Chitsime: Independent Media Institute
Capitalism, monga Thomas Piketty's Capital m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi ziwonetsero, zimaipitsa chuma mosalekeza komanso kusalingana kwa ndalama. Mchitidwe wachibadwa umenewo umangoyimitsidwa mwa apo ndi apo kapena kusinthidwa pamene unyinji wa anthu auukira. Izi zinachitika, mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi US m'zaka za m'ma 1930s Great Depression. Zinayambitsa demokalase ku Europe ndi New Deal ku United States. Kufikira pakali pano mโmbiri ya ukapitalizimu, komabe, kuyimitsidwa kapena kusinthika kwapadziko lonse kunatsimikizira kukhala kwakanthaลตi. Zaka zana zapitazi zidawona machitidwe a neoliberal omwe adabweza demokalase yaku Europe ndi New Deal. Capitalism nthawi zonse yakwanitsa kuyambiranso kayendetsedwe kake kofuna kusalingana kwakukulu.
Zina mwa zotulukapo za dongosolo lokhala ndi chizolowezi chotere, zambiri ndi zoyipa. Tikukhala mu umodzi tsopano ngati mliri wa COVID-19, wosakwanira ndi dongosolo la US, anthu aku America omwe amapeza ndalama zapakatikati ndi zotsika komanso olemera kwambiri kuposa olemera. Olemera amagula chisamaliro chabwino chaumoyo ndi zakudya, nyumba zachiwiri kutali ndi mizinda yodzaza anthu, kulumikizana bwinoko kuti apeze ndalama za boma, ndi zina zotero. Ambiri mwa osauka alibe pokhala. Upangiri wopanda pake wa "pogona kunyumba" kwa iwo, ndi wopanda pake. Anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa nthawi zambiri amakhala odzaza m'nyumba zowundana komanso malo ogwirira ntchito omwe amathandizira matenda. Anthu osauka okhala mโnyumba zosungira anthu okalamba otsika mtengo amamwalira mopanda malire, monganso akaidi akaidi (makamaka osauka). Pandemic capitalism imagawa imfa mosiyana ndi chuma ndi ndalama.
Kutalikirana ndi anthu kwawononga makamaka ntchito zamagawo ochepera. Kaลตirikaลตiri mabwanamkubwa amataya maudindo awo, ndipo akatero, anapeza ena. Zotsatira zake zimakhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malipiro okwera kwa ena ndi malipiro ochepa kapena opanda malipiro kwa ambiri. Ulova umalimbikitsa olemba ntchito kuti achepetse malipiro kwa omwe adakali pantchito chifukwa angathe. Pandemic capitalism yadzetsa chiwonjezeko chachikulu pakupanga ndalama ndi mabanki apakati. Ndalama zimenezi zimachititsa kuti misika ikukwera ndipo potero amalemeretsa anthu olemera omwe ali ndi magawo ambiri. Zomwe zimachitika mwangozi kukwera kwa misika yamasheya ndi ulova wa anthu ambiri komanso kutsika kwa malipiro zimangowonjezera chipwirikiti pakukula kwa kusalingana.
Kugawidwa kosagwirizana kwachuma (kwa ndalama ndi chuma) kumapereka ndalama zosagwirizana ndi ndale. Nthawi zonse anthu ochepa akakhala ndi chuma chambiri m'magulu odzipereka kuti azilamulira, anthu olemera amazindikira msanga kusatetezeka kwawo. Ambiri omwe si olemera atha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti apambane ndale. Ulamuliro wandale waunyinji ukhoza kuthetsa zotsatira za chuma kuphatikizapo kugawa kwake kosagwirizana kwa ndalama ndi chuma. Olemera amawononga ndale ndi ndalama zawo kuti aletse zotsatira zake. Ma Capitalists amawononga gawo la chuma chawo kusunga (ndi kukulitsa) chuma chawo chonse.
Olemera ndi omwe akufuna kulowa nawo ku US amalamulira m'zipani zonse za Republican ndi Democratic. Olemera amapereka zambiri mwa zopereka zomwe zimachirikiza ofuna kusankhidwa ndi zipani, ndalama zothandizira magulu ankhondo "olangiza" aphungu, ziphuphu, ndi makampeni ambiri a anthu okhudzana ndi nkhani. Malamulo ndi malamulo omwe amachokera ku Washington, mayiko, ndi mizinda amawonetsa zosowa ndi zokhumba za olemera kwambiri kuposa za tonsefe. Kapangidwe kapadera ka misonkho ya katundu waku US imapereka chitsanzo. Ku US, katundu amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: chogwirika ndi chosaoneka. Katundu wogwirika amaphatikizapo malo, nyumba, katundu wamabizinesi, magalimoto, ndi zina. Katundu wosagwirika nthawi zambiri amakhala masheya ndi ma bond. Anthu olemera amasunga chuma chawo chochuluka ngati katundu wosaoneka. Choncho nโzochititsa chidwi kuti ku US, katundu wogwirika yekha ndi amene amakhoma msonkho wa katundu. Katundu wosaoneka sali pansi pa msonkho wa katundu aliyense.
Mitundu ya katundu (yogwirika) yomwe anthu ambiri ali nayo imakhometsedwa msonkho, koma mitundu ya katundu (yosaoneka) yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ya olemera ochepa salipidwa msonkho. Ngati muli ndi nyumba yobwereketsa kwa alendi, mumalipira msonkho wa malo ku manispala komwe nyumbayo ili. Mumalipiritsanso msonkho pamalipiro omwe mwalandira ku boma la feduro komanso ku boma lomwe mukukhala. Mumakhomeredwa msonkho kawiri: kamodzi pa mtengo wa malo omwe muli nawo komanso kamodzi pa ndalama zomwe mumapeza kuchokera kumalowo. Ngati mugulitsa nyumba ya $100,000 ndikugula magawo okwana $100,000, simudzakhala ndi ngongole ya msonkho ku boma lililonse ku United States. Mungongongole msonkho wa ndalama zomwe mumapeza pamagawo omwe muli nawo. Mtundu wa katundu womwe muli nawo umatsimikizira ngati mumalipira msonkho wa katundu kapena ayi.
Dongosolo la msonkho wapanyumbali ndilabwino kwambiri kwa omwe ali olemera mokwanira kuti agule masheya ambiri. Anthu olemera anagwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo kuti malamulo a msonkho alembedwe motere kwa iwo. Enafe timalipira misonkho yambiri chifukwa olemera amalipira zochepa. Chifukwa chakuti olemera amasunga ndalamaโpopeza kuti katundu wawo wosaonekayo salipiridwa msonkhoโali ndi zochuluka chotere kuti agulire andale amene amawapezera misonkho yoteroyo. Ndipo dongosolo la misonkho limenelo limakulitsa kusalingana kwa chuma ndi ndalama.
Kugawa kwachuma kosagwirizana kumapereka ndalama pazikhalidwe zosagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, cholinga cha dongosolo la masukulu aboma logwirizana, lolimbikitsa demokalase nthawi zonse chasokonezedwa ndi kusalingana kwachuma. Mwambiri (kupatulapo zochepa), masukulu abwino amawononga ndalama zambiri kuti apiteko. Aphunzitsi ofunikira kuti athandize ophunzira omwe akuvutika ndi otsika mtengo kwa olemera koma ocheperapo kwa wina aliyense. Ana a anthu olemera amapeza masukulu, mabuku, zipinda zabata, makompyuta, maulendo ophunzirira, maphunziro owonjezera a luso ndi nyimbo, ndi pafupifupi chilichonse chofunikira kuti achite bwino maphunziro apamwamba.
Kugawa kwachuma kosagwirizana kumapereka ndalama zosagwirizana ndi "zachilengedwe". US tsopano ikuwonetsa zakudya ziwiri zamitengo yosiyana. Anthu olemera amatha kugula "organic" pomwe tonsefe timadandaula koma timagula chakudya "chanthawi zonse" pazifukwa za bajeti. Kafukufuku wosaลตerengeka akusonyeza kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera udzu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza wamankhwala, njira zopangira chakudya, ndi zina. Komabe, dongosolo lazakudya lamitengo iwiri limapereka chakudya chabwinoko, chotetezeka kwa olemera kuposa kwa wina aliyense. Mofananamo, olemera amagula magalimoto otetezeka, kukonzekeretsa nyumba zawo, ndi kuyeretsa ndi kusefa madzi omwe amamwa ndi mpweya umene amapuma. Nโzosadabwitsa kuti olemera amakhala ndi moyo zaka zambiri kuposa anthu ena. Kusalinganika nthawi zambiri kumapha, osati panthawi ya miliri yokha.
Ku Greece wakale, Plato ndi Aristotle adadandaula ndikukambirana za chiwopsezo cha anthu ammudzi, mgwirizano wamagulu, wobwera chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwachuma ndi ndalama. Iwo adadzudzula misika ngati mabungwe chifukwa, m'malingaliro awo, misika imathandizira ndikukulitsa kusalingana kwa ndalama ndi chuma. Koma ukapitalizimu wamakono umayeretsa misika ndipo motero wayiwala mosavuta machenjezo ndi machenjezo a Plato ndi Aristotle okhudza misika ndi kusalingana.
Zaka masauzande ambiri kuchokera pamene Plato ndi Aristotle awona kutsutsa kosalekeza, kusintha, ndi kusintha kotsutsana ndi chuma ndi kusiyana kwa ndalama. Iwo sapambana kawirikawiri ndipo amalimbikira mocheperapo. Osakhulupirira ayankha, monga momwe Baibulo limachitira, ndi lingaliro lakuti โaumphawi adzakhala ndi ife nthaลตi zonse.โ Mโmalo mwake timafunsa funso lakuti: Kodi nโchifukwa chiyani zoyesayesa zambiri zaukali pa kufanana zinalephereka?
Yankho lake likukhudza dongosolo lazachuma, komanso momwe limalinganiza anthu omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga ndi kugawa katundu ndi ntchito zimadalira. Ngati bungwe lake lazachuma ligawa otenga nawo gawo kukhala ochepa olemera ochepa komanso ochulukirapo omwe si olemera, omwe kale anali otsimikiza kuti adzapanganso gululo pakapita nthawi. Ukapolo (mbuye motsutsana ndi kapolo) unachita; feudalism (lord versus serf) anachita; ndi capitalism (wolemba ntchito motsutsana ndi wogwira ntchito). Kusalingana m'zachuma ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chikuyambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu.
Tikatero tinganene kuti njira ina yazachuma yozikidwa pagulu la demokalase lopanga katundu ndi mautumikiโosagawanika kukhala anthu ochepa ochulukirachulukira komanso ocheperakoโingathe kuthetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu.
Nkhaniyi idapangidwa ndi Economy for All, ntchito ya Independent Media Institute.
Richard D. Wolff ndi pulofesa wa Economics emeritus pa yunivesite ya Massachusetts, Amherst, ndi pulofesa woyendera mu Graduate Program in International Affairs ya New School University, ku New York. Chiwonetsero chamlungu ndi mlungu cha Wolff, "Economic Update," chimaphatikizidwa ndi mawayilesi opitilira 100 ndipo amapita kwa olandila ma TV 55 miliyoni kudzera pa Free Speech TV. Mabuku ake awiri aposachedwa ndi Democracy at Work ndi Kumvetsetsa Marxism ndi Kumvetsetsa Socialism, onse akupezeka pa democracyatwork.info.
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