Gwero: Mkokomo
Mโzaka zanga 20 ndikuchita nawo zionetsero, sindinaonepo chifukwa choipitsitsa chaukali ngati chimene chikuchitika masiku ano. Pambuyo pa zionetsero za George Floyd komanso kuwombera apolisi kwa Jacob Blake, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aku America apita m'misewu mogwirizana ndi gulu la Black Lives Matter (BLM).
M'buku langa latsopano Kupanduka ku America Ndikutsutsa kuti ziwonetsero zamagulu a anthu zakhala zikufala m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero kwachititsa kuti ziwonetsero ziwonjezeke ngati njira yotengera nawo ndale, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero za 2011 Madison motsutsana ndi Bwanamkubwa Scott Walker, Occupy Wall Street, Fight for $ 15, Black Lives Matter, ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi Trump, zolimbikitsa kusintha kwanyengo ndi #Inenso.
A wamphamvu mawonekedwe a misa kanthu
Ziwonetsero zaku America - kunja kwa zochepa zochepa - zili pafupi kumanzere. Ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri zakhala zotsutsana ndi nkhanza za apolisi. Kaiser kuvota ziwerengero kuti anthu 26 miliyoni, kapena m'modzi mwa anthu 10 aku America, adachita nawo ziwonetserozi kutsatira kuphedwa kwa George Floyd. Kusanthula kwanga kwa "regression" kwa June 2020 dziko lonse Kaiser voti imazindikiritsa magulu a anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wochita nawo ziwonetserozi, kuwonjezera pakuvumbulutsa kuti ndi anthu ati aku America omwe angathandizire ziwonetserozi, ngakhale iwowo sanatuluke m'misewu.
Zotsatira izi zikuwonetsa kuti Achimereka achichepere (18-29), ma Democrat odziwika okha komanso ophunzira aku America omwe ali ndi mwayi wochita nawo ziwonetsero za BLM. Momwemonso, othandizira ziwonetsero za Floyd ali ndi mwayi woti akhale achichepere, a Democrat, ophunzira kwambiri, opeza ndalama zambiri komanso akuda.
Zomwe ndapeza zikuwonetsa kuti gulu la BLM ndi othandizira ake ndi amisala ndipo amayimira anthu ambiri aku America. Anthu awa ali, kunena, kuphatikiza mwayi wambiri - ophunzira kwambiri komanso omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri - komanso opanda mwayi - Achimereka Achimereka ndi anthu amitundu - mu chiwerengero chawo. Chofunika kwambiri, peresenti 67 aku America adanenanso kuti adathandizira kapena mwamphamvu gulu la Black Lives Matter mu June 2020, poyerekeza ndi peresenti 55 mu August 2017. Choncho, sikuti gululo likufalikira, koma kutchuka kwake kwakula pakapita nthawi.
BLM yachititsa ziwonetsero mu makumi masauzande mโmizinda ikuluikulu mโdziko lonselo. Ziwonetserozi ndi chiwonetsero cha kupanduka kwamasiku ano kwa demokalase - kuyika chidaliro chake mu nzeru za "avareji" aku America, m'malo moganiza kuti ali ndi luso lapamwamba komanso kumvetsetsa kwa ndale kapena bizinesi. Ndikutsutsa Kupanduka ku America, atatha kufufuza zaka khumi za kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha US, kuti populism ya ufulu - yoyendetsedwa ndi Tea Party ndi Trumpism - ndi yowonda kwambiri chifukwa cholephera kuchirikiza mayendedwe ambiri pakapita nthawi.
Mosiyana ndi izi, ziwonetsero za demokalase monga ziwonetsero za Madison, Menyerani $ 15 ndi BLM zikuyimira njira yayikulu yochitira anthu ambiri. Maguluwa, chifukwa amatsutsana ndi mphamvu zandale ndi zachuma, amafuna anthu ambiri omwe akugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kuti athe kudzisamalira.
Kuwuka kwa BLM kukuwopseza kuwononga nthano wamba - yozunguliridwa ndi atolankhani ndi akatswiri ambiri - kuti populism yamapiko akumanja ndi gulu landale lomwe likugwirizana ndi ziwonetsero za mapiko akumanzere kukula kwake ndi kukula kwake. Trumpism ndi MAGA zitha kukhala kutchulidwa monga "gulu" lazofalitsa, koma amalephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zambiri za gulu la anthu ambiri: zionetsero zamagulu, magulu amagulu omwe amathandizira kuti azichitapo kanthu pakapita nthawi komanso kufalitsa uthenga kwa anthu ambiri kuyambira pansi mpaka kutsutsana ndi udindo. quo.
M'malo mwake, Trumpism ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino, chapamwamba, chokhazikika pa bilionea m'modzi ndipo amadalira chipembedzo chamunthu wosangalatsa wandale wamtundu wa tabloid. Trumpism idzavutika kuti ipitirire ngati zochitika zandale zadziko pamene utsogoleriwu udzatha. Sizinthu zachilengedwe, zotsika pansi chifukwa chodalira demagogue imodzi. Popanda kupindula ndi chidwi chochuluka chomwe pulezidentiyu adapereka popereka lipoti losasunthika pazantchito zake kuchokera pawailesi yakanema, a Trump sangakhalebe ndi chithandizo chovuta chomwe amalandira kuchokera kwa anthu oposa 40 peresenti.
"Panganinso mabizinesi kukhala opindulitsa"
Mwinanso kusiyana koyenera pakati pa zionetsero zazikulu za kumanzere ndi kuchepa kwa magazi m'manja kumanja kumapezeka powunika BLM ndi zionetsero "zotsegulanso". Ngakhale umboni womwe uli pamwambawu ukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero za BLM masiku ano, kuyang'anitsitsa "kutsegulanso" kukuwonetsa chikhalidwe chake cha astroturf.
Atolankhani adadzaza anthu aku America pofotokoza za ziwonetsero zomwe zidatsegulidwanso mu Epulo ndi Meyi 2020, zomwe zidawonetsa kuti gululi linali lokhazikika komanso kuti likuwonetsa nkhawa za anthu amderali omwe akukwera mochuluka motsutsana ndi momwe zidalili. Koma nkhaniyi idapangidwa makamaka. Kufufuza kwa gululi kudawonetsa kuti makamaka idayendetsedwa ndi zolankhula zosadziwika bwino zomwe zimadandaula "boma lalikulu," "nkhanza" ndi "socialism" kudzera pakutseka, ngakhale malingaliro awa sanagawidwe ndi anthu ambiri aku America, omwe. anathandiza kutsekedwa kuti ateteze thanzi la anthu.
Tsegulaninso magulu a zionetsero omwe akugwira ntchito m'dziko lonselo anali okhudzidwa makamaka ndikupangitsanso mabizinesi kukhala opindulitsa, m'malo mokhudzidwa ndi akatswiri azaumoyo ndi ogwira ntchito zantchito kutsogolo kwa mliri wa COVID-19. Magulu awa adafotokozedwa pafupifupi palibe nkhawa ndi anthu osauka kwambiri aku America komanso omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri - osawerengeka anthu amitundu - ovulazidwa ndi coronavirus. Komanso zionetserozo zinali zamphamvu zogwirizana ndi mabungwe angapo akuluakulu adziko ndi a boma omwe anali okhudzidwa ndi ufulu wa mfuti ndi phindu lamakampani, m'malo moimira chigawenga chodzidzimutsa, chokhazikika, chokhazikika.
Pomwe gulu lotseguliranso lidasungabe kupezeka kwakukulu pa intaneti, ofufuza amaphunziro apezeka kuti pafupifupi theka la maakaunti omwe amalimbikitsa ziwonetsero zotsegulanso pazama TV anali bots. Ndipo panali umboni wawung'ono, powerengera, anthu aku America omwe adavulazidwa kwambiri pazachuma chifukwa cha vuto lazachuma la COVID-19 atha kuvomerezanso kutseguliranso.
