M'modzi mwa malipoti ambiri ndi nkhani za moyo wachuma ku Gaza Strip zomwe ndawerenga posachedwa, ndinachita chidwi ndi kufotokoza kwa munthu wachikulire yemwe atayima pamphepete mwa nyanja ku Gaza akuponya malalanje ake m'nyanja. Mafotokozedwewo anandikhudza mtima kwambiri chifukwa ndi zimene ndinaona zaka 21 zapitazo paulendo wanga woyamba mโgawolo. Chinali mโchilimwe cha 1985 ndipo mnzanga wina dzina lake Alya ananditengera kukaona Gaza. Pamene tinali kuyenda mโmphepete mwa msewu wa Gaza ndinaona mwamuna wachikulire wa ku Palestine ataima mโmphepete mwa nyanja ali ndi mabokosi a malalanje pafupi naye. Ndinadabwa ndi izi ndipo ndinapempha Alya kuti ayimitse galimoto. Mโmodzi ndi mโmodzi, wachikulire wa ku Palestine anatenga lalanje ndi kuliponya mโmadzi. Kwake sikunali kungoseweretsa koma zowawa ndi chisoni. Kuyenda kwake kunali kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kumagwira ntchito ngati kuti kulemera kwa lalanje lililonse kunali kokulirapo kuposa momwe akanatha kupirira. Ndinamufunsa bwenzi langa chifukwa chomwe amachitira izi ndipo adalongosola kuti adaletsedwa kutumiza malalanje ake ku Israeli ndipo m'malo mowona akuwola m'minda yake ya zipatso, mkuluyo adasankha kuwaponya m'nyanja. Sindinayiwalepo chochitikachi ndi momwe chinandikhudzira.
Ndale ndi Economics
Pazaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa mapangano amtendere, ma protocol azachuma, mamapu amisewu ndi kusagwirizana, anthu aku Gazan akadali akuponya malalanje awo m'nyanja. Komabe ku Gaza sikulinso komwe ndidapezako kalekale koma kwinakwake koyipa kwambiri komanso kowopsa kwambiri. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa "kusiya" kwa Israeli mu 2005 ku Strip, komwe Purezidenti Bush adayamikiridwa ngati mwayi waukulu kwa "anthu aku Palestina kumanga chuma chamakono chomwe chidzachotsa mamiliyoni ambiri muumphawi [ndi] kupanga mabungwe ndi zizolowezi zaufulu; โi a โDubai on the Mediterraneanโii malinga ndi a Thomas Friedman, Gaza ikukumana ndi kugwa kwachuma komanso kufooketsa komwe kumadziwika ndi umphawi, kusowa kwa ntchito, kutayika kwa malonda, komanso kusokonekera kwa anthu makamaka pankhani yopereka chithandizo chaumoyo ndi maphunziro.
Chiyembekezo chomwe chinali pafupi ndi kuchotsedwako chinawonekeranso mu ndondomeko ya ulamuliro wa Palestine yotsitsimutsa chuma cha Gaza chotchedwa Gaza Strip Economic Development Strategy, chomwe chinasindikizidwa mwamsanga pambuyo pomaliza kuchotsedwa.iii. , pakati pa zolinga zake zazikulu "[a] kukhazikika, kugwirizana ndi kulamulira malo kuti athandize chuma cha Palestina," ndi "[a] kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko zachuma kuti athe kukonzanso chuma cha Palestina kuti akwaniritse chitukuko chokwanira."iv
Zosafunikira kunena kuti Boma silinakwanitse kukwaniritsa zolinga zake potengera zofunikira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, ndikofunikira kunena kuti ngakhale palibe zopinga zambiri, kulinganiza mwanzeru kwa mtundu womwe ukufotokozedwa mundondomeko ya Ulamuliro kumakhala kopanda phindu m'malo omwe pawokha ndi opanda nzeru, owonetseredwa ndi kuchulukirachulukira kosayembekezereka, kusatetezeka komanso kudalira pawokha. chifukwa cha ntchito yopitilira komanso yosasinthika. Ili si vuto latsopano koma lachikale lomwe limafuna njira yatsopano yomwe imanena kuti malinga ngati chilengedwe cha ndale sichinasinthidwe (kapena chikuipiraipira), chitukuko cha zachuma chikulephereka ndipo ndondomeko ya zachuma iyenera kuyang'ana pamadera omwe sali otetezeka ku zovuta zakunja (mwachitsanzo, ntchito kuphunzitsa mphamvu, chitukuko cha mabungwe). Kupanda kutero, kukonzekera kumakhala chinthu chongoyerekeza komanso chongowonjezera chomwe chimalonjeza zotsatira zochepa ngati zilipo. M'nkhaniyi, thandizo la mayiko akhoza kutenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pothandiza anthu kuti apulumuke koma osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chuma.
Kuwonongeka kwachuma cha Gaza sikunangochitika mwangozi koma mwadala, chifukwa cha ndondomeko zoletsa za Israeli (makamaka kutsekedwa), makamaka kuyambira chiyambi cha chipwirikiti chazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, ndipo posachedwapa chiletso chothandizira padziko lonse chinaperekedwa kwa Palestina pambuyo pa chisankho ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase lotsogozedwa ndi Hamas koyambirira kwa chaka chino. Komabe, munthu ayenera kungoyang'ana pa chuma cha Gaza, mwachitsanzo, madzulo a kuukira kuti azindikire kuti chiwonongeko sichinachitike posachedwa. Pofika pomwe intifada yachiwiri idayamba, lamulo lotseka la Israeli linali litagwira ntchito kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ulova komanso umphawi zomwe sizinachitikepo (zomwe zikadaposa posachedwa). Komabe ndondomeko yotseka idakhala yowononga kwambiri chifukwa zaka 30 zophatikizira chuma cha Gaza ku Israeli zidapangitsa kuti chuma cham'deralo chidalire kwambiri. Chotsatira chake, pamene malirewo anatsekedwa mu 1993, kudzidalira sikunali kotheka - njira zinalibe. Zaka makumi ambiri zakulandidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa utsogoleri zidalanda dziko la Palestine kuthekera kwake kwachitukuko, kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe dongosolo lazachuma (ndiponso ndale) lomwe lingawonekere.v
International Agencies: Zowona ndi Zoneneratu
Malinga ndi kunena kwa World Bank, anthu aku Palestine pakali pano akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu lazachuma mโmbiri yamakono. Kukhazikitsidwa kosayenera kwa zilango zapadziko lonse lapansi kwasokoneza kwambiri chuma chomwe chilipo kale chifukwa chodalira kwambiri ndalama zakunja. Mwachitsanzo, Ulamuliro wa Palestine umadalira kwambiri magwero awiri a ndalama. Yoyamba ndi phukusi lothandizira pachaka lochokera kwa opereka ndalama akumadzulo pafupifupi $ 1 biliyoni pachaka (mu 2005, malinga ndi World Bank, opereka ndalama adapereka $ 1.3 biliyoni zothandizira ndi zadzidzidzi [$500m/38%], chitukuko [$450m/35%] ndi thandizo la bajeti [$350m/27%]), zambiri zayimitsidwa. Yachiwiri ndi kusamutsidwa kwa mwezi ndi Israeli kwa $ 55 miliyoni mu msonkho ndi msonkho wa msonkho umene umasonkhanitsa PA, gwero la ndalama zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa bajeti ya Palestina ndikuyimitsidwa kwathunthu.vi Ndipotu, Israeli tsopano akuletsa pafupifupi theka. madola mabiliyoni mu ndalama za Palestina zomwe zikufunika kwambiri ku Gaza.
Kuphatikizika kwa ziletso, makamaka kutsekedwa kosalekeza komanso kunyalanyazidwa kwachuma komwe kukupitilira, kwadzetsa ulova wosayerekezeka womwe panopo ukuyandikira 40 peresenti ku Gaza (poyerekeza ndi zosakwana 12 peresenti mu 1999). Ndipotu, ogwira ntchito ku Palestina ochokera ku Gaza sanaloledwe kulowa mu Israeli kuyambira 12 March 2006, msika waukulu wa Gaza ndi malo onse olowera ndi kutuluka adasindikizidwa kuyambira June 25, 2006 pamene nkhondo yankhondo ya Israeli ku Gaza inayamba.vii M'zaka zisanu zotsatira. zaka, kuwonjezera apo, ntchito zatsopano 135,000 zidzafunika kuti ulova ukhale pa 10 peresenti. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa May 2006, mwachitsanzo, kuwoloka kwa Karni, komwe katundu wamalonda amalowera ku Gaza, anali atatsekedwa kwa 47 peresenti ya chaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa $ 500,000-$ 600,000. Gaza ndi West Bank pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi.
Pofika mu April 2006, mabanja 79 pa 30 alionse a ku Gaza anali osauka (poyerekeza ndi ochepera 2000 peresenti mu 3.5), chiลตerengero chomwe chiyenera kuti chawonjezeka; ambiri ali ndi njala. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Gaza, kuwonjezera chiwalo chimodzi chodalira pabanja kumawonjezera mwayi wabanja wokhala wosauka ndi 23 peresenti. Katundu wodalira omwe amapezeka ku Gaza ndi wachiwiri kwa Africa.xi Choncho, chiwerengero cha akuluakulu m'banja omwe ali ndi ntchito ndi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri pa kuthetsa umphawi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu okhala ku Gaza Strip ali ndi XNUMX peresenti yokhala osauka kuposa anthu omwe amakhala ku West Bank.
United Nations pakadali pano ikudyetsa pafupifupi 830,000 mwa anthu 1.4 miliyoni a Gaza (kapena 59 peresenti ya anthu onse omwe angamve njala popanda thandizo la UN) -100,000 omwe adawonjezedwa kuyambira Marichi chaka chino. UNRWA imathandizira makamaka 610,000 (onse omwe ndi othawa kwawo) ndipo World Food Programme imathandizira 220,000 (60,000 anawonjezeredwa mu September 2006 okha) omwe si othawa kwawo. Omalizawa akuphatikiza 136,000 "osauka osatha" omwe adalandirapo thandizo kuchokera ku PA.xii
Kuchulukitsa kuchepa kwachuma ku Gaza kunali kuwukira kwa Israeli pamalo opangira magetsi ku Gaza mu June watha. Chomeracho, chomwe chinawonongeka, chinapereka 45 peresenti ya magetsi ku Gaza Strip. Kuchepetsa mphamvu kwakhala kovulaza kwambiri pakubweretsa chithandizo chamankhwala, chakudya ndi madzi, komanso kukonza zimbudzi pakati pamavuto ena. Posachedwapa, gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe la Israeli, B'tselem lidati kuukira kwa magetsi kudapanga mlandu wankhondo pansi pa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi popeza udayang'ana anthu wamba.
Komanso, kuyambira nkhondo ya Israeli ku Gaza Strip yotchedwa "Operation Summer Rains," 237 Palestinians aphedwa ndi IDF (kuchokera ku 382 kuyambira January 2006 ndi 2137 kuyambira September 2000, anthu ambiri) ndi 821 anavulala. Asitikali ankhondo aku Israeli adawomberanso zida zosachepera 260 zowombera pamlengalenga ndi zipolopolo mazana ambiri pazolinga za anthu wamba kuphatikiza nyumba zaboma ndi mabungwe ophunzirira, nyumba zambiri za anthu, milatho isanu ndi umodzi ndi misewu ingapo, ndi maekala mazana aulimi. dziko, kuwawononga.xiii [Zindikirani: Pakati pa 29 Marichi ndi 27 June 2006, Israeli idayambitsa ziwonetsero zamlengalenga 112, kuphulitsa zipolopolo za 4,251 ndi zipolopolo zisanu zapamadzi zomwe zidapha 94 Gazans kuphatikiza anthu wamba 35.]xiv
Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations, mu 2007, ngati palibe kusintha kwatanthauzo kulikonse, chuma cha Palestina chonse chidzakhala chocheperako ndi 35 peresenti kuposa momwe zinaliri mu 2005, kutsika mpaka mu 1991, ndipo oposa theka la anthu ogwira ntchito adzakhala opanda ntchito.xv Bungwe la UN posachedwapa latulutsa ziwonetsero za zotsatira za kuchepetsa thandizo la mayiko pa chuma cha Palestina. Pogwiritsa ntchito chaka cha 2005 ngati maziko ake oyerekeza, ziwonetserozo zikuwonetsa kuchepetsedwa kwa chithandizo ndi 30-50 peresenti (ndi ndalama za boma), kuwonjezeka kwa 50-100 peresenti ya zoletsa pazamalonda, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 10-20 peresenti ya zoletsa pakuyenda kwa ntchito. ku Israeli. Pansi pa zovuta kwambiri, zomwe sizingatheke, kutayika kwa GDP pakati pa 2006 ndi 2008 kungafikire $ 5.4 biliyoni, yomwe imaposa GDP ya Palestina mu 2005. Makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu anayi a ntchito zonse zomwe zilipo mu 2005 zikhoza kutayika.xvi Ngakhale pansi Nkhani yabwinoko, alemba a Raja Khalidi, katswiri wazachuma ku UNCTAD, "chuma cha Palestine chidzakwera mpaka mibadwo yomwe sinawonedwe." xvii
The Population Factor
Vuto la Gaza silokhalo la ntchito koma la anthu ndipo ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa. Masiku ano, pali anthu oposa 1.4 miliyoni a Palestine omwe amakhala ku Gaza Strip: pofika 2010 chiwerengerocho chidzakhala pafupi ndi mamiliyoni awiri. Gaza ili ndi ana obadwa kwambiri m'derali 5.5 mpaka ana 6.0 pa mkazi aliyense ndipo chiwerengero chimakula ndi 3 mpaka 5 peresenti pachaka. Makumi asanu ndi atatu mwa anthu 50 aliwonse ali ndi zaka zosakwana 50 ndipo 15 peresenti ali ndi zaka 74,000 kapena kucheperapo. Theka la gawo limene anthu ambiri ali nalo lili ndi limodzi la anthu ochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mumsasa wa othawa kwawo wa Jabalya wokha, muli anthu 25,000 pa kilomita imodzi, poyerekeza ndi XNUMX ku Manhattan.
Malinga ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwa ndi Harvard University's 2010 Project, ndi chiwonjezeko chapachaka chapakati pa 3.45 ndi 3.5 peresenti, anthu aku Gaza a 1,330,000 adzafika 1,590,000 pofika 2010 ndi 2,660,000 pofika 2028, kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwake komwe kuli pano. Pofika mchaka cha 2010, chiลตerengero cha anthu akuluakulu, poyerekeza ndi achinyamata, chidzawonjezeka ndi 24 peresenti, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti ntchito ndi misika ya nyumba zikhale zovuta kwambiri. m'mabanja ndi m'mabanja, kusiyana komwe kumabwera ndikukula pakati pa kupezeka ndi kufuna kumabweretsa ziwawa zokulirapo komanso kupitirizabe kumenya nkhondo pakati pa anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa anthu kudzakhala chinthu chachikulu chomwe chidzazindikiritse zamoyo wabwino, kapena kusowa kwake, kwa Gaza Strip. Ndipo ngakhale kuchepa kwa chonde, chiwerengero cha achinyamata ku Gaza chidzakula kwa zaka zingapo (chifukwa cha kukula kwa magulu omwe akubwera) .xix
Kuphatikizika kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kusintha kwa zaka kumabweretsa mavuto akulu pantchito za boma, makamaka maphunziro ndi thanzi. Mu maphunziro, mwachitsanzo, kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kokha-popanda kusintha kulikonse mu ubwino wa ntchito - kudzafunika aphunzitsi ena 1,517 ndi makalasi 984 atsopano m'zaka zinayi zikubwerazi. Momwemonso, ngati maphunziro a Gaza akwaniritse zomwe zikuchitika ku West Bank, amafunikira aphunzitsi owonjezera a 7,500 ndi makalasi 4,700 atsopano. Ndipo ngati Gaza Strip ikuyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo chamankhwala mu 2010, ifunika madotolo ena 425, anamwino owonjezera 520 ndi mabedi 465 azachipatala atsopano.xx
Zoneneratu za Economic
Zowonongeka zomwe zikuchitika-zomwe zilipo komanso zamtsogolo-sizingatheke mwa 'kubwezeretsa' malo a Gaza, kuchotsa 9,000 okhala ku Israeli, ndikulola anthu a Palestina kukhala ndi ufulu woyenda ndi ufulu womanga mafakitale mkati mwa Gaza yokulirapo koma yokhayokha. Mavuto ambiri a Gaza sangathetsedwe pamene anthu akuchulukirachulukira amakhala m'dera lomwe lili ndi zinthu zochepa. Kachulukidwe si vuto la anthu okha koma ndi mwayi wopeza chuma, makamaka misika yazantchito. Popanda mwayi wakunja wopeza ntchito komanso ufulu wosamukira, china chake Gaza Disengagement Plan ndi Olmert's reignment plan bwino amakana, Strip idzakhalabe ndende yosatha kuchita nawo mtundu uliwonse wa chitukuko cha zachuma.
Zoonadi, mu 2005, anthu amitundu yonse (kupyolera mu Komiti Yogwirizanitsa ndi Ad Hoc) adatsimikiza kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakuchepa kwachuma cha Palestina sichikuchepetsa thandizo koma zoletsa kuyenda ndi kupeza komanso kuyimitsidwa kwa kusamutsidwa kwa ndalama. M'malo mwake, adatsimikiza kuti pakupitilirabe kusakhazikika kwa ndale (zomwe zingalole kuyenda kwakukulu ku Israeli ndi kupitirira apo), thandizo lapadziko lonse lapansi lingathandize anthu aku Palestina kukhala ndi moyo osati china chilichonse.
Kufulumira kwavuto la Gaza ndikwambiri monga momwe Raja Khalidi akulembera, "Ngakhale kuganiza kuti kubwezeredwa kwathunthu kwa chithandizo chaothandizira komanso kuchepetsa zoletsa kuyenda pofika chaka cha 2008, GDP ndi kutayika kwa ntchito zikupitilirabe. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuchepa kwa masiku ano kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zovulaza, zokhalitsa pachuma zomwe zidzapitirirebe ngakhale zovuta zitachepetsedwa pambuyo pake. โxxi
Dr. Sara Roy ndi Pulofesa ku Center for Middle East Studies ku Harvard University. Dr. Roy wakhala akugwira ntchito ku Gaza Strip ndi West Bank kuyambira 1985 akuchita kafukufuku makamaka pa chitukuko cha zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi ndale za Gaza Strip komanso thandizo lakunja la US kuderali. Dr. Roy adalemba zambiri za chuma cha Palestina, makamaka ku Gaza, ndipo adalemba za chitukuko chake pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi.
zolemba
i White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "Purezidenti Bush Akuyamikira Mapulani a Prime Minister wa Israeli Sharon," 14 April 2004.
ii Onani kusanthula kwanga kwa mgwirizano wochotsa, ku Sara Roy, "A Dubai on the Mediterranean," The London Review of Books, November 2005.
iii Ministry of National Economy and Ministry of Planning, Gaza Strip Economic Development Strategy, The Palestinian National Authority, September 2005.
iv Ayi. v Roy, "Dubai ku Mediterranean."
vi Samar Assad, "Forecast for Palestinian Economic Survival," Palestine Center Information Brief No. 135, 18 April 2006.
vii United Nations, The Humanitarian Monitor-occupied Palestinian territory, Number 4, August 2006, p. 1.
viii Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University, Gaza 2010: Zosowa zachitetezo cha anthu ku Gaza Strip, Population Projections for Socioeconomic Development in the Gaza Strip, Working Paper #1, May 2006, Cambridge, MA, p. 18.
ix OCHA, Situation Report: The Gaza Strip, 3 May 2006
x United Nations, The Humanitarian Monitor, p. 7.
xi Harvard University, Population Projections for Socioeconomic Development in the Gaza Strip, p. 15.
xii Steven Erlanger, โMakolo Akamasalipidwa, Ana a Gaza Amakhala ndi Njala,โ The New York Times, 14 September 2006, p. A11.
xiii Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR), Lipoti la Sabata: Nkhani Yapadera pa 6th Anniversary ya al-Aqsa Intifada, No. 38/2006, 21-27 September 2006, p. 2.
xiv Palestinian National Initiative, Anthu Oyiwalika: Kutaya mtima kwa Gaza Chaka Chimodzi Pambuyo pa 'Kuchotsedwa', 14 September 2006. http://www.amin.org.
xv Raja Khalidi, "Kugwa kwa Palestine kumapweteka onse," Ha'aretz, 17 September 2006.
xvi izi.
xvi Ibid.
xviii Harvard University, Population Projections for Socioeconomic Development in the Gaza Strip, pp. 13-16, 20.
xix Ibid, p. 13.
xx izi, p. 21.
xxi Raja Khalidi, "Kugwa kwa Palestine kumapweteka zonse."
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