Tafika kumapeto kwa bungwe mu kayendetsedwe ka kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene tikukumana ndi zoopsa zamtundu wathu. Noam Chomsky (2019) watchula ziwopsezo ziwiri zomwe zachitika posachedwa: (a) tsoka lanyengo lomwe likupitilira komanso (b) chiwopsezo chowopsa chankhondo yanyukiliya. Pafupifupi mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ya ziwopsezo zamoyo zomwe zikuwopseza ziwirizi (Pamlin ndi Armstrong, 2015.) Monga ambiri a inu, ndakhala zaka 40 zapitazi ndikuchita kusintha kwanthawi zonse kwa anthu, kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri kuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo komanso kupewa nkhondo yanyukiliya. .. Chosiyana ndi nkhani yanga ndikuti nkhondo ya ku Vietnam idandipangitsa kusiya uphunzitsi wapakoleji ndikukhala wolimbikira ntchito zanthawi zonse -ndipo kuthana ndi zotsatira za nkhondoyi kunandipangitsa kuti ndikhale zaka XNUMX zomwezi m'gulu la anzanga awiri otsogola. -thandizo (PS) madera: Co-counselling and Anonymous recovery. Ngakhale kuti madera onsewa akhala akutsutsidwa kwambiri ndi zomveka, onse amatsatira machitidwe achilendo, abwino. Zochita izi zikuwonetsa njira yotulutsira mathero a bungwe munthawi yake kuti asawonongedwe.
Achinyamata amitundu yosiyanasiyana atchula mapeto a bungweli kuti ndi "NGO-industrial complexโ ("NGOIC") (Limbikitsani! Women of Colour Against Violence, 2017.) Potsatira chitsanzo cha mabungwe omwe ali pansi pa capitalism, NGOICs amagwiritsa ntchito antchito olipidwa kwambiri, ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse, pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe anthu olemera amapeza ndi maziko awo ndikukonzekera ntchito yawo mumagulu akuluakulu, omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi "Executive Director" (kapena nthawi zina, momveka bwino, awiri "Co-Directors.) Mosapeweka, zokonda ndi zikhulupiriro za opereka ndalama zimakankhira mabungwe omwe siaboma kupanga zisankho mosamalitsa mu ndondomeko ndi njira. Zowonadi, mwalamulo ku USA, mawonekedwe abungwe omwe amatsatiridwa pafupipafupi kuti apatse olemera phindu la kuchotsera msonkho, 501 (c) (3), amaletsedwa kuchita nawo zisankho, kukakamiza anthu kupitilira ndalama zochepa (5% pa ndalama zoyamba za $100,000), zocheperapo kusamvera anthu. Kupatula chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwa ndalama, anthu omwe amafunitsitsa ndi kuphunzitsa ntchito za NGOIC zotere amathandiziranso mfundo zodziyimira pawokha komanso zisankho zoyenera pazifukwa zaumwini. Banja lawo ndi anzawo atolankhani, boma, zipembedzo ndi magawo ena amalimbikitsa ndi kupereka mphotho zisankho zotere. Mwaulosi, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Germany Robert Michels anazindikira pafupifupi NGOIC yemweyo zaka zana zapitazo potsutsa zipani zamphamvu za sosholisti ku Ulaya (Michels, 1962.) Posachedwapa, pulofesa wa Harvard Theda Skocpol anatsutsa chifukwa cha kulephera kwathu kwakukulu. mabungwe azachilengedwe kuti athane ndi vuto la nyengo mu 2009. Takhala tikudziwa za kutha kwa bungweli kwa zaka zopitilira zana koma timatembenukirabe mobwerezabwereza.
Zowonadi, bungwe la NGOIC "lopita patsogolo" ku US pamodzi limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosachepera 100 biliyoni chaka chilichonse m'bungweli ndipo limalemba anthu masauzande angapo ophunzira kwambiri, odzipereka komanso achangu. Komabe mavuto onsewa akuipiraipirabe.
Magulu akuthandizira anzawo mwadala (PS) akuwonetsa njira yabwinoko. Kutsatira izi, dziko la Anonymous latenga mamiliyoni a mamembala m'mabungwe ambiri ndipo limapereka njira yayikulu yochira ku zizolowezi zambiri. Co-counselling ili ndi mamembala 100,000 kuphatikiza omenyera ufulu padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi mphukira zingapo. Malangizo abwinowa amathandizira njira yamakampeni ambiri osachita zachiwawa, achindunji (Cornell, 2011) ndi malingaliro a Albert and Hahnel (1999) mu "chuma chogawana nawo." (1)
Nachi chitsanzo chaching'ono kuchokera ku zomwe ndakumana nazo za momwe zingawonekere pomanga ndi kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe ali ndi ntchito yochepa, yovomerezeka komanso yopingasa, yothandizira anzawo. Mu 2005, omenyera nkhondo achichepere makumi awiri ndi asanu aku US, atangotsala pang'ono kumenya nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, adakhala kumapeto kwa sabata m'bwalo lanyumba, lothandizira anzawo, akulira m'manja mwa wina ndi mnzake, ndipo adapeza momwe angapangire gulu lothandizira. wina ndi mzake amachiritsa ndikusintha dziko lomwe linayambitsa ululu wawo (MacEachron ndi Gustavsen, 2012.) Pambuyo pa madzulo oyambirira ndi tsiku lotsatira kusinthanitsa chithandizo cha anzawo, adakhala madzulo achiwiri pothetsa mavuto ogwirizana ndikukonzekera zochita. Choyamba, adakambirana za zovuta zazikulu zomwe zidakumana nazo m'badwo wawo wakale. Kenaka, adagawanika m'magulu odzipangira okha kuti agawane zambiri, pamayendedwe ofanana, momwe angathanirane ndi nkhanizo: PTSD, GI Bill, VA, nkhondo yokha. Potsirizira pake, madzulo ndi mโmaลตa wotsatira, maguluwo anasonkhananso ndipo anatsatira njira yopingasa yosintha malingaliro awo kukhala zochita. Pamapeto a sabata imeneyo, kuwonjezera pa machiritso awo, adathandizira kukhazikitsa mabungwe kuti athandize kutsogolera mibadwo yawo, osachepera awiri omwe akugwirabe ntchito pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopingasa zopangira upangiri, tidachita zokambirana 85 mwa malo okhala, kumapeto kwa sabata kuyambira 2005-11 kwa omenyera nkhondo 1,500 obwerera ku US. Tinathandizira kukonzanso momwe a VA amachitira ndi PTSD (zomwe ankhondo achicheperewa amatcha "kuvulala kwankhondo") komanso momwe omenyera nkhondo achichepere amapangira ndale. Ngakhale kuti ma workshops kumapeto kwa sabata si bungwe, zokambirana zothandizira anzawo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira uphungu zimasonyeza momwe anthu angakonzekere mogwira mtima mopanda malire.
Nazi zina mwazofunikira zokonzekera zomwe magulu awiriwa a PS adakumana nazo ndipo zomwe zingakhale zoyenera kuziganizira.
- MA IMERI SANGACHITE. Madera onsewa amapempha ophunzira kuti azikhala nthawi yambiri pakufuna kusintha khalidwe laumunthu, maola 1-3 pa tsiku la zochitika zapadera. Kodi kusintha kulikonse kofunikira komanso kophatikizana ndi chikhalidwe chathu kungafune kuyesetsa pang'ono? Malo athu antchito, ntchito, kapangidwe ka mabanja, maphunziro, mumawatcha, owonera ambiri amavomereza, chilichonse chiyenera kusintha. Mosiyana ndi izi, mabungwe ambiri omwe siaboma "osintha chikhalidwe" amadalira makamaka pakuchitapo kanthu, kuchulukira kwa maimelo kwa mamembala awo kupempha ndalama kapena siginecha pa pempho, kapena nthawi zambiri kupezeka pamisonkhano yam'deralo kamodzi pamwezi.
- LEKANI KUGWIRITSA ZIKULU ZATHU ZOWOTSETSA PAMODZI. Umboni umenewu umakhomera chizoloลตezi chathu kumanzere (mwachilungamo, m'zochita zonse zaumunthu) kuchita zizolowezi zathu zoipa pa wina ndi mzake - kunyoza, mawu opondereza ndi zochita, kukayikira, miseche, magulu. Nthawi zambiri ndikuganiza kuti ife kumanzere tikuchitanso ndi kusagwira ntchito kwathu (kapena kusowa chiyembekezo) pakusintha dongosolo lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mosiyana ndi izi, dziko la Anonymous limagwira ntchito mwadongosolo pazoyipa zamunthu m'malo mozikakamiza kwa anzathu/alongo athu. Uphungu wothandizana nawo umaumiriza mamembala ake kuti athane ndi nkhanza zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi anthu athu: kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, ndi zina zotero. Apanso, kusintha chimodzi mwa zizolowezi zimenezi m'dera lililonse nthawi zambiri kumatenga maola ambiri sabata iliyonse powerenga, kulingalira, ndi kugawana. Komabe, zotsatira zake ndi zofunika m'madera onse awiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu zonse ziwiri, zochita zawo zanthawi zonse zimakhala ndi misonkhano yayitali, yopindulitsa, yolimbikitsa mwadala, nthawi zambiri yopanda zokhumudwitsa. Amakhala ndi magulu owombera ochepa kwambiri.
- PALIBE MFUPI WA KUKHALA WOKHALA. Madera awiri a PS amatenga gawo limodzi m'modzi, kulinganiza ubale kumlingo wozama (cf. Gans, 2009.) Dziko Losadziwika limakhazikika paubwenzi umodzi waupangiri pakati pa "wothandizira" ndi "wothandizira" kapena wokonda anzawo " accountability mabwanawe." Maubwenzi awa a munthu m'modzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kugawana malingaliro, kusatetezeka komanso kupereka upangiri. Momwemonso, uphungu wothandizana umatengera kugawana koteroko. Chofunika kwambiri, kuyanjana kwa anthu ambiri m'magulu onse a PS kumadalira kumvetsera kwanthawi yake, kosadodometsedwa ndikulimbikitsa kufotokoza zakukhosi. Poyerekeza, bungwe la NGOIC nthawi zambiri limapereka msonkhano umodzi mwezi uliwonse kwa mamembala kapena othandizira a bungwe lililonse kudera lililonse. Ndi kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka mamembala omwe amafika pamisonkhanoyi yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi atsogoleri ochepa ndipo imakhala ndi malingaliro ochepa. Kuyanjana kotereku sikumapereka chithandizo chokwanira cha chikhalidwe cha anthu pa ntchito yathu yovuta yosintha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Sanakope ndikusunga mamiliyoni a mamembala atsopano ndi ogwirizana omwe tikufuna.
- GROUP HUGS. Nthawi zambiri bungwe la NGOIC limafunsa wolimbikitsa anthu kuti alowe kagulu kakang'ono kokhazikika kuti athandizidwe, kugawana zambiri ndikuchita zinthu limodzi (Engler ndi Engler, 2016). Poyerekeza, gulu lina-tengani, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi mapiko a kumanja, a evangelical mega-tchalitchi-amadalira kwambiri pamagulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe akupitirirabe (Worthnow, 1994.) Momwemonso madera onse a PS. Kupereka uphungu kwathandizanso kugwiritsa ntchito magulu. Poyang'ana pa chithandizo cha anthu, magulu a uphungu amadalira kusintha kwanthawi yake. Gulu likakumana kuti ligawane zambiri pa mutu, ophunzira sagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndipo m'malo mwake amatsatira malamulo osavuta: "Palibe amene amalankhula kawiri aliyense asanalankhule kamodzi." "Palibe amene amalankhula kanayi mpaka aliyense atalankhula kawiri." Magulu akakumana kuti achitepo kanthu, amasinthana nthawi yake kuyankha mafunso anayi: Choyamba, "watani posachedwapa pamutuwu? Chachiwiri, "ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe tiyenera kudziwa pamutuwu?" Chachitatu, "ndiye mutani?" Pomaliza, "chingakulepheretseni kuchita zomwe wanena kuti udzachita?" Monga mipingo ya ulaliki, magulu awiriwa a PS akutsindika magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, amasiyanasiyana kupanga misonkhano yamagulu malinga ndi cholinga chawo.
- KODI MA GROUP AMAKULUNANA BWANJI? Muchitsanzo cha NGOIC, magulu omenyera ufulu wawo samagwirizana konse. Kuyankhulana kumayenda motsatira dongosolo, osati mopingasa pakati pa magulu amderalo. Ogwira ntchito zolipidwa amayendetsa mapulogalamu adziko lonse. Ogwira ntchito m'magulu am'deralo kapena mitu amasankha pakati pa malingaliro kapena malangizo ochokera ku bungwe ladziko. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chitsanzo cha Anonymous chimagwirizanitsa magulu kudzera mu "Intergroups," mofanana ndi "Spokes council" mu chitsanzo chachindunji chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika za kusamvera anthu. "Msonkhano" uliwonse wopitilira, wawung'ono, Wosadziwika umasankha woimira "mwachindunji" kwakanthawi kuti azipezeka pamisonkhano ya mwezi ndi mwezi ya Intergroup kupanga zisankho zomwe zimakhudza magulu onse. Msonkhano'Oyimilira sapanga zisankho zawo mu Intergroup, amayimira malingaliro a Msonkhano wawo. Ngati mutu watsopano ubwera, amabwerera ku gulu lawo kuti akalandire chitsogozo. Zosankha zamagulu amapangidwa ndi mgwirizano ndi mavoti ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera.
- HORIZONTAL ORGANIZATIONS-Mosiyana ndi ndondomeko ya NGOIC, ndondomeko yamakampani payekha, kufufuza kofunikira mu psychology ya bungwe kumathandizira njira yopingasa, yokhazikika pamagulu (Driscoll, 1980.) Zimasonyeza kuti atsogoleri amazungulira; ogwira ntchito amagwira ntchito moyenera kuti akhale osangalatsa; magulu amasankha mogwirizana. The Anonymous Community akuwonjezera kuti: ogwira ntchito ("antchito apaderaโ) kuthandizira koma osatsogolera (monga ma accounting, makalata, maimelo); odzipereka okha amatsogolera; spokes councils kulumikiza magulu.
Ndi chiyani chinanso chofunika?
Mabungwe opingasa atha kuchepetsa kukopa kwa NGOIC. Komabe, zomwe ndakumana nazo ndi magulu awiriwa a PS zikuwonetsa kufunika kotetezedwa. Mabungwe achikhalidwe cha anthu osadziwika anakana kusintha ndondomeko ndi mabuku awo kuti agwirizane ndi chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha ife omwe timadziwika kuti ndife osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu komanso osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Mabuku ovomerezeka osadziwika bwino komanso chikhalidwe chosadziwika bwino chimatsindika ndi kulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro mu mphamvu yolowererapo, yaumunthu: mulungu kapena "Mphamvu Zapamwamba" (nthawi zonse zimakhala zazikulu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachimuna). Kuti tithane ndi vutoli, ife anthu adziko tapanga madera athu omwe si achilendo, monga SecularOvereaters.org (omwe ndidathandizira kupeza), mkati ndi pambali pa mabungwe okhazikika. Zimaphatikizapo mamembala a bungwe lokhazikika ndi ena omwe asankha kusalowa nawo. Mosiyana ndi izi, dongosolo la upangiri wogwirizana lidalepheretsa kuyesa kukonza zolakwika zazikulu za woyambitsa komanso mtsogoleri wanthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, madera onse a PS awa adayamba ndipo akhalabe oyera komanso apakati ndi tsankho komanso tsankho lomwe limatanthauza. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe opingasa si njira yothetsera mavuto onse opangidwa ndi NGOIC.
Masomphenya
Monga momwe timanenera, ndi โgulu la zidakwaโ mu 1934 (kwenikweni ndi zidakwa zomwe zinalembedwa mโgulu lampatuko lachikristu lomwelo), magulu a anthu Osadziwika tsopano agawanika ndipo athandiza anthu miyandamiyanda padziko lonse kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana. m'mbuyomu tinkaona kuti moyo wathu unali pangozi. Padziko lonse lapansi anthu amasonkhana tsiku lililonse, pamasom'pamaso komanso mochulukirachulukira pa intaneti, m'magulu omwe adakonzedwa kuti azithandizana. Nthawi zambiri amatenga nthawi, mosinthana, amagawana zakuzama. Amagawana zambiri ndi malangizo. Ndipo amazichita mu bungwe lapafupi lopingasa: kudzidalira kwathunthu pazachuma (maziko sangathe kuwapatsa ndalama zoposa $ 10,000), palibe atsogoleri olipidwa; utsogoleri wozungulira; kupanga zisankho zogwirizana; ndipo imayendetsedwa kudzera mumagulu a ma spokes councils.
Zitha kuchitika.
Zothandizira:
Albert, Michael ndi Robin Hahnel. Kuyang'ana Patsogolo: Chuma Chotengapo mbali chazaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Cambridge: South End. 1991.
Chomsky, Noam. Internationalism kapena Extinction (Universalizing Resistance.)
Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge, 2019.
Cornell, Andrew. Tsutsani ndi Kulingalira: Maphunziro ochokera ku Movement for New Society. Oakland: AK, 2011.
Driscoll, James W. "Zopeka Zokhudza Anthu Kuntchito: Kutsutsa kwa Human Management Resources, Working Paper 1153-80. " Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan School of Management, 1980.
Engler, Mark ndi Engler, Paul. Uku ndi Kuukira: Momwe Kukana Kwachiwawa Kumapangira Zaka Zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. New York: Nation Books, 2016.
Gans, Marshall. "Kufotokoza nkhani yanu yapagulu: nokha, ife, tsopano. " Harvard University, Kennedy School, 2009.
Limbikitsani! Azimayi Amitundu Yotsutsa Chiwawa. Revolution Sidzalipidwa, Kupitilira Pamafakitale Opanda Phindu. Durham, NC: Yunivesite ya Duke, 2017.
Michels, Robert. Zipani Zandale: Phunziro la Sociological la Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. NY: Free Press, 1962
Pamlin, Dennis & Armstrong, Stuart. "12 Zowopsa zomwe zikuwopseza chitukuko cha anthu: Mlandu wa gulu latsopano lowopsa. " Global Challenges Foundation. 2015.
Skocpol, Theda. Demokalase Yochepa: Kuchokera ku Umembala kupita ku Management mu American Civic Life. Norman: Yunivesite ya Oklahoma, 2003.
Worthnow, Robert. Kugawana Ulendo: Magulu Othandizira ndi Kufuna kwa America kwa Community. New York: Free Press, 1994.
Mawu a M'munsi 1: Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri za machitidwe a magulu a magulu othandizira anzawo. Ntchito yaikulu ndi kukula kwaumwini. Mabungwe osadziwika amagogomezera njira yokhazikika yodzipenda ndikuwongolera munthu payekha ("masitepe.) Ine'ndaona kuti zonse nโzothandiza.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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1 Comment
I enjoyed this article, because it lays out the problems and the solutions toward better things. Back in the 1990โs, the VA had a program called โVet to Vetโ, which was originally idealized by a veteran who woke up one day, living in a cave out in the wild country, and realized there was a better way to live. Long story short, he brought it to the VA and it was established with a group setting overseen by a VA staff member whose job it was to make sure each meeting went along a certain thread outlined by the books the system used for organizing the effort, so it wouldnโt just become a โfree for allโ. But the staff members in too many cases started acting like college professors in a classroom, simply focusing on teaching things we were supposed to follow to get better, and the group setting, where we were actually helping each other realize we all had similar fallout from our various experiences and learn from each otherโs realizations of how to deal with our feelings and move forward in life, was pretty much killed, and then the program was ended when it was really starting to help a lot of us dramatically change our lives. I just wish we could have that back again, because it certainly helped me be better at dealing with things that trigger my anxiety and anger from my PTSD issuesโฆI still have problems with things that trigger me, but I learned to just go with the feelings for a bit, feel the anger and whatever for a bit, then decide, โOK, now itโs time to move on with my dayโโฆand that helps a lot that I can actually move on from whatever the trigger was and do my day OK.