Mbiriyi imalankhula za gulu lakale la astroturf, lomwe lidalandira chidwi chachikulu chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Trump ndi abwanamkubwa aku Republican komanso kukumbatirana ndi atolankhani komanso mabizinesi amphamvu.
Gulu lotsegulanso linapindula ndi chithandizo chochepa cha anthu. Kokha peresenti 22 Anthu aku America adavomereza kusunthaku atafunsidwa, poyerekeza ndi opitilira magawo awiri mwa atatu omwe adati amathandizira ziwonetsero za BLM kutsatira kuphedwa kwa George Floyd. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adachita nawo ziwonetsero zotseguliranso kunali kochepa kwambiri kotero kuti kulibe. Zovota za Kaiser za June anapeza kuti 2.4 peresenti yokha ya anthu amene ananena kuti anachita zionetsero mโmiyezi ingapo asanafufuzidwe ndi amene anapezekapo pa zionetsero zomwe zinatsegulidwanso. Mwa anthu onse aku America omwe adafunsidwa, 0.2 peresenti yokha adati adachita nawo "chiwonetsero chofuna kuti asamakhale kunyumba chifukwa cha coronavirus," poyerekeza ndi m'modzi mwa 10 omwe adachita nawo ziwonetsero za BLM.
Poganizira manambalawa, kusiyana pakati pa mayendedwe ndi mtunda wa kilomita imodzi. Chimodzi chikuyimira kuwukira kwenikweni kwaunyinji, komwe kwapitilira kukula m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Chinacho chinali chaching'ono ndikuyimira zokonda zamakampani aku America komanso osadziwika, ochepa aku America.
Nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya ziwonetsero zazikulu ku America
Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu akhala akugogomezera mphamvu za anthu kuti "apange chikhalidwe cha anthu" kuti agwirizane ndi nkhani ndi zikhulupiriro zenizeni komanso kunyalanyaza njira zina zowonera dziko. Pankhani ya zionetsero zazikulu ku America, chowonadi cha anthu chamangidwa mwachinyengo, ndipo populism yakumanzere ndi yakumanja idapangidwa molakwika ngati yolimbikitsidwa mofanana.
Chowonadi cha nkhaniyi, komabe, ndikuti ziwonetsero za BLM zomwe zikupita patsogolo zikukumana ndi kutsitsimutsidwa kwa chithandizo chambiri, ndi mamiliyoni aku America akuwonetsa m'misewu, ndipo opitilira 150 miliyoni - kapena awiri mwa magawo atatu - Achimereka omwe akukumbatira gululo. Kumbali ina, kuthandizira ziwonetsero zotsegulanso ndi gawo laling'ono la gulu la BLM. Palibe ntchito ngakhale kuyesa kuyerekeza kuti ndi magulu ati aku America omwe atha kuchita nawo zionetsero zotseguliranso, popeza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amati adapita nawo ku kafukufuku wina wadziko lonse kunali kochepa, mwamawerengero, kotero kuti kulibe. Zomwe zafufuzidwa apa zimapereka nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya ziwonetsero za anthu ambiri ku America.
Nthawi ya zionetsero zamakono ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu kwa American kumanzere. Ndipo izi sizingasinthe malinga ngati ufulu ukupitiriza kudalira ochita ndale apamwamba ndi amalonda kuti afotokoze maganizo ake, m'malo motulutsa anthu ambiri aku America m'misewu.
Buku la digito la buku latsopano la Anthony DiMaggio, Kupanduka ku America, ikhoza kuwerengedwa kwaulere pa webusaiti ya ofalitsa.
Anthony DiMaggio ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira wa Sayansi Yandale ku Lehigh University. Analandira PhD yake ku yunivesite ya Illinois, Chicago, ndipo ndi wolemba mabuku asanu ndi anayi, kuphatikizapo posachedwapa: Mphamvu Zandale ku America (SUNY Press, 2019) ndi Kupanduka ku America (Njira, 2020).
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