Zowawa mu Maloto aku America
Robert Jensen
Kaya ikukondweretsedwa kapena kutsutsidwa, American Dream imapirira, ngakhale nthawi zonse imakhala yosamveka. Tikufotokoza kwanthawizonse ndikutanthauzira, kusanthula ndikuwunika lingalirolo, ndipo kuyesa kulikonse kumveketsa, lingaliro la American Dream limakula losagwirizana koma lokhazikika.
Zolemba za kusanthula malotowa ndizosatha, monga olemba akugwira ntchito yokwaniritsa, kupulumutsa, kuthamangitsa, kubwezeretsa, kuteteza, kulimbana, kutsata, kutsitsimutsa, kuumba, kukonzanso, ndi kutsutsa American Dream. Olemba ena ali otanganidwa kudya, kubwereza, kukwaniritsa, kuthamangitsa, kumasula, kutsatsa, kukonza, kupulumutsa, kufalitsa, kukonzanso, kupanga, kuwunikanso, kupereka ndalama, kumasuliranso, kukumbukira, ndi kukulitsa Maloto a America. Ndipo tisaiwale omwe akuzama, kumanga, kukangana, kukwirira, kuwononga, kuwononga, kulimbikitsa, kutsatira, kupereka, kukonzanso, kukhala ndi moyo, kuwongolera, kufooketsa, kutsatsa, kuchepetsa, ndikutsitsimutsa Loto la America.
Tikulimbikitsidwa kudzuka, ndikuyang'anizana ndi malotowa, pamene tikufufuza nthano zakumbuyo, zovuta za, kusweka, kuchepa, ndi kufunafuna American Dream.
Mutu wa buku lomwe ndimakonda kwambiri pamutuwu uyenera kukhala Andy Kaufman: Kulimbana ndi American Dream, yomwe imafotokoza ntchito ya sewerolo โmโkambitsirano wowonjezereka wa malingaliro a American Dream.โ Malinga ndi wofalitsa bukuli, wolemba bukuli "amazindikira bwino Kaufman m'njira yomwe imamupangitsa kuti amvetsetse zomwe akufuna kuchita kuposa nthano zachipongwe za avant-garde. Monga wosangalatsa, Kaufman adadziwikitsa pansi pa unyinji wa anthu, ndikuyambitsa chikhulupiriro cha America kuti kudzikonda kungathe ndipo kuyenera kukonzedwanso kosatha chifukwa cha chisangalalo ndi kupambana. Anachita zimenezi mwamphamvu ndiponso mosasinthasintha kotero kuti anavumbula kutsutsana kwa mkati kwa malingaliro a Amereka odzipangira okha.โ
Monga tikuonera, olemba akufunitsitsa kulowa mkati mozama mu American Dream kuti apeze zidziwitso zoyambirira, matanthauzidwe atsopano olimba mtima, malingaliro omwe sanafufuzidwepo kale. Nditenga njira ina: Ndikufuna skate pamwamba ndi kunena zodziwikiratu. Ndi njira yomwe siigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, ndikukhulupirira, chifukwa kuwerengera motere ndi zam'mbuyomu kumatipangitsa kukhala osakhazikika pamasiku ano komanso kuchita mantha zamtsogolo. Njira imeneyi imatichititsa chisoni.
Ndimakhulupirira kuti kukhala ndi moyo mokwanira lerolino ndiko kukhala ndi chisoni, osati chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wadziko lapansi koma mkhalidwe wa dziko losweka. Zowawa zanga sizikuyenda chifukwa chozindikira kuti zikuvuta kuti anthu azikhala ndi Loto la America, koma chifukwa chozindikira kuti American Dream yapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwirizanitsa dziko lamoyo.
Chifukwa chake, ntchito yathu usikuuno ndikunena zoona zaulamuliro womwe uli pamtima pa American Dream kuti tithane ndi kusokonekera kwa dziko lathu lapansi. Ndipamene tingalandire kuwawa kwa American Dream ndikukumana moona mtima nthawi yathu m'mbiri.
Maloto apamwamba
James Truslow Adams akuwoneka kuti anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "American Dream" posindikizidwa, m'buku lake la 1931. Epic of America.[1] Wogulitsa masheya ameneyu amene anakhala wolemba mbiri anafotokoza kuti โmaloto a dziko limene moyo uyenera kukhala wabwinoko, wolemera ndi wokhutiritsa kwa aliyense.โ Koma sanachepetse malotowo kukhala okonda chuma ndipo adagogomezera kusuntha kwa anthu ku US mosiyana ndi dongosolo lolimba la magulu aku Europe:
โSimaloto agalimoto zamagalimoto ndi malipiro okwera chabe, koma ndimaloto a dongosolo labwino lomwe mwamuna aliyense ndi mkazi aliyense azitha kufikira msinkhu womwe ali nawo mwachibadwa, ndikuzindikiridwa ndi ena pazomwe angachite. iwo ali, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yamwayi ya kubadwa kapena udindo.โ
Adams, kwenikweni, anali ndi nkhaลตa ndi kukula kwa kukonda chuma kwa moyo wa ku United States, ndipo anadabwa ndi โzipsera zoipa zimene zasiyidwanso pa ife ndi zaka mazana atatu za kudyera masuku pamutu ndi kugonjetsa kontinentiyo.โ Iye anali kulemba kumayambiriro kwa Kuvutika Kwakukulu kwachuma, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1920. Choncho, nโzosadabwitsa kuti mndandanda wake wa mavutowo udzamveka bwino kwa ife:
โZinatheka bwanji kuti tiyambe kuumirira kuti bizinesi ndi kupanga ndalama ndi kuwongolera zinthu kukhala zabwino mwa iwo okha; mmene anatengera mbali za makhalidwe abwino; mmene tinafikira pa kulingalira kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chosalingalira kukhala kofunika; momwe tinakanira kuyang'ana zenizeni zosokonekera ndi zonyansa za mkhalidwe uliwonse umene tinadzipezamo; m'mene tinkaonera kudzudzulidwa kukhala kolepheretsa komanso koopsa kwa madera athu atsopano; mmene tinafikira kuganiza makhalidwe udemocracy, ndi kukulitsa maganizo cholepheretsa kupambana, chizindikiro cha inefficient effeminacy; mmene kukula ndi ziลตerengero za chitukuko chakuthupi zinafikira kukhala zofunika kwambiri mโmaso mwathu kuposa mkhalidwe wabwino ndi wauzimu; momwe mโkupita kwanthawi kosasunthika kwa malire tinafikira kuiwala zakale ndi ziyembekezo za mโtsogolo; momwe tinayiwala khalani moyo, mโnkhondo โyopeza zofunika pa moyoโ; momwe maphunziro athu adakhalira kukhala othandiza kapena opanda cholinga; ndi mmene mikhalidwe ina yatsoka yodziลตika kwambiri lerolino inayambitsidwira.โ
Komabe, chifukwa cha nkhaลตa zake zonse, Adams anakhulupirira kuti United States ingagonjetse mavuto ameneลตa malinga ngati malotowo apitirizabe, ndipo zimenezo zinamโtsogolera ku mapeto a mawu akuti: โNgati titi tikwaniritse malotowo tiyenera kugwirira ntchito pamodzi tonse; osatinso kumanga zazikulu, koma kumanga bwino.โ Kwa Adams, monga mutu wa bukhuli umamveketsa bwino, nkhani ya America ndi epic, ndipo "Epic imataya ulemerero wake wonse popanda maloto."
Koma maloto a ulemerero ayenera kutipereka ife, ndipo patapita zaka 80 funso ndiloti nkhani ya United States ndi epic kapena tsoka. Zinanso pambuyo pake.
Maloto ndi ulamuliro
Tanthauzo la Adams la malotowo ngati chikhulupiriro chakuti "moyo uyenera kukhala wabwinoko, wolemera komanso wodzaza kwa aliyense" ndizosamveka. โMbiri yachiduleโ ya wolemba mbiri wina wa lingalirolo[2] ikuwonetsa maloto a ufulu wachipembedzo, ufulu wandale, kufanana pakati pa mitundu, kuyenda m'mwamba, umwini wanyumba, ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwaumwini komwe kumachitika m'mbiri ya US, koma lingaliro logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana silingafotokozedwe mosavuta. M'malo moyesera kukonza zovutazo, ndikufuna kuyang'ana zomwe zapangitsa kuti Maloto aku America atheke. Zambiri ndizosavuta: The American Dream idabadwa, ndikusungidwa ndi ulamuliro.
Mwachidziwitso ichi, sindikutanthauza kuti American Dream iyenera kulamulira (ngakhale ambiri omwe amati akukhala mu American Dream amasangalala ndi mphamvu zawo zolamulira), koma m'malo mwake kuti zirizonse zomwe American Dream imanena, zimamangidwa. pa ulamuliro. Ichi ndi chowonadi chodziwikiratu pamtunda, chowonadi chomwe anthu ambiri amalota akufuna kusiya, mwina chifukwa chimabweretsa funso lopweteka: Momwe zimalukidwira mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu aku US ndikulamulira / kugonjera komwe kumapangitsa chuma ndi ufulu wa dziko lino. ali maziko?
Choyamba, a American mbali: Dziko la United States of America lingathe kulota kokha chifukwa cha chimodzi mwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri zimene zachitika mโmbiri yonse ya anthu. Pamene anthu a ku Ulaya anafika mโdera limene pomalizira pake linadzaphatikizapo United States, kunali anthu kuno. Ziลตerengero za anthu zimasiyanasiyana, koma kuyerekezera kosasintha ndi 12 miliyoni kumpoto kwa Rio Grande, mwina 2 miliyoni mโdziko limene tsopano ndi Canada ndi ena onse mโdziko limene tsopano limatchedwa United States. Pofika kumapeto kwa zomwe zimatchedwa kuti Nkhondo za ku India, kalembera wa 1900 anapeza anthu 237,000 a ku United States. Ndiwo chiwonongeko cha 95 mpaka 99 peresenti.[3] Izi zikutanthauza kuti, atsamunda a ku Ulaya ndi olowa m'malo awo adathetsa bwino pafupifupi anthu onse amtunduwu - kapena "amwenye opanda chifundo a Indian Savages" monga momwe amalembedwera mu Declaration of Independence, imodzi mwa mawu odziwika kwambiri a American Dream. Pafupifupi Mmwenye aliyense adamwalira panthawi yakuukira ku Europe kuti apange United States kuti tilote maloto athu. Anthu miyandamiyanda anafa chifukwa cha upandu wopezeka pa malo ofunidwa ndi Azungu amene amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu wolamulira.
Chachiwiri, ndimalota gawo: Adams adawonetsa kuti ngakhale izi nthawi zonse zimakhala zochulukirapo kuposa ndalama, lingaliro lopeza gawo lazachuma la America lili pachimake cha American Dream. Ndithudi, mphatso imeneyo siinagwe kuchokera kumwamba. Inang'ambika pansi ndi kuchotsedwa m'madzi m'njira yomwe yasiya kontinentiyo itawonongeka, kudulidwa kwa chilengedwe chomwe chiri chotsatira chosapeลตeka cha maonekedwe a dziko omwe amalemekeza ulamuliro. โKungoyambira [anthu a ku Ulaya] takhala tikuchita zinthu ngati kuti chilengedwe chiyenera kugonjetsedwera kapena kunyalanyazidwa,โ analemba motero wasayansi ndiponso wanthanthi Wes Jackson, mmodzi mwa odziลตa bwino kwambiri zaulimi wokhazikika.[4] Monga momwe Jackson akunenera, chuma chathu nthawi zonse chakhala chocheperako, ngakhale kusintha kwa mafakitale kusanachitike kufulumizitsa kuukira mu 19.th Zaka zana limodzi ndi kusintha kwa petrochemical kudayamba kuwononga dziko kwambiri mu 20th. Kuyambira pachiyambi, tinkakumba nkhalango, nthaka, ndi akasupe, monga momwe tinachitira pomalizira pake miyala ya mchere ndi mafuta otsalira, kusiya zachilengedwe zitawonongeka ndi kuwonongeka, mwinamwake osathanso kuchira nthawi iliyonse ya munthu. Zonsezo zinkachitidwa ndi anthu amene ankakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu wolamulira.
Kusanthula uku kumatithandiza kutsutsa malingaliro opanda pake a mwayi ndi zabwino mu American Dream. Lingaliro la mwayi wopanda malire kwa onse mu American Dream limalimbikitsidwa nthawi zonse ndi iwo omwe sasamala za kusalingana kwachilengedwe mu capitalism kapena kunyalanyaza ukulu wokhazikika wa oyera womwe umadziwonetsera mu kusankhana mitundu komanso kusazindikira, komwe kumalepheretsa anthu amtundu, akuda, ndi a Latino. ku United States. Lingaliro la kupindula kosatha mu American Dream limapangitsa anthu kukhulupirira kuti chifukwa chopereka choterechi chakhalapo nthawi zonse kuti chipitirize kupezeka kudzera mumatsenga omwe amati ndi zamakono. Ku America, olota amafuna kukhulupirira kuti ulamuliro wa anthu kuchotsa malirewo unali wovomerezeka, ndipo malirewo atapita, kuti kulamulira koopsa kwa chilengedwe kuti kusungidwe bwino kukhale kovomerezeka.
Ndithudi United States si malo okhawo kumene umbombo waphatikizana ndi malingaliro a kukhala apamwamba kutulutsa upandu wowopsa, kapenanso si malo okhawo kumene anthu awononga mosalekeza zamoyo. Koma United States ndi dziko lolemera kwambiri komanso lamphamvu kwambiri mโmbiri ya dziko lapansi, ndipo dziko limene limadzinenera kukhala lapadera mโmbiri, โmzinda umene uli pamwamba pa phiriโ[5] umene umatumikira monga โchizindikiro cha dziko la mmene moyo uyenera kukhalira,โ mogwirizana ndi mawu a mmodzi wa aphungu a ku Texas ku United States.[6] The American Dream imayikidwa patsogolo ngati loto kuti dziko lonse litengere, koma sizingakhale choncho. Anthu ena padziko lapansi afunika kuperekedwa nsembe chifukwa cha malotowo, monga momwe dziko lamoyo limachitira. Maloto ozikidwa pa ulamuliro ndi, mwa tanthawuzo, operewera.
Jackson akutikumbutsa momwe maulamuliro aลตiriwa amakhalira pamodzi ku United States pamene ananena kuti, โTidakali mbadwa za chikhalidwe cha Columbus ndi Coronado kuposa mmene tilili amwenye omwe tinawaloลตa mโmalo.โ[7] Potchula wolemba wina dzina lake Wendell Berry, ananena kuti: โPamene tinkadutsa kontinentiyo, tikudula nkhalango ndi kulima nkhalango, sitinkadziwa zimene tinali kuchita chifukwa sitinadziลตe zimene tinali kuchita. unkuchita.โ[8]
Maloto ozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa anthu pa dziko losakhala laumunthu ndi maloto a nthawi yochepa chabe. Maloto ozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa anthu ena pa ena ndi maloto okhawo amene ali ndi mwayi. Monga momwe Malcolm X ananenera, "Ndimawona America kupyolera mwa maso a wozunzidwayo. Ine sindikuwona loto lirilonse la Chimereka; Ndikuwona zoopsa zaku America. "[9]
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