ngati aphungu onse agwirizana kuti agwirizane ndi magulu onse andale kuti aletse chipani cha AfD. Ngati pali ganizo loletsa AfD, lifunikanso magawo awiri mwa atatu a senate. Constitution ya Germany - yotchedwa Basic Law - akuti m'nkhani 21 ndime 2:
(2) Maphwando omwe, chifukwa cha zolinga zawo kapena khalidwe la otsatira awo, amafuna kusokoneza kapena kuthetsa ufulu wa demokalase kapena kuyika pachiwopsezo kukhalapo kwa Federal Republic of Germany, zidzakhala zosemphana ndi malamulo.
Aphungu ambiri akukhulupirira kuti AfD nthawi zonse imaphwanya mfundo ya ulemu waumunthu, yomwe ndi mwala wapangodya wa dongosolo la demokalase la ufulu wa Germany. Iwo akuona kuti boma lili ndi udindo wochitapo kanthu polimbana ndi zimenezi. Izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwenikweni sizikudziwika.
Ndi iko komwe, papita nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri kuchokera pamene khoti lalikulu la Germany linaletsa chipani chandale. Inaletsa kukonzanso kwa Nazi Socialist Reich Party (SRP) mu 1952, ndipo inaletsa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu ku Germany mu 1956. Mamembala a SRP anali ndi anthu omwe anamanga misasa yachibalo. Achikomyunizimu a KPD anali akaidi m’misasa yachibalo imeneyo.
Mu 2003 ndi 2017, milandu iwiri yotsutsana ndi NPD yakumanja idalephera. Nthawi yoyamba (2003) inali chifukwa cha zolakwika zamachitidwe. Kachiwiri (2017), phwandolo lidakhala lopanda tanthauzo kwambiri kuti liletse chiletso. Masiku ano, palibe amene angatsutse zimenezo AfD ndiyopanda pake ndipo motero angapewe kuletsedwa pazifukwa zimenezo.
Zambiri ndi mawebusayiti achi Germany omwe amafotokoza ndikulimbikitsa kuletsa AfD: German Institute for Human Rights; Politische Schönheit; Kampeni
Thomas Klikauer ndi wolemba mabuku oposa 950 kuphatikizapo buku Njira ina kuchokera ku Deutschland: AfD - lofalitsidwa ndi Liverpool University Press.
Danny Antonelli anakulira ku USA, tsopano akukhala ku Hamburg, Germany ndipo akulemba masewero a wailesi, nkhani ndipo ndi katswiri woyimba nyimbo komanso womasulira nyimbo.
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