Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, kuwonetsera chiyambi cha zaka za zana la 21, kampani yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi sinali yodetsa nkhaŵa za mafuta kapena kupanga magalimoto, koma Wal-Mart, sitolo yaikulu. Phindu lophiphiritsira la mfundoyi limalemera mofanana ndi kuphwanya kwake: ndi "kupambana" kwa osadziwika, m'malo mwa njira yachikhalidwe yopezera zomwe tikufunikira kuti tidzidyetse, kusamalira nyumba zathu, zida komanso ngakhale mankhwala, mwamwambo kumakhudza maubwenzi pakati pa anthu, kwa atsopano omwe ali okhazikika, "mercantilized", ndi kumene timadziwa pang'onopang'ono za ndani, kuti ndi momwe kapena momwe zinthu zomwe timagula zimapangidwira. Tsopano, tikhoza kugula chirichonse pansi pa denga lomwelo, ndipo ngakhale kuti katundu akuwoneka wotsika mtengo, zomwe kwenikweni ndi chinyengo, paradigm yonse imatha kukhala yodula kwambiri. Kugula lero ku Wal-Mart kungatanthauze kutaya ntchito kapena kuchititsa kuti wina atayike m'banja mwanu kapena m'dera lanu nthawi ina.
Mfundo ya Wal-Mart ya mitengo yotsika imasungidwa pamene pali malo ena ogulitsa m'dera lomwelo. Mashopu ena akalowa pansi, osatha kupikisana, palibe chomwe chimalepheretsa Wal-Mart kukweza mitengo yawo, zomwe kampaniyo imamaliza kuchita. Wal-Mart wakhala ndi chikoka choopsa m'madera omwe adawonekera, ndipo malinga ndi Wal-Mart Watch, bungwe la nzika zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi ndondomeko za kampaniyo, pa ntchito ziwiri zilizonse zomwe zimapangidwira pamene zimalowa m'deralo, zitatu ndizo. kutayika.
Wal-Mart ndi wa 19 pakati pa mayiko 100 amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi – 49 okha ndi omwe tsopano ndi mayiko. Mkazi wamasiye wa Sam Walton ndi ana awo aamuna anayi amalamulira 38 peresenti ya magawo ake. Mu 2004, iwo anali pa nambala 20 mwa anthu olemera kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo aliyense anali ndi ndalama zokwana madola 46 biliyoni. Ngati Sam Walton akanakhala ndi moyo akanakhala wolemera kawiri kuposa Bill Gates, yemwe ali woyamba pa mndandanda wa XNUMX biliyoni. Onsewa ndi mafotokozedwe omveka bwino a megamonopoly amakono komanso kuwongolera komwe amakhala ndi ogula. Ma monopolies amenewa ndithudi akufuna kuonjezera ulamuliro wawo. Wal-Mart, zikhoza kutsutsidwa, ali ndi chikoka chachikulu, chifukwa amagulitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa ogulitsa - ndi ndale.
Ndilo mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wazogulitsa mwachindunji kwa ogula ku North America. Ku US ili ndi masitolo opitilira zikwi zitatu a Wal-Mart ndi zovala za 550 Sam's Club. Ku Mexico ili kale ndi 54 peresenti yamsika, yokhala ndi masitolo 687 m'mizinda 71, kuphatikiza Wal-Mart, Sam's Club, Bodegas Aurrera, Superama ndi Suburbia, pambali pa malo odyera Vips, El Porton ndi Ragazzi. Imalamulira kale magawo akuluakulu a msika ku Canada, Great Britain, Brazil, Germany ndi Puerto Rico, ndipo chikoka chake chikuwonjezeka mu ena ambiri, Japan, mwachitsanzo.
Ndiwolemba ntchito wamkulu kwambiri ku United States ndi Mexico. M'zaka makumi angapo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, zapeza mbiri yodabwitsa yoimbidwa milandu pazifukwa zambiri, kuphatikiza kuletsa mosavomerezeka kugwirizanitsa antchito ake, komanso pafupifupi kuphwanya kulikonse komwe kungaganizidwe kwaufulu wa ogwira ntchito: kusankhana olumala, kusankhana pazakugonana. , ntchito ya ana, kusowa kwa chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi ntchito yowonjezereka yosalipidwa. Ku US 38 peresenti ya antchito ake alibe chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndipo malipiro omwe amalipira amakhala, pafupifupi, 26 peresenti yotsika kuposa momwe amagwirira ntchito. Mu Disembala 2003 panali milandu yokwana 39 yomwe ikudikirira kampaniyo m'maboma 30 osiyanasiyana ku US chifukwa chophwanya malamulo owonjezera. Pozungulira mu Okutobala, 2003 boma lidapeza antchito akunja 250 opanda zikalata, omwe anali kugwira ntchito moyipa kwambiri. Mu June 2004 Wal-Mart adataya mlandu waukulu kwambiri m'mbiri yakale, pomwe amayi 1,600,000 adatsimikizira kuti adasalidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi monga antchito a kampani kuyambira 1998.
Koma mitengo yotsika ya kampaniyi siinangotengera kudyera masuku pamutu antchito ake m’mayiko amene imagwira ntchito mwachindunji. Mitengo ndi zotsatira zachindunji za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo kwa "maquiladoras" m'mikhalidwe yankhanza kwambiri. Wogwira ntchito mu imodzi mwa izi, yomwe ili ku Bangladesh, adauza Los Angeles Times mu 2003 kuti tsiku lake lantchito linali kuyambira 8am mpaka 3 am, masiku 10 kapena 15 motsatizana. Izi ndi zomwe zidafunika kuti akhale ndi moyo malinga ndi malipiro omwe amalipidwa. Koma m’nkhani yomweyi, woyang’anira fakitaleyo anadandaula kuti afunika kuchita bwino kwambiri, chifukwa a Wal-Mart ankaopseza kuti asamutsire zokololazo ku China, kumene zingapeze mitengo yotsika.
Ngakhale ndizowopsa kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito masuku pamutu sizomwe zimachitika pa "Wal-Mart". Palinso zina zambiri, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano kutsatira zomwe anthu amagula ngakhale atachoka kusitolo. Kulamulira kumawoneka ngati dzina la masewera mu "Walmartization" ya dziko lapansi.
Kudyetsa Big Brother.
Masitolo akuluakulu ndi gawo lazakudya zomwe zimayendetsa ndalama zambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, chikoka chawo chimakulirakulira ndipo chimatha kumeza ulalo wina uliwonse wam'mbuyomu, monga opanga zakudya ndi zakumwa, ogulitsa, ndi ogulitsa zaulimi.ndi opanga. Kaya atha kutenga nawo mbali m'magawo awa a unyolo zimadalira chuma cha masewerawa, kotero kuti ngati kuli kotsika mtengo kulola makampani ena kupikisana pakati pawo, sangalowe nawo. Zotsatira zake, komabe, ndizofanana: kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro ndi mphamvu m'manja ocheperako. Izi sizongotengera Wal-Mart komanso zimphona zina monga Carrefour, Ahold, Costco kapena Tesco.
Koma Wal-Mart ndiwodziwika kwambiri chifukwa, kupatula kukhala kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndalama zomwe amapeza zimaposa kanayi kuposa zomwe zimapikisana nawo, komanso zazikulu kuposa zinayi zotsatirazi zitaphatikizidwa. Chifukwa ndiyemwe amagulitsa kwambiri zakudya padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa zomwe chakudya chimapangidwa komanso momwe amapangidwira. Zayamba kale kuchitapo kanthu, mwachitsanzo, muulimi ndi mgwirizano mwachindunji ndi opanga ulimi. Ilinso yachitatu pakugulitsidwa kwamankhwala.
Monga ngati sikunali kokwanira kukhala ndi mphamvu zachuma chotero, makamaka chifukwa cha kukula kwake, Wal-Mart akuyamba, monga tafotokozera poyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano kuti adziwe zambiri za momwe anthu amagulira. Ikuyesa kale, m'mizinda itatu ku US, kulowetsa ma bar code pamakina ozindikiritsa kudzera pawayilesi. Iyi ndi njira yolembera zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chamagetsi, chosaposa njere ya mpunga ndipo mwina chocheperako, chokhala ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mankhwalawo, omwe amatumizidwa pakompyuta popanda zingwe. Chip ichi chimatha kusunga zambiri kuposa bar code. Vuto ndiloti chizindikiro chake chimatsatira wogula kunja kwa zitseko za supermarket. Malinga ndi Wal-Mart, wogula angakhale ndi chisankho chofunsa potuluka kuti chip chizimitsidwe, kupatula kuti alibe malingaliro otsatsa izi.
Yayesera kale kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochokera ku Gillete ndi Procter & Gamble, ndi ena monga Coca Cola, Kodak, Nestle ndi ena ambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa 2004 Wal-Mart adauza ogulitsa ake akuluakulu 100 kuti ayenera kukhala okonzeka kupereka ukadaulo uwu mu Januware, 2005,
Dongosololi likanayamba, poyambira, ngati njira yotsatirira katundu wamba, ndiye kuti, osati kwenikweni zokhudzana ndi phukusi lomwe wogula amapita kunyumba. Mu Novembala idalengeza kuti ambiri ogulitsa, kuphatikiza 37 owonjezera pamndandanda woyambirira adzakhala okonzeka. Tsopano ndi nthawi yokhayo mpaka mtengo wa tchipisi utsike mokwanira asanaphatikizidwe mu chilichonse chomwe ogula amagula.
M'malo mwake, izi zikutanthauza, mwachitsanzo, kuti ogula omwe amalembetsa makhadi awo angongole akamalowa m'sitolo atha kulipira zogulira popanda kudutsa wosunga ndalama, popeza malondawo amalembetsa okha akatuluka. Koma Wal-Mart ndi ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo akadakhala ndi chidziwitso chenicheni chokhudza ndani, chiyani, liti, zingati komanso komwe zinthuzo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ngakhale kuti Wal-Mart si yokhayo yomwe ikuyesa lusoli – kuli Tesco ku Great Britain, ndi Metro, Carrefour ndi Home Depot m'madera ena, ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri yomwe imayambitsa chitukuko chake. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti teknolojiyi idapangidwa koyamba ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US Defense Department.
Orwell ayenera kukhala akuzungulira mmanda mwake. Machitidwe ang'onoang'ono olamulira awa, "abale aang'ono", ngati mungafune, apita patsogolo kwambiri kuposa Big Brother yemwe amamuganizira.
Malingaliro a Walmartization opita ku "dziko losangalala" loyimbidwa ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi amafunikira umbuli wathu komanso kusayanjanitsika kwathu kuti tipambane. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, amene atsala opanda mwayi wopeza ma kirediti kadi – mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu ambiri padziko lapansi – adzakhala kutali ndi dongosolo lolamulirali. Ndi mphamvu zake zonse, Wal-Mart ndi mayiko akufunika kuti tipulumuke. Sitikuwafuna.
Silvia Ribeiro ndi wofufuza ndi Gulu ETC.
Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Spanish ndi Daniel Morduchowicz
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama