Zikuoneka kuti gulu lotchedwa Islamic State gulu (IS, kapena ISIS/ISIL) likutsatira mwambo wa maulamuliro ambiri a ku Middle East podalira kwambiri ndalama zamafuta kuti asunge ulamuliro wake wopondereza. Lipoti la Financial Times likuwonetsa kuti mafuta akadali njira imodzi yopezera ndalama ku gulu la Islamic State. Ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa chopanga mafuta mwina zimafika pafupifupi $450 miliyoni pachaka chathachi chokha.
Kudalira kwambiri kwa gulu la Islamic State pa mafuta kwapangitsa kuti ntchito yopanga ndi kugawa ikhale chandamale cha adani a gulu lachigawenga padziko lonse lapansi. Kuti apitirize kumenyana ndi nkhondo yake pamagulu angapo, pamene nthawi yomweyo akuyesera kumanga boma m'madera omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wake, ndalama zamafuta ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti gulu la Islamic State lipeze ndalama.
Koma, monga momwe lipoti la FT likunenera, malonda amafuta ndi amodzi mwa njira zingapo zopezera ndalama zomwe zimadzaza mabokosi a jihadists - phindu lophatikizidwa kuchokera kumisonkho, kulanda ndi kulanda likufanana ndi malonda amafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, maukonde amalonda omwe amawona mafuta akutengedwa kuchokera ku gwero lawo kumadera olamulidwa ndi gulu la Islamic State kupita kumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi akuphatikiza amalonda am'deralo, akuluakulu akunja ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi. Kaya maphwandowa achita mwadala mafuta a gulu la Islamic State kapena ayi, ndikofunikira kuti awaphatikizepo poyesa kulanda gululo ndalama zake zamafuta.
Malonda amafuta a gulu la Islamic State
Mosiyana ndi zomwe munthu amamva akayang'ana mitu yankhani zapadziko lonse lapansi, ma jihadists samachita nawo malonda amafuta pang'ono. Gulu la Islamic State limayang'anira zitsime ndi mapampu amafuta, koma kuyambira pamenepo kugulitsa ndi kugawa kumatengedwa kwambiri ndi anthu apakatikati, amalonda am'deralo, zigawenga zozembetsa ndi mabungwe akunja omwe, nthawi zambiri, alibe mgwirizano ndi zigawenga. gulu.
Gulu la Islamic State likuwongolera 60-80 peresenti ya nkhokwe zamafuta ku Syria ndi madera angapo ofunikira amafuta mozungulira Mosul ku Iraq. Mafuta akachoka pansi, amalonda akumaloko amafika pamalowo kudzagula zonyansa kuchokera kugulu. Otsatsa malondawa amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi makampani oyenga zinthu m'madera, kapena amagulitsa zinthuzo kwa amalonda ang'onoang'ono.
Podalira malonda ankhondo isanayambe komanso maukonde ozembetsa, mafutawo amasunthidwa kudera lonselo. Mafutawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo la gulu la Islamic State, komanso m'madera ena a Syria ndi Iraq omwe amalamulidwa ndi zigawenga ndi boma, kuphatikizapo Iraqi Kurdistan (KRG), Jordan, Turkey ndi Iran. Magalimoto onyamula mafuta amawoloka malire a mayiko popereka ziphuphu kwa alonda a m'malire, kapena powayenga pang'ono kuti atchulidwe kuti ndi zokolola zakomweko pankhani ya malonda a KRG-Turkey.
Gawo lalikulu la mafutawa amadyedwa m'malo, makamaka ngati mafuta agalimoto ndi ma jenereta ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu omwe amakhala pansi paulamuliro wa gulu la Islamic State. Gulu la zigawenga limayang'anira misika ingapo mkati mwa Syria, komwe amalonda ochokera kumadera omwe ali ndi zigawenga amaloledwanso kuchita bizinesi, koma misika yaying'ono yamafuta kumadera onse olamulidwa ndi Islamic State imayendetsedwa ndi amalonda am'deralo.
Kampeni yophulitsa mabomba
Ntchito yophulitsa mabomba ya mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi US - yomwe nthawi zina imaphatikizidwa ndi Russia - motsutsana ndi gulu la Islamic State yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa ndi kugawa mafuta, osati pazitsime zomwe. Kudalira kwa gulu la Islamic State pazachuma zamafuta kudali kunyalanyazidwa m'mbuyomu, koma zoyesayesa zatsopano zochotsa gulu la zigawenga pazachuma zidayamba mu Okutobala.
Cholinga chake ndikuletsa kuyenda kwamafuta popanda kuwononga zida zonse zopangira mafuta. Pakalipano izi zikutanthauza kuti magalimoto a gulu la Islamic State omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yosuntha mafuta, komanso makina ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi kuyeretsa mafoni, akhala m'gulu la zolinga zovomerezeka. Misika yam'deralo ndi akasinja oyendetsedwa ndi omwe si a Islamic State omwe ali ndi gulu lankhondo mpaka pano saloledwa kumenya ndege - kupatulapo zochepa, ndi nkhani yodziwika bwino pakati pa Novembala pomwe US idawononga magalimoto okwana 116.
Ma airstrikes akuwoneka kuti akuyenda bwino kwambiri posokoneza njira yochotsera: mu December kupanga kunatsika ndi 30 peresenti m'madera awiri akuluakulu a mafuta omwe ali pansi pa gulu la Islamic State. Koma funso nlakuti, ndani amene amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutayika kwa ndalama kumeneku?
Malinga ndi a FT a Erica Solomon, ndalama zambiri zamafuta zimapita "kwa atsogoleri apamwamba a gulu." Nthawi yomweyo, zomwe akunena kuti gulu la zigawenga likadapulumutsa mpaka $ 1 biliyoni kuti liziwone zaka zingapo zikubwerazi zikuwonetsa kuti utsogoleri, kapena bungwe lonse silidzavutika ndi kutayika kwa ndalama posachedwa.
Anthu omwe akuvutika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa malonda a mafuta ndi anthu aku Syria ndi Iraq omwe akukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa gulu la Islamic State. Kuchepa kwa mafuta kumatanthawuza kukwera mtengo kwamafuta, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri madera omwe anthu amadalira ma jenereta kuti apereke magetsi. Amalonda am'deralo omwe amagawa kwambiri nawonso amakhala m'gulu la oyamba kukhudzidwa pamene kupanga kutsika.
Chofunika kwambiri, komabe, ndikuti gulu la Islamic State lingayesere kubweza ndalama zomwe limatulutsa mafuta mwa kugwiritsa ntchito movutikira njira zina zopezera ndalama: misonkho, kulanda ndi kulanda.
Aliyense akukhudzidwa
Ma airstrikes omwe cholinga chake ndi kusokoneza malonda a mafuta adzakhala ndi zotsatira pa ndalama za mafuta a gulu la Islamic State, koma sizidzakhudza mphamvu za gululo pomenya nkhondo ndi ntchito zake zomanga boma. Chofunika kwambiri kwa bungwe ngati gulu la Islamic State, lomwe likuyesera kudziwonetsa ngati njira yotheka komanso yokhazikika kumayiko omwe akulephera kuderali, ndi kulumikizana kwawo ndi mayiko akunja.
Magalimoto, zida, makina olemera, zakudya, zida, zamagetsi, ndalama - zonsezi ndizofunika kwambiri komanso zigawo zomwe ndizofunikira pa mphamvu ndi kulamulira gulu la Islamic State koma ochepa kwambiri amapangidwa m'deralo. Amawazembetsa kapena kuwabera.
Madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira mafutawa samapangidwanso ndi gulu la Islamic State. Zabweretsedwa ndi ozembetsa ndi amalonda omwe atha kuwoloka ndikutuluka m'dera la gulu la Islamic State popanda mavuto pang'ono chaka chatha.
Popanda alonda akumalire omwe amalipidwa pang'ono ndi akuluakulu ankhanza, ma CEO adyera ndi andale achinyengo omwe akuyendetsa maiko ngati kuti ndi makampani awo achinsinsi, okonda phindu, gulu la Islamic State likadakhala lodzipatula ndikulandidwa olembedwa, ndalama ndi zida. .
Othandizira akuluakulu a gulu la anti-Islamic State monga Turkey ndi Boma la Kurdistan achita mbali yofunika kwambiri poyendetsa malonda a mafuta a caliphate. Mafuta a gulu la Islamic State amalowa ku Turkey makamaka kudzera ku Iraqi Kurdistan, kenako amalowa mumsika wapadziko lonse kudzera pamadoko angapo kugombe lakumwera kwa Turkey.
Kuyambira pomwe dziko la Turkey lidaponya ndege yaku Russia yomwe akuti idalowa mumlengalenga waku Turkey, dziko la Russia lakhala likuyesera kukopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi pakugwirizana kwapakati pa Turkey ndi gulu la Islamic State. Ngakhale kuti zambiri mwa zoneneza izi mosakayikira zili ndi zowona mwa izo, mnzake wa Russia Bashar al'Assad akuimbidwanso mlandu wochita malonda ndi gulu lomwe limadziwika kuti Islamic State. Zikuoneka kuti aliyense akuloza chala aliyense, pamene aliyense akuchita nawo mobisa.
Malingana ngati kampeni yosokoneza malonda a mafuta a gulu la Islamic State sichikuphatikizidwa ndi kuyesetsa kwakukulu kuti athetse mgwirizano wake ndi anthu omwe ali nawo m'madera, kaya ndi anthu, mabungwe kapena mayiko, omwe akuyenera kuvulazidwa ndi anthu am'deralo omwe akukhala. pansi pa ulamuliro wa gulu.
Chigamulo cha US-Russian chomwe chinavomerezedwa ndi UN Security Council pa December 17 cholinga chochotsa gulu la Islamic State ku ndondomeko ya zachuma yapadziko lonse ndi sitepe yoyenera. Koma popeza kuti chigamulochi chipambane chimadalirabe mgwirizano wa mayiko omwewo omwe mpaka pano alephera kuchitapo kanthu polimbana ndi gulu la zigawenga, zotsatira zake sizidziwikebe.
Joris Leverink ndi katswiri wa ndale ku Istanbul komanso wolemba ndi MSc mu Political Economy. Iye ndi mkonzi wa Magazini ya ROAR. Mutha kumutsata pa Twitter kudzera pa @Le_Frique.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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