Source: The Intercept
Mwezi watha, Gulu Loyamba la Tk'emlรบps te Secwรฉpemc First Nation linavumbula manda ochuluka a ana 215 pabwalo la sukulu yomwe kale inali yogona ku British Columbia, Canada.
Sabata ino pa Intercepted: Naomi Klein amalankhula ndi Doreen Manuel yemwe adapulumuka pasukulu yogona ndi mdzukulu wake Kanahus Manuel za zoopsa zomwe zimachitika m'masukulu okhala ndi ubale pakati pa ana abedwa ndi malo obedwa. Bambo ake a Doreen, a George Manuel, adapulumuka pa Kamloops Indian Residential School, komwe adapezeka manda osazindikirika a ana azaka zitatu. Abambo ake a Kanahus, a Arthur Manuel, adapulumukanso pasukulu yanyumba yaku Kamloops. Kukambitsirana kwa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana kumeneku kukugogomezera kwambiri mmene kuipa kwa sukulu ya Kamloops, ndi zina zotero, zawonekeranso mโzaka 3 za Manuels, chochitika chimene mabanja ambiri a eni eni eni eni eniwo, ndi nkhondo yazaka makumi ambiri ya banja la Manuel yofuna kubwezeretsa malo awo obedwa.
Chenjezo: Nkhaniyi ili ndi mfundo zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri zokhudza kuphedwa, kugwiriridwa, ndi kuzunzidwa kwa ana.
Ngati ndinu wophunzira wakale wapasukulu yogona m'mavuto, kapena mwakhudzidwa ndi sukulu yogona ndipo mukufuna thandizo, mutha kulumikizana ndi maora 24 a Indian Residential Schools Crisis Line: 1-866-925-4419
Thandizo lowonjezera laumoyo wamalingaliro ndi zothandizira kwa Amwenyewo zilipo Pano.
[Mawu Oyambirira anyimbo.]
Naomi Klein: Takulandirani ku Intercepted, ndine Naomi Klein, wochititsa chidwi ichi.
Choyamba, chenjezo. Nkhaniyi ili ndi nkhani zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri zokhudza kuphedwa, kugwiriridwa, ndi kuzunzidwa kwa ana. Ngati ndinu wopulumuka ndipo mukufunika kulankhula, pali mauthenga okhudzana nawo muzolemba zawonetsero.
Ndikulankhula nanu kuchokera kudera losavomerezeka la Coast Salish komwe tsopano kumadziwika kuti British Columbia. Dziko limene ndimakhala ndi gawo lachikhalidwe cha mtundu wa Shรญshรกlh.
Kuvomereza malo kotereku ndi kofala kwambiri ku Canada kotero kuti kwasanduka mtundu wamwambo. Amalankhulidwa kumayambiriro kwa msonkhano uliwonse wapagulu. Awa ndi mawu oyamba patsamba la sukulu ya pulaimale ya mwana wanga. Amaphatikizidwa ndi ma signature a imelo a akuluakulu aboma ndi maprofesa aku yunivesite.
Ndipo nthawi zambiri, kuvomereza kumeneku kumakhala kochokera pansi pamtima. Koma kawirikawiri ife okhazikika timaganiza za zomwe akutanthauza.
Ngati tili kudziko lachibadwidwe, ndipo maikowo saloledwa, ndiye kuti sanagulitsidwe kapena kuperekedwa pankhondo kapena mgwirizano. Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti udindo wapadziko lonse wa maikowa udakali ndi anthu okhalamo. Chomwe chimabweretsa funso: Chifukwa chiyani sindikuvomereza izi ndi mawu ochulukirapo? Chifukwa chiyani ndimalipira misonkho kumatauni, zigawo, ndi maboma a federal - m'malo mwa Shรญshรกlh Nation?
Funso lodetsa nkhaลตa kwambiri lingakhale lakuti: Kodi nchifukwa ninji malo ameneลตa analipo kwa ine ndi banja langa? Kodi nโchiyani chinachotsa anthu okhalamo mโdzikoli, nโkuwapititsa kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale, ndipo nthawi zambiri nโkumapita mโmisewu? Kodi njira yeniyeni yolandirira malo inali yotani?
Palibe yankho la funso limenelo. Labyrinth ya malamulo ndi malamulo adagwira ntchito zambiri, kutengera unilaterally ndikuwakakamiza mokakamiza. Koma si zokhazo zimene zinatengera. Ndipo mbali ina ya yankho la funso lakuti mmene malowo anayeretsedwera inafika pafupifupi ndendende milungu iลตiri yapitayo, pamene, ulendo wa maola oลตerengeka pagalimoto, manda a anthu ambiri anapezedwa.
CNN: Kutulukira kumeneku nโkodabwitsa, ndiponso nโzomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti anthu a mโmadera ambiri a ku Canada adodome. Zotsalira za ana 215 -
WBUR: - omwe mtembo wawo unapezedwa m'manda a anthu ambiri pa sukulu yomwe kale inali ku British Columbia -
France24: - adapezeka pamanda a anthu ambiri pasukulu ya Kamloops Indigenous adadabwitsa komanso achisoni mtunduwu.
Manda osadziลตika, tinaphunzira kuti ali ndi mitembo ya ana 215, ena a zaka zitatu. Ndi pabwalo la sukulu yakale yomwe inkayendetsedwa ndi tchalitchi cha Katolika, yotchedwa Kamloops Indian Residential School. Linali sukulu lalikulu kwambiri ndipo ophunzira amwenye adatumizidwa kumeneko kuchokera kudera lonselo komanso kupitirira, kuphatikizapo komwe ndimakhala.
Masabata awiri adutsa, koma vumbulutso loti pali manda ambiri pasukulu yomwe idagwira ntchito mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970 idakali yaiwisi komanso yodabwitsa. Kunena zomveka: Sizinali zododometsa kuti masukulu okhalamo anali achiwawa, opotoka, ndi malo oipa. Anthu aku Canada ankadziwa kale zimenezi chifukwa tauzidwa nthawi zambiri. Mlandu waukulu wotsutsana ndi boma ndi anthu 86,000 opulumuka kusukulu zogona anathera pa mgwirizano wothetsera vutoli - kuthetsa komwe kunaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Komiti ya Choonadi ndi Kuyanjanitsa mu 2008. Mu 2015, TRC inapereka lipoti lake lomaliza.
Zomwe anapezazo zinali zovuta, ndipo tinamva zonse za izo.
Sen. Murray Sinclair: Mโkupita kwanthawi, bungweli lidamva zomwe anthu omwe adapulumuka adachita, adasonkhanitsa zikalata, ndipo adayesetsa kuti achitepo kanthu pofuna kuthana ndi kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika. Maitanidwe oti achitepo kanthu akhazikika pavuto lalikulu la anthu aku Canada: kusamvetsetsa bwino za zinthu zopanda chilungamo komanso zachiwawa zomwe Canada yamakono idatulukira, komanso momwe cholowa cha masukulu okhalamo chilili gawo la mbiriyo, komanso dziko lathu lero. .
NK: Tinamva za ana a eni eni akukwapulidwa kwa makolo awo, kulekana ndi abale awo ndi achibale, kumenyedwa ndi kukwapulidwa chifukwa cholankhula chinenero chawo. Tinamva za ansembe ndi masisitere amene ankauza ana kuti miyambo yawo, luso lawo, makolo awo, agogo ndi agogo awo, njira zawo zodziwira sizinali zoipa chabe koma zausatana, njira yotsimikizirika yopita ku helo.
Lipoti la TRC linanena za matupi achichepere, omwe asakazidwa ndi chakudya cha njala; masiku odzazidwa ndi ntchito yokakamiza; kuluka kwa tsitsi lodulidwa pofika; kuvala mayunifomu asukulu opyapyala osakwanira m'nyengo yachisanu ya ku Canada. Inanena za TB ndi matenda ena opatsirana omwe atsala pang'ono kufalikira m'masukulu.
Tinamva za nkhanza zokhudza kugonana - kugwiriridwa - kwa ansembe, abale Achikatolika, ndi masisitere. Sukulu ina ya ku St. Anne ku Ontario, inali ndi mpando wamagetsi woyendetsedwa ndi crank.
Tsopano izi sizinachitike m'makona ochepa amdima momwe palibe amene akuyang'ana. Zinachitika pamlingo wa mafakitale: Ana amtundu wa 150,000 adadutsa m'sukulu zogona ku Canada zaka zana limodzi ndi theka. Ndipo iyi inali ndondomeko ya boma: kulembetsa masukulu kunakhala kovomerezeka mu 1920.
Bungwe la TRC litapereka lipoti lomalizali, linanena kuti tchalitchi ndi boma likufuna dala kuwononga chikhalidwe ndi mgwirizano wa anthu amtunduwu monga โkuphana kwa chikhalidwe.โ
Koma a Murray Sinclair, woweruza wolemekezeka yemwe anali wapampando wa TRC, adanenetsa kuti sanathe kuchita ntchito yake - ndiko kuwulula chowonadi chonse. Inde, anali atangokanda pamwamba.
MS: Mbali imodzi ya masukulu okhalamo yomwe idandidabwitsa kwambiri, panokha, inali nkhani zomwe tidayamba kusonkhanitsa za ana omwe adamwalira m'masukulu - za ana omwe adamwalira, nthawi zina mwadala, m'manja mwa ena omwe. analipo, ndipo mwaunyinji wotero. Opulumuka analankhula za, panthawi yomwe anali kumeneko, za ana omwe adasowa mwadzidzidzi. Ena mwa opulumukawo analankhula za kuchitira umboni ana akuikidwa mโmanda ambiri mโmalo oikidwa mโmanda ambiri.
NK: Opulumukawo anapitirizabe kunena. Vuto linali kutsimikizira izo. Ntchito ya TRC inali yolemba nkhanza zomwe zimachitika m'sukulu, ndikukonza njira yopita ku chiyanjano. Ilo silinakhazikitsidwe kuti lifufuze kupha anthu ambiri kapena kupha ana mosasamala, komanso linalibe ndalama kapena mphamvu zalamulo kaamba ka ntchito yoteroyo. Komabe apa ndipamene maumboni a opulumuka anali kutsogolera - milandu yotsutsana ndi anthu pansi pa maphunziro.
Mu 2009, chaka chimodzi chogwira ntchito ya Commission, Sinclair ndi anzake adapempha $ 1.5 miliyoni kuti atsatire zomwe zakhala zikuyika maliro ambiri pasukulu. Boma la Canada, lomwe panthawiyo lidatsogozedwa ndi Prime Minister Stephen Harper, lidawatsekereza, ndikusankha mwachangu kuti zigawenga zadziko zisakwiridwe.
Nayi Murray Sinclair kachiwiri:
MS: Sitinayembekeze kuti iyi ikhala gawo la ntchito yomwe tikugwira, choncho tinapempha boma kuti lilole kuti tifufuze mozama za ntchito ya TRC kuti tifufuze m'malo mwa omwe adapulumuka. ndi anthu aku Canada. Tinapereka lingaliro, chifukwa silinali m'manja mwathu ndipo tinapempha kuti liperekedwe ndi boma. Ndipo pempho limenelo linakanidwa. Ndipo kotero, makamaka, tinachita zomwe tingathe, koma sizinali pafupi ndi zomwe timafunikira kuti tikwaniritse komanso zomwe timafunikira kufufuza.
NK: Voliyumu yachinayi ya lipoti lomaliza la TRC ili ndi mutu wakuti โAna Osowa ndi Maliro Osadziwika,โ ndipo ili ndi mafunso ambiri kuposa mayankho. Ndichifukwa chake ana ambiri amafera m'mabungwewa - nthawi zambiri mitengo yakunja kwawo - kotero kuti zipembedzo zomwe zidawatsogolera zidasiya kuwerengera, zomwe zidawonetsa kunyoza kwawo moyo wamba. TRC idakwanitsa kuzindikira ana 4,100 omwe adamwalira akuphunzira sukulu, koma Sinclair tsopano akuti chiwerengero chenicheni chikhoza kukhala 15,000 - kapena kupitirira apo.
Polephera kuulula chowonadi chonse - chomwe ndi cholinga cha komiti yowona - TRC idapempha kuti kufufuzidwe kwathunthu kwa malo omwe angayikidwe, komanso kuyesetsa kuzindikira zotsalira. Ndipo idapempha mabungwe achipembedzo ndi nthambi zonse za maboma kuti atulutse zolemba zawo zokhudzana ndi imfazi.
Pamene adatenga udindo mu 2015, Justin Trudeau, adalonjeza kuti adzachita chilungamo ku First Nations kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'boma lake. Ndipo pamene adapepesa kwa opulumuka kusukulu zogona, analira:
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau: M'malo mwa Boma la Canada ndi anthu onse aku Canada, kuti cholemetsachi ndi chimodzi chomwe simuyenera kunyamula nokha.
NK: Ndipo komabe, m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera pomwe lipoti la TRC - zaka zaufulu wa Trudeau akhala akupitilira mphamvu - 10 okha mwa mafoni ake 94 oti achitepo kanthu adamalizidwa, ndipo palibe chomwe chachitika kuti apeze chowonadi cha ana osowawo. : angati, ali kuti, anali ndani, ndi momwe anafera.
Mโnthawi yozunzika imeneyi mโpamene anthu ena a mโmadera ena anatengera zinthu mโmanja mwawo. Atatopa ndi kudikira, bungwe la tk'emlรบps te Secwรฉpemc First Nation linalemba ganyu akatswiri a radar yodutsa pansi kuti awone malo ozungulira sukulu yakale ya Kamloops Residential School. Umu ndi momwe linapezera umboni wa mabwinja a ana 215. Kusaka kwa malowa kukupitilira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pangakhale zinthu zambiri zopezeka m'macabre zomwe zasungidwa.
Osati mdera limodzi ili ku British Columbia: Ndalama za federal zikuyenda bwino, Mitundu ina Yoyamba yayamba kusaka kwawo. Sukulu ya Kamloops, inali imodzi mwasukulu zogona 139 zomwe bungwe la TRC lidafufuza, ndipo Murray Sinclair akuti m'dziko lonselo muli masukulu otere 1,300, ambiri mwaiwo amayendetsedwa mwachinsinsi.
Nayi Sinclair kachiwiri:
MS: Tikudziwa kuti mwina panali malo ambiri ofanana ndi Kamloops omwe adzawululidwe m'tsogolomu. Ndipo tiyenera kuyamba kudzikonzekeretsa tokha kaamba ka zimenezo. Iwo omwe adapulumuka m'masukulu okhalamo, kuphatikiza opulumuka amitundu yosiyanasiyana ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti umboniwu ndi wofunikira kuti upezeke ku Canada kuti Canada imvetsetse kukula kwa zomwe adachita komanso zomwe adathandizira.
Popeza kuti zaululika zomwe zidapezeka ku Kamloops zidadziwika, ndakhala ndikuyimbidwa foni ndi anthu omwe adapulumuka, ambiri ngati si mazana, tsopano. Iwo amandiyitana ine kawirikawiri kuti angolira, kuti atiuze ife, โIne ndinakuuzani inu chomwecho. Ndinakuuzani kuti izi zachitika. Ndipo tsopano tikuyamba kuwona. " Ndipo mโmawu awo sindimamva zowawa ndi kuzunzika kokha, komanso mkwiyo umene anali nawo chifukwa chakuti palibe amene anawakhulupirira pamene ankafotokoza nkhanizo.
NK: Chisoni chimenecho chikufika ku Canada konse, dziko ili lomwe lili pamwamba pa Mitundu Yoyamba yambiri. Zowawazo zimamveka mโmiyambo ya mโmizinda, mโmatauni, ndi mโmalo osungiramo ngโoma [kumveka kwa ngโoma yaikulu], mโbwalo la ngโoma lalikulu lomwe linachitikira kumalire a Canada ndi US; [kumveka kulira kwa hutala] mโma convoys kulira pamene akudutsa pasukulu ya Kamloops. Chikhoza kuwonedwa mโmapiri a zimbalangondo, maluwa, ndi mโmizere ya nsapato zingโonozingโono zofola kutsogolo kwa nyumba za boma ndi mโmalo amene kale anali masukulu okhalamo.
Ndipo pali ukali wochuluka. Boma la Trudeau lili pamoto komanso Vatican.
Patsogolo pa sabata latchuthi la Julayi 1, #CancelCanadaDay yakhala ikuyenda bwino. Ndipo mazana a mapulofesa ku Ryerson University ku Toronto, omwe adatchulidwa ndi mmisiri wamkulu wa masukulu okhalamo, ayamba kunena za bungwe lawo ngati X University. Sabata yatha, ochita zionetsero adakokera pansi chipilala cha Ryerson ndipo mutu wa fanolo udawonekera pandodo pamalo otsekeredwa amtundu wotchedwa 1492 Land Back Lane.
Mwachidule, Canada - yabwino, yabwino, yonyansa - ili ndi vuto lodziwika bwino. Momwemonso ziyenera.
Steve Paikin [The Agenda]: Ngati dziko la Canada likanatha kuyang'ana kutali za cholowa chomvetsa chisoni cha masukulu omwe amakhala m'dziko lino, sizowonanso.
NK: Funso ndilakuti: Zidzafika mozama bwanji?
Mโmilungu imeneyi ya kupotoza mโmanja, mutu umodzi umene sunatchulidwe kwambiri ndi wakuti โChifukwa chiyani?โ
Kodi nchifukwa ninji boma ndi tchalitchi zinagwirizana mโmakina ameneลตa olinganizidwa kuswa mzimu ndi kupanga zizindikiritso za ana 150,000? Kodi nkhanza zimenezo zinathandiza bwanji?
Yankho lapamwamba ndilosatsutsika. Mโmawu oipa a nduna yaikulu yakale ya ku Canada John A. Macdonald, ntchito ya sukulu yogonamo inali โkuchotsa Mmwenyeyo mwa mwanayo.โ
Bambo Carion, mphunzitsi wamkulu wa Kamloops Indian Residential School adalandiradi memo. Iye analemba kuti: โNthaลตi zonse timasunga mโmaganizo mwa ana zimene boma likufuna . . .
Koma ndi nkhani yonseyi? Kodi chiwawa chonsechi chinachokeradi mโmalingaliro akuti Amwenyewo anafunikira โkutukukaโ kuti apulumutse miyoyo yawo? Kapena kodi tsankho limenelo, ulamuliro wa azunguwo, unalinso ndi cholinga china?
Pali chiganizo chimodzi mu lipoti la Commission Truth and Reconciliation Commission lomwe limapereka yankho - kufotokozera mozama "chifukwa chiyani?" kuseri kwa masukulu oyipa awa.
Limanena kuti: โBoma la Canada linatsatira mfundo imeneyi ya kupha anthu chifukwa linkafuna kusiya udindo wake walamulo ndi wandalama kwa Aaborijini ndi kulamulira malo ndi chuma chawo.โ
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tabwerera kumene tinayambira: ndi nthaka.
Izi sizinali za chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha chodziyesa choposa china ndikukakamiza njira zake mwankhanza - ngakhale zinali choncho. Pansi pa malingaliro apamwamba amenewo, zinalinso za nthaka. Zokhudza changu cha anthu okhala ku Ulaya kuti alandire ulamuliro pa maiko omwe anali olemera ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zomwe ankafuna kukumba, ndi mitengo yopindulitsa yomwe ankafuna kugwetsa, ndi nthaka yachonde yomwe ankafuna kulima. Mayiko omwe, makamaka ku British Columbia, anali asanalandidwepo. Mayiko omwe m'madera ena a dzikolo, adakhudzidwa ndi mapangano omwe adagwirizana kuti agawane gawolo ndi anthu okhalamo, osati kulipereka kuti likhale ndi chitukuko chopanda malire ndi kuchotsa.
Ndipo njira imodzi yopezera ulamuliro pa malo amene anthu akukhalamo ndiyo kusokoneza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mabanja awo - kuwalekanitsa ku zilankhulo zawo, zikhalidwe zawo, ndi chidziwitso cha makolo awo, zomwe zonsezi ndi za nthaka. O, ndipo njira ina - mwina njira yabwino kwambiri yogwirira ntchitoyo - ndi nkhanza za kugonana. Chifukwa palibe chomwe chimafalitsa manyazi, kupwetekedwa mtima, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mogwira mtima. Ndipo masukulu awa anali migodi yogwiririra, kam'badwo ndi kam'badwo.
Njira inanso yoganizira zimenezi ndi yakuti: Kuzunzika mโmasukulu sikunali chisoni chongofuna kudzichitira okha, koma kusungulumwa potumikira cholinga chokulirapo, chaphindu kwambiriโkuba malo pamlingo waukulu. Masukulu anachotsa malowo mogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa mmene tingachitire.
Izi ndi zomwe ndikufuna kunena za chiwonetsero chonsecho ndi alendo awiri odabwitsa: Ubale pakati pa ana abedwa ndi malo obedwa, pakati pa manda osadziwika bwino ndi bodza lachitsamunda la malo opanda kanthu.
Izi ndi nkhani zazikulu, kotero kuti tifikitse pamlingo waumunthu, tiyang'ana pamalingaliro a banja limodzi la Secwepemc, Mtundu Woyamba womwe manda a anthu ambiri adapezeka - banja lomwe mamembala ake adazunzidwa, mibadwo ingapo, ndi Kamloops Indian Residential School. Komabe, banja lomwe lili patsogolo kwambiri pomenyera ufulu wawo wodziyimira pawokha komanso chitetezo cha nthaka, ku Canada komanso padziko lonse lapansi: banja lodziwika bwino la Manuel.
Mbiri yake: Asanamwalire mu 1989, George Manuel anathandizira kukhazikitsa gulu lamakono lomenyera ufulu wa Amwenye, kupanga mapangano a mayiko kuyambira ku Greenland kupita ku Guatemala. Anasankhidwa kukhala Chief National of the National Indian Brotherhood (tsopano Assembly of First Nations), anali purezidenti wa Union of BC Indian Chiefs, ndipo anali purezidenti woyambitsa wa World Council of Indigenous Peoples. Iye analemba buku lodziwika bwino la "The Fourth World," ndipo adasankhidwa kuti alandire Mphotho ya Mtendere wa Nobel kangapo. George Manuel nayenso adapulumuka pasukulu yaku Kamloops.
Mwana wake wamwamuna, Arthur Manuel, anali waluntha komanso wanzeru kwambiri yemwe adalemba zolemba ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati misewu yothetsa ukoloni: "Kusokoneza Canada," lofalitsidwa mu 2015, ndi "The Reconciliation Manifesto: Recovering the Land, Rebuilding the Economy." Ndinapatsidwa mwayi wolemba mawu oyamba a mabuku onse aลตiriwo ndipo ndinasimba za ntchito yalamulo ya kulenga ya Arthur nthaลตi zambiri. Arthur anamwalira mwadzidzidzi komanso asanakwane mu 2017. Mofanana ndi abambo ake ndi azichimwene ake awiri, iye anali wopulumuka pa sukulu ya ku Kamloops.
Ngakhale George ndi Arthur ndi odziwika bwino, iwo anali mbali ya banja lalikulu la ojambula, olemba, ochiritsa, ndi oteteza nthaka, onse ogwirizana ndi mfundo yaikulu yakuti udindo wa malo amtundu wa anthu wamba ndi wosagwirizana - ndikuti chilungamo chenicheni chidzabwera pamene maiko a Settler ayamba kubweza malo ochulukirapo kumadera akumidzi.
Awiri mwa omwe adatengera cholowa chimenecho ali ndi ine lero: Doreen Manuel, mwana wamkazi wa George, ndi wopambana mphotho wopanga mafilimu, mphunzitsi, komanso wojambula waluso lambiri, pano akutumikira ngati director of Bosa Center for Film and Animation ku Capilano University. Ndiwopulumuka pasukulu yogona ku Port Alberni.
Kanahus Manuel, mwana wamkazi wa Arthur, ndi mtetezi wa dziko la Secwepemc komanso woyambitsa nawo gulu la Tiny House Warriors, gulu loyambira lomwe lamanga nyumba zing'onozing'ono za dzuwa pamawilo ndikuziyika panjira ya ntchito yokulitsa mapaipi amafuta a Trans Mountain. Panopa akuzengedwa mlandu wokhudza ntchito yake yoteteza malo, monganso azilongo ake awiri. Mlandu wawo ndi chikumbutso chakuti ngakhale andale amapepesa chifukwa cha upandu wa mโsukulu zogona anthu, mlandu wakuba malo a Indigneous si mbiri yakale. Ndiupandu waukulu kwambiri womwe ukuchitika.
Kuti tiyambepo, Doreen amawerenga ndime yokhudzana ndi sukulu ya Kamloops kuchokera pa mbiri ya abambo ake, "Kuchokera ku Ubale kupita ku Dziko."
Doreen Manuel: Kwa Manuel wazaka zisanu ndi zinayi, kulimbana kwaumwini ndi dziko lakunja kunayamba miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake pamene galimoto yoweta ngโombe inafika pamalo osungiramo ngโombe ndipo msilikali wa ku India anatchula mayina a ana amene anayenera kutumizidwa ku Kamloops. sukulu yogona. Dzina la George Manuel linali pa mndandandawo. Anatsala pangโono kuponyedwa mโchimene pambuyo pake anachitcha โlaboratory ndi njira yopangira dongosolo la atsamunda.โ
Kufika kwa galimotoyo kunali kowawitsa anthu m'dera lonselo. Mayi wina wa ku Secwepemc yemwe adaphunzira nawo pasukulupo nthawi yomwe Manuel adakumbukira kuti ana ang'onoang'ono ambiri amawona kuchoka kwawo kokakamiza ngati chilango cha zomwe adalakwitsa.
Sukulu ya Kamloops idayendetsedwa ndi gulu lachikatolika lomwe lidathandizidwa kumbali ya atsikana ndi a Sisters aku St. Anne. Ulamuliro wawo pa Secwepemc udatha mpaka zaka za m'ma 1960 ndipo inali, monga Manuel adawonera, mphatso yayikulu kwambiri yomwe Dominion of Canada idapereka ku tchalitchi.
Mโzaka za pambuyo pake, iye anganene kuti Amwenye ayenera kuyambitsa mlandu wotsutsana ndi Vatican chifukwa cha nkhanza za ana a ku India zimene ansembe, abale Achikatolika, ndi masisitere anazunzidwa. Nkhanza zimenezo zinaphatikizapo kusadya bwino, kupatsidwa malangizo a chinenero cha ku India, kugwira ntchito yokakamiza, ndi mwambo wa usilikali umene ankaukakamiza mwa kukwapula.
Wophunzira wina wa pasukulu ya Kamloops akukumbukira kuti cholinga chonse cha sukuluyi chinkaoneka kuti chinali kuchotsa kudzikuza kwa iwo eni monga Amwenye. Manuel anakumbukira kuti nthaลตi yophunzira kwenikweni inali yochepa kwambiri moti patatha zaka ziลตiri ali pasukulupo, ankangolephera kulemba dzina lake. Chimene iye ndi ophunzira ena ambiri amakumbukira momvekera bwino ndi mopweteka ponena za sukuluyo sichinali ntchito yolimba imene, nthaลตi zina, inkasonkhezeredwa ndi kukwapulidwa, koma njala. Monga momwe Manuel ananenera, โNjala ndiyo chinthu choyamba ndi chomalizira chimene ndingakumbukire ponena za sukulu imeneyo. Osati ine ndekha. Wophunzira wa ku India aliyense ankanunkha njala.โ
Doreen Manuel ndi Kanahus Manuel pa Zowopsa za Kamloops Indian Residential School ndi Ena Ofanana Nawo, ndi Ubale Pakati Pa Ana Obedwa ndi Malo Obedwa
NK: Zikomo, Doreen.
Doreen Manuel, Kanahus Manuel, talandiridwa ku Intercepted ndipo zikomo povomera kuyankhula nane munthawi yovuta ngati imeneyi.
Doreen, ndikufuna ndiyambe ndikukupemphani kuti mundiuze chilichonse chomwe mungamve kuti ndi choyenera pasukulu ya Kamloops komanso malo omwe idakhala pa moyo wanu mukukula.
DM: Chikumbukiro changa choyamba cha sukuluyo chinali kuchezera abale ndi alongo anga aakulu kusukulu ija ndi amayi anga.
Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti mu nthawi ya abambo anga, adatengedwera kumeneko motsutsana ndi chifuniro chake komanso motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha banja lawo, komanso mu nthawi ya abale anga akuluakulu ndi mlongo wanga, ndipo m'nthawi yanga, tinatengedwera kumeneko chifukwa cha kutengeka komwe kunalipo kale. chinachitika. Inu mukudziwa, amayi ndi abambo anga onse anazunzidwa m'masukulu omwe iwo analimo. Ndipo iwo ankadziwa momwe iwo analiri oipa. Ndipo komabe anatitengera kumeneko.
Panali chifukwa choti tinali ndi njala. Kunyumba kunalibe chakudya chokwanira. Ndimakumbukira ndikudya chakudya cha nkhuku, ndizo zonse zomwe ndimayenera kudya, utali wa tsiku, kwa masiku. Ndipo zinali chifukwa kunalibe chakudya. Tinali titadya nkhuku ndipo kunalibenso chakudya. Ndipo njala imeneyo idabwera kuchokera ku malamulo onse omwe atsamunda amatiyika. Sanali kuloledwa kusaka kapena kusodza. Choncho kunalibe chakudya, ngakhale kuti chakudyacho chinali mโtchire ndipo tikanaloledwa kupita kukachitenga nthawi ina iliyonse. Apo ayi, ngati titayesa, makolo anga amathera mโndende ndipo tikanamaliza sukulu yogonamo.
Chotero ndimakumbukira kuti ndinachezera abale ndi alongo anga mmenemo, ndipo zinali ngati kuchezera winawake mโndende, mmene amayi anga ndi ine tinachitidwira pamene anatibweretsa mmenemo, ndipo ulendowo unali kuyangโaniridwa. Kenako tinanyamuka. Ndipo pamene iwo anatuluka mmenemo, iwo anali osiyana ndi pamene iwo analowa mkati. Ndipo mu chondichitikira changa, pamene ine ndinapita, mchimwene wanga Arthur anandiphunzitsa ine kwenikweni mmene ndingamenyere. Anandiphunzitsa kumenya nkhonya ndi kukankha ndipo ndinali ndi zaka 8. Ndipo amandipatsa maphunziro omenyana. Ndipo zoona zake ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidandithandiza kuti ndipulumuke m'menemo chifukwa chimodzi mwazomwe ndidakumana nazo ndidalumphira ndi m'modzi mwa atsikanawo. Ndipo chinali chifukwa cha ziphunzitso zake zomwe ndinatha kudzisamalira ndekha ndili mwana wazaka 8.
Mukudziwa, takhala tikukamba za manda. M'malo mwake, ndiye maziko a imodzi mwamafilimu anga oyamba, "Makoma awa." Ndinali ndi masomphenya omwe ndimaganiza kuti anali zenizeni zenizeni, koma m'mene ndimaganizira kwambiri, ndinazindikira kuti sizinali choncho. Ndinali kuyenda mโnjira yopita kusukulu yogonamo, sukulu yogonamo ndi mkulu, ndipo iye anafika pakhoma, ndipo anaigwira, ndipo iye anati, โNdikuganiza kuti ili ndi khoma limene anakwiriridwamo.โ Ndipo iye ankatanthauza makanda, ana ndi makanda a pasukulupo.
Kotero ndinapita kusukulu ndipo ndinayenda m'njira ndikuyang'ana njira yomweyi, ndipo ndinapeza kolowera koma sindinapeze khoma, kotero sindinamvetse. Koma kenako ndinalota maloto oopsa kwambiri. Ndinasandutsa zinthu ziwirizo kukhala filimu yaifupi yotchedwa "Makoma Awa" ndipo ikukamba za ana ophedwa ndi osowa.
Grace Nkhunda monga Mariya [kuchokera ku โMakoma Awaโ]: Ndinawawona makanda.
Andrea Menard monga Claire [kuchokera ku "Makoma Awa"]: Chani? Mwati chiyani?
GD: Ndinawawona makanda. M'makoma. [Akulira modabwitsa.]
NK: Doreen, ndinawonera filimuyi posachedwa. Ndizosautsa kwambiri. Ndipo, ndithudi, Murray Sinclair, wapampando wa bungwe la Truth and Reconciliation Commission, mโmawu ake posachedwapa analankhula za mmene anamvera za makanda.
MS: Ena mwa opulumukawo anakamba za makanda amene anabadwira kwa atsikana aangโono a mโmasukulu okhalamo amene anabadwira ndi ansembe, kulandidwa makanda amenewo ndi kuwapha mwadala, nthaลตi zina mwa kuponyedwa mโngโanjo, anatiuza ife.
NK: Ndikudabwa ngati mukukhulupirira kuti sitinamvepo zoyipa?
DM: Ayi, ayi, simunamvepo zoyipa kwambiri. Amayi anga adapita kusukulu yogona ku Cranbrook. Ndipo anadzionera yekha mnzake wapamtima akuphedwa ndi sisitere. Sitereyo anangoponya kamtsikana kaja pansi ngati chidole ndipo khosi lake linathyoka.
Pasukulu yomweyi, atsikanawo sankafuna nโkomwe kulowa mโchipinda cha odwala, komanso sankafuna kudwala. Chifukwa ngati inu munadwala, ndipo inu mutalowa mmenemo, ndi kumene inu munagwiriridwa. Ansembe ankapita mmodzimmodzi kwa atsikana usiku uliwonse ndi kugwiririra aliyense wa iwo. Mayi anga anagwiriridwa mmenemo, ndipo ankaona anzawo akugwiriridwa mmenemo. Ndipo mmodzi wa akazi amenewo anatenga pakati. Ndiyeno anamuthamangitsa kusukulu, ankamutcha hule.
Ndinadzazidwa ndi madzi mmenemo. Ndinagwidwa pansi pa madzi mpaka ndinakomoka. Ndinali ndi zaka 8. Chabwino, chifukwa chimene iwo anandichitira zimenezo chinali chakuti ine ndinanyowetsa bedi langa. Ndinanyowetsa bedi langa chifukwa ndimantha. Ndinayenera kumenyera nkhondo moyo wanga. Ndinali mwana wamngโono, ndinali ndi mantha, sindinkadziลตa chimene chinali kuchitika. Sindimadziwa chifukwa chomwe adadi adandisiya m'menemo; Sindimadziwa komwe amayi anali. Chifukwa chake ndimanyowetsa bedi langa usiku uliwonse.
Zinthu zinkachitika ku bafa komwe ndinamva ngati atsikana akugwiriridwa mmenemo, atsikana aja, ngati udzuka pakati pausiku kupita ku bafa. Choncho sindinkafuna kulowa mmenemo. Ndipo sindinatero. Ndipo anayamba kundimanga zingwe kuti ndinyowetse bedi langa. Ndipo pamene izo sizinagwire ntchito, izo zinapitirira ku zilango zowawa kwambiri ndi zowawa kwambiri, mpaka izo zinafika pa izoโkungokhumudwa chabe chifukwa iwo ankaganiza kuti iwo akanakhoza kundigonjetsa icho mwa ine, kundichotsa khalidwe losiyana ndi ine.
Ndipo iyi ndi mbiri yanga. Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi chokha chondichitikira changa chomwe ndinapirira. Ndipo, mukudziwa, zinthu zomwe amayi ndi abambo anga adakambirana, nkhani zomwe ndazimva ... Ndidafunsa bambo ku Vancouver kuno ndipo adandiuza kuti anali m'modzi mwa ana omwe adayika ana, iye ndi anyamata ena awiri. , kuti mwana akamwalira mโsukulu imeneyo, usiku, pamene wina aliyense anali mtulo, ankayenera kupita kukakulunga mtembowo. Ndipo anyamata ena awiri awa, iwo anali achichepere achichepere, anachita kulinyamula mtembowo, kukumba manda, ndi kuwaika iwo mmanda. Ndipo iye amanyamula chikumbukiro chimenecho, ndi ana angati omwe iye ankayenera kuti achite izo chifukwa cha izo zomwe iwo anawapha.
Ndipo kunali njala. Mayi anga anandiuza kuti anali pa ntchito yophika. Ndipo amapita m'mawa kwambiri kuti ayesere kutola mbewa zambiri mu oatmeal asanaphike. Ngakhale pamene ndinapita, zinali choncho. Iwo sanasamale kwambiri. Munali mbewa ndi makoswe mโnyumba zimenezo ndipo anali kunyansidwa monsemo, mโzakudya, ndipo ndicho chakudya chimene timapeza. Ndipo ngati sitinadye phala lathu, phala lathu limodzi mโmawa uliwonse, akanasunga nkhomaliro. Ndipo kuti tiyenera kudya pa nkhomaliro. Ngati sitinamalize zonse pa nkhomaliro, tinkadya chakudya chamadzulo. Ndipo izo zikanapitirira pitirira monga choncho. Ndiye mukudziwa, zosankha zanu ndi ziti? Idyani zimenezo kapena mufe ndi njala.
NK: Kanahus, ndikufuna ndikubweretsereni mukukambiranaku.
Nyumba yayikulu yofiyira iyi inali m'dera lanu, m'gawo la Secwepemc, ndipo ndimayembekezera kuti mutha kufotokoza momwe idasinthira m'badwo wanu komanso malo omwe nyumbayi idakhalamo m'moyo wanu komanso m'malingaliro anu, podziwa zomwe idachita kwa abambo anu. , ndi agogo, ndi ena ambiri.
Kanahus Manuel: Nyumba ya njerwa iyi ndi nyumba yayikulu ya njerwa yomwe masiku ano imatenga malo ambiri mu mzinda wa Kamloops. Chotero pamene tinali kukula, nthaลตi zonse tinkachezera tauni yapafupi kwambiri, yomwe inali Kamloops, ndipo nthaลตi zonse tinali kuona nyumba ya njerwa imeneyo, ndipo tinadziลตa kuti imeneyo inali Kamloops Indian Residential School. Tinkadziwa kuti bambo athu amaphunzira ku Kamloops Indian Residential School. Ndipo tinkadziwa kuti agogo athu nawonso amapitako. Ndipo imeneyo sinali sukulu yokhayo. Koma ndi zomwe tinkawona tsiku lililonse, kapena pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, kapena nthawi iliyonse yomwe tinkayendera dera limenelo.
Ndipo sukulu ija itapangidwa, sinali Secwepemc yokha, sikunali Amwenye a mdera lathu okha, anali Okanagan, anali Stellat'en, Tsilhqot?in, anali a Tsilhqot? ndi Dine'. Anali mayiko onse ozungulira ngakhalenso malo ena kudutsa Canada kumene ana ankakakamizika kupita. Chifukwa chake zatikhudza kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe oti tiziwona tsiku lililonse amatikhudza tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ndinalera ana anga anayi kuchokera mu dongosolo limenelo ndipo sindinawaike mu mtundu uliwonse wa sukulu za boma chifukwa ndinkaona kuti sukulu iliyonse ya boma imagwirizanitsa ndi sukulu yogona chifukwa inali njira yophunzitsira njira zachitsamunda, ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndi maphunziro kwa ana, ndipo ine sindinkafuna konse kuwakankhira ana anga mu zimenezo.
DM: Chifukwa chake masukulu amenewo, adachita zinthu zingapo zosiyanasiyana, monga ngakhale popanda nkhanza, kukhazikitsa mibadwo yonse ya fuko la anthu. Zikutanthauza kuthyoledwa ndi kuthetsa dