The prosecco ndi panetoni zatha, hag wamubweretsera mphatso. Khirisimasi zatha. Kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aku Italiya kuzizira kwabweranso. Olamulira akuyesa kusunga nyimbo zosangalala pamene Chaka Chatsopano chikuyamba. Pambuyo pa nyengo yachisanu yazachuma, zonse zikuyenda munjira yoyenera pa zachuma ndi ntchito, kunena zawawa za dziko lonse ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma anthu sakumva kusungunuka. Dziko la Italy likadali dziko logawanika kwambiri komanso lokhumudwa, lodzaza ndi mantha za m'tsogolo.
Dziko la Italiya likuyendadi pang'onopang'ono mu chuma cha Eurozone koma chikukhalabe cholimba ndipo maziko ake ndi ofooka kwambiri. Ntchito miliyoni zapangidwa zaka zinayi zapitazo - koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolipidwa zochepa komanso zosatetezeka, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa anthu ogwira ntchito zaganyu ndi ozimitsa moto komwe kunayamba kugwira ntchito mu February 2014. Ulova kwa achinyamata ndi 36%, chiwerengero chachitatu kwambiri ku Ulaya, pambuyo pa Spain. ndi Greece. Kukula ndikokwera kwambiri kuyambira 2010 - koma 1.7% sichinthu cholembera kunyumba. Anthu aku Italy akadali oipitsitsa kuposa zaka khumi zapitazo. Osauka kwenikweni - omwe sangathe kugula katundu ndi ntchito zofunika - ali nazo yowonjezera 3 miliyoni mpaka 4.7 miliyoni pazaka 10 zapitazi. Malipiro adabwezeredwa, ndipo chaka chatha chatsika chifukwa chakukwera kwamitengo ya moyo. Pafupifupi chizindikiro chilichonse cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma, kumwera kumadutsa kumbuyo. Kutenga imodzi yokha: GDP pa munthu aliyense mu zodabwitsa ndi 44% kutsika kuyerekeza ndi dziko lonse, ndipo kusiyana kukukulirakulira. Koma pali opambana. Momwemonso nthawi zonse. Eni ake a capital adapeza zopindula zokwana 16 biliyoni, malinga ndi ziwerengero zaposachedwa kwambiri zapachaka zochokera ku Bank of Italy (zokwana mayuro 45 biliyoni kuyambira 2014). Bungwe la Millionaires Club lidawonjezera 10% ku umembala wake mu 2016. Credit Suisse akuti tsopano atsala pang'ono kufika 1.3 miliyoni okhala ndi katundu wokwana seveni kapena kuposerapo. 1% olemera kwambiri tsopano amawerengera 25% ya chuma cha dzikolo.
Mu demokalase yathanzi, zisankho za โosiyidwaโ zimapereka chiyembekezo cha masiku abwino amtsogolo. Koma onse azachuma komanso ndale zaku Italy akudwala kwambiri. Zovota zikuyenera kuchitika koyambirira kwa Marichi. Nkhani yokwezeka ndi yakuti lamulo latsopano lachisankho - kuchotsa bonasi pamipando ya chipani chomwe chipambana - sikudzachititsa kuti pasakhale wopambana, zomwe zimabweretsa kusakhazikika pazandale. Kubwerera kumasiku akale oyipa, akuti. Koma ngakhale kuti Italy yakhala ndi maboma 64 kuyambira 1946 inayendetsa โchozizwitsa chachumaโ chimene chinanena kuti chichoke mโmavuto azachuma omwe anali nawo pankhondo nโkupita ku bungwe lalikulu la mayiko olemera opanga zinthu.
Nkhani yaikulu lero ndi zimene zipani ndi mapologalamu azikhala mu boma lotsatira. Kugwa kwa Khoma la Berlin ndi Tangentopoli katangale wakatangale amathetsa Christian Democrats ndi Italian Communist Party zomwe motsatana zinkalamulira ndi kutsutsa m'zoletsa zachitukuko za Cold War mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1990. Masiku ano, magulovu a chikapitalist padziko lonse azimitsidwa, ndipo mapepala ovotera ku Italy adzalamuliridwa ndi anthu okonda kumanja ndi magulu osokonezeka a ndale omwe tsopano akufalikira ngati moto wolusa kumadzulo konse.
Tsopano, pali Forza Italia chipani chachinyengo cha misonkho komanso nduna yayikulu kanayi Silvio Berlusconi yemwe adalowa ndale zaka 24 zaka zapitazo. Ngakhale kukhudzika kwake kukutanthauza kuti sangathe kuyimilira ku nyumba yamalamulo, wazaka 81 ali ndi chidaliro kuti atenga chiwembu china ndi munthu wosankhidwa ndi manja ngati PM. Othandizira atolankhani azaka 81 komanso opikisana nawo kumanja kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, League yoyipa, motsogozedwa ndi Matteo Salvini, nawonso ali ndi chidwi. Chipani choyambirira cha yodana ndi anthu olowa mโdziko , asiya miyambo yawo yodzipatula ndipo tsopano ali ndi zikhumbo za dziko (motero โKumpotoโ kwachotsedwa pa dzinali).
Palinso Matteo wina (Renzi) ndi ma Democrat ake, omwe akhala akutsogolera boma lomwe likutuluka ndipo akuphatikizapo omwe kale anali achikomyunizimu ndi a demokalase achikhristu. Renzi (ndikuganiza Tony Blair kapena Emmanuel Macron) anali PM kwa zaka pafupifupi 3 mpaka Disembala 2016 ndipo akuyembekeza kubwereranso. Zochita zake zazikulu zinali zochepetsa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito koma anaona molakwika zinthu pamene ankafuna - ndipo analephera kutsutsa malamulo a dziko la Italy, Magna Carta amene amabanki a ku America anachititsa kuti asamalize kutenga zinthu zachuma chachinayi ku Ulaya.
Ndiye pali kayendetsedwe ka Five Star, wotsogolera, koma osati mochuluka. Phwando lachifwamba lomwe linakhazikitsidwa zaka 9 zapitazo ndi wanthabwala komanso wolemba mabulogu Beppe Grillo yemwe lonjezo lake losokoneza ndale zaku Italy silinakwaniritse. Mtsogoleri wake wanzeru, kumayang'ana kwambiri zakatangale, ndiponso kukana kuchita malonda ndi maphwando ena kunamuthandiza kuwina mipando 100 mโmabwalo angโonoangโono ndi mphamvu mโmizinda ingapo. Koma ndi kusakanizikana kwachisawawa kwa mfundo za kumanja ndi kumanzere, kutsutsa kwawo kwa nyumba yamalamulo ndi kachitidwe kake komweko nthawi zambiri zakhala zofooka komanso zosathandiza. Ku Rome, idachita manyazi paulamuliro wa Mayor Virginia Raggi.
Kusamukira kudziko lina likhoza kukhala vuto lalikulu pamene magulu onse atatu akukangana, kuphatikizapo ma Democrat omwe anali ankhawa. Pamene Paolo Gentiloni adatenga udindo wa Renzi monga PM chaka chapitacho adawona kuti chinali chofunikira kwambiri kuti asamuke pang'onopang'ono kupita ku Italiya: theka miliyoni osamukira kwawo anafika mโzaka zitatu zapitazo, ochuluka kuposa anthu a ku Florence. Anapangana ndi anthu aku Libiya. Izi zinachepetsa ofika anthu othawa nkhondo ndi kugwa ku Africa ndi ku Middle East koma zinasiya amuna, akazi ndi ana ambiri. akapolo ndi ozunza. A Democrat nawonso agwirizana ndi ena onse pankhani ya ana kwa anthu obwera kuchokera kumayiko enaโ amene anali kale ku Italy. Renzi ndi Gentiloni anagwirizana ndi lingaliroli koma mwezi watha a Democrats analephera kupezeka mwaunyinji wokwanira pa mavoti ofunikira opereka unzika mโmasiku otsiriza a nyumba yamalamulo yomwe ikutuluka. Gulu la Nyenyezi Zisanu - lomwe kwa zaka zambiri lakhala likugwedezeka pakati pa nkhanza zamtundu wa League kupita kumalo omasuka - sizinawonekere konse.
Ubale ndi Europe, womwe kale unali linga la EU, ukhalanso vuto lalikulu. Maphunziro ndi kafukufuku Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, adawonetsa pafupifupi theka la anthu aku Italy akubweza yuro ndipo 17 peresenti yokha ya anthu aku Italy adanena kuti anali okhutitsidwa ndi malangizo a EU, theka la avereji ya EU.
League, Five Star ndi Forza Italy zasintha pa nkhani ya umembala wa ndalama wamba ya Euro koma onse alankhula zokhazikitsa ndalama zofananira ndikuyesera kuchepetsa zina mwazowopsa zachuma. Dongosolo la Salvini ndi la ma euro 70 biliyoni achipembedzo chaching'ono, ma bond opanda chiwongola dzanja kuti aperekedwe ndi Treasury kumakampani ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ngongole ndi boma ngati malipiro a ntchito kapena ngati kubweza msonkho. Atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama zolipirira misonkho ndikugula ntchito zilizonse kapena katundu woperekedwa ndi boma, kuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, mafuta pamasiteshoni omwe amayendetsedwa ndi kampani yamafuta yoyendetsedwa ndi boma ENI. Kwa League uku ndikokonzekera Italexit. Kwa maphwando ena awiri, ndi chida chothandizira kukakamiza Brussels kumasula malamulo okhwima a ku Europe omwe amakakamiza mayiko a Euro.
Berlusconi, ndi Five Star osachepera, monga Le Pen ku France, pakali pano akutsutsana ndi nkhani za kuphulika kwa Euro. Nyenyezi zisanu nthawi ina inalonjeza referendum pa umembala koma atangotenga zisanu Star m'dzinja Luigi Di Maio adalengeza kukhulupirika ku EU, akutsutsa kuti voti yotchuka pa umembala wa euro tsopano inali 'njira yomaliza', ngati Ulaya sanasewere. mpira. Berlusconi, m'malo mwa yemwe anali Commissioner wa ku Ulaya komanso membala wa Bilderberg Mario Monti 2011 monga Prime Minister (wodzala ndi zonyansa zogonana komanso vuto lalikulu langongole) adawopseza projekiti yonse yaku Europe, akuyesera kudziwonetsa ngati manja otetezeka. Izi zili choncho, akusewera chifukwa choopa Salvini komanso chipani chaching'ono cha Fratelli d'Italia (Abale aku Italy), omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika zandale za Benito Mussolini. ndi omwe tsopano ali ndi anzawo ambiri amalingaliro ofanana nawo mโmalo apamwamba mโmalikulu osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya.
Pakhalanso zoyesayesa pakati pa magulu akuluakulu zosonyeza, patatha zaka zambiri zotsutsana ndi ogwira ntchito โzosinthaโ, kuti amasamala. Onse a Five Star ndi Forza Italia akupereka malingaliro amitundu ya ndalama zopezera ndalama zonse. De Maio akukonzekera 'ndalama za nzika' za 780 euros pamwezi kwa anthu 1,000 miliyoni. Osalephera, Berlusconi watsatira zomwezo ndi dongosolo la 'ndalama zolemekezeka' pamwezi ma euro 84 . (Italy pakadali pano ilibe malipiro ochepa). Lonjezo lililonse โ la mayuro biliyoni 157 mpaka XNUMX Mosamalila misonkho. Msonkho wochuluka wachuma wakhala utayidwa ndi zipani zazikuluzikulu ndipo palibe chipani chomwe chalonjeza kuchita chilichonse chokhudza zillions zomwe zidatayika pozemba ndikupewa. Izi sizosadabwitsa zikafika kwa Silvio, yemwe mwachiwonekere sakufuna kuwalipira ndipo akubwezanso misonkho yoyandama.
Chowonadi palibe maphwando akuluakulu omwe ali kumbali ya 99%. Kuwonekera kwa wolowa m'malo wa Grillo, De Maio, pamsonkhano wapachaka wa mabanki ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a zamalonda ku Cernobbio, pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Como, mu September anali chikumbutso kuti bizinesiyo. casta (mosiyana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale komwe kwakhala kulimbana nawo) adzakhala otetezeka m'manja mwake. Ndi a Democrats ndi Forza Italia mโmgwirizano - wanthawi zonse kapena wosabisa - kwa zaka zambiri, kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa malamulo a Five Star kuchotsa chiletso chake pa migwirizano ya ndale za zipani (zomwe zimatamandidwa ngati zenizeni zenizeni) zikuwonetsa kusankha kocheperako pakuvota. bokosi.
Ena akuyika chiyembekezo chakumanzere kwa ma Democrats - Liberi e Uguali (Anthu Aulere ndi Ofanana). Koma pakati pa atsogoleriwo pali ena mwa omanga akuluakulu (PM Massimo D'Alema) omwe kale anali chipani chachikulu cha chikomyunizimu adasintha kukhala mtsogoleri wa neo-liberalism. Zimaphatikizanso nduna zakale za boma la Renzi (Pier Luigi Bersani). Komanso, </</ LA LACULA LA LIBERI E Uguali yanena kale kuti yakonzeka kugwirizana ndi a Democrats. Ovota omwe adzawavotere - monga momwe zinalili ndi austerity-lite zofananira ndi ma tie-ups ndi centrist forces mโmbuyomu adzakhala pamavuto ochulukirachulukira ndi okhumudwitsidwa.
Potere al Popolo kapena Power to the People, ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri kwa iwo amene akufuna kutembenukira kumanzere , ndendende chifukwa sikufuna kuti munthu akhazikitse mphamvu mofulumirirapo, pa mtengo uliwonse, koma cholinga chake ndi kukhazikitsa gulu latsopano lozikidwa pa ntchito ndi mikangano ya anthu. .
Yakhazikitsidwa pakati pa mwezi wa Disembala, Power to the People imathandizidwa ndi mabungwe a Cobas, mabungwe ogwira ntchito osachokera m'mabungwe atatu akuluakulu amene akhala akukonza antchito ozunzika kwambiri, ndi zionetsero zosiyanasiyana zapansi panthaka ndi magulu a anthu. Imasangalalanso ndi chithandizo chochokera ku malo osamalira anthu omwe akuwongolera okha - centri sociali - monga Naples 'Je so pazzo. Ziwiri mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za kufalikira kwachikominisi komwe kwachepa kwambiri, Chikomyunizimu Refoundation ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Italy, avomerezanso ntchitoyi. Ndipo kwa omenyera ufulu ndi ovota kumanzere omwe adagwirizana bwino ndi kuyesa kwa Renzi pa malamulo oyendetsera dziko chaka chapitacho amapereka ndondomeko ya ndale yomwe ndi njira ina ya League ndi Five Star yomwe inatsogolera nkhondoyi.
Mphamvu kwa Anthu ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti zidutse 3% yofunikira kuti munthu apeze mipando yanyumba yamalamulo. Koma othandizira akuwona kuti pamapeto pake atha kukhala yankho la Italy kwa Melenchon La France Insoumise, Spain Podemos Unidos ndi British Momentum (ndi Jeremy Corbynโs revitalised Labour Party). Pali zambiri zosiyana mu chilichonse, koma izi zili zoona momwe onse amafuna kuphatikiza zolimbikitsa zamagulu a anthu ndi projekiti yakumanzere yamphamvu ya boma.
Power to the People yalonjeza kuti idzasintha zimene a Renzi akuwukira ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito, kuthetsa zolipiritsa zachipatala, kupereka msonkho wachuma, kubweza kusunga zinthu za โstrategicโ infrastructure, kutulutsa mbali zachuma ndi kuyambitsa pang'onopang'ono njira za 'kulamulira kotchuka'. Ilinso ndi ndondomeko zochepetsera ndalama zankhondo ndikuchoka ku NATO. Chofunikira kwambiri, chimafuna kuchoka ku Maastricht ndi mapangano ena a EU "neo-liberal". Ngakhale kuti sitikulimbikitsa kupumula kwa Brexit, posonyeza kuti pakufunika Kutuluka Kumanzere kuchokera ku Ulaya, zikuimira kusintha kosiyana ndi mmene anthu a ku Ulaya ankayendera m'mbuyomu, zomwe zinatengedwa ndi gulu lamanzere la Italy, kuphatikizapo zigawo za chikomyunizimu. Zikuyika funso lofunanso kutengera ulamuliro wadziko - mpaka pano womwe ukutsogozedwa ku Italy ndi kwina kulikonse makamaka ndi neo-fascist ndi nationalist right โ center-ground.
Mmodzi mwa omwe ali odziwika kwambiri - onse omwe angakhale aphungu akusankhidwa ndi madera akumaloko malinga ndi 'maphunziro awo a chikhalidwe cha anthu' - ndi Giorgio Cremaschi. Mtsogoleri wakale wa bungwe la FIOM metalworkers union, wankhondo wopanda manyazi komanso wochita kampeni ya Lexit kwa nthawi yayitali, ] โ ndi] Iye anati: โEU ndi mdani, ndipo tikufuna kuisiya.โ
Mphotho yayikulu kwambiri yachipani chatsopano chamanzere ikhoza kukhala achinyamata aku Italy, gulu lomwe lili ndi gawo lalikulu pakusintha kwambiri. Ochuluka kwambiri ku EU omwe alibe maphunziro, maphunziro kapena ntchito, achinyamata aku Italy ndizosadabwitsa kuti ndi gulu lalikulu losamuka: 285,000 anathawa dzikolo mu 2016, kuposa chiwerengero cha alendo amene anafika pachilumbachi. Kusavota mu referendamu ya umembala wa EU kungapindule ndi 51% ya azaka zosachepera 45, poyerekeza ndi 26% yokha ya azaka zopitilira 45, malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa. Kaimidwe ka Potere al Popolo zikhala zopindulitsa kwambiri: zomwe zidzapitirirebe kukumbidwa ndi kusinthidwa, ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri, ndi Salvini, Berlusconi & Co.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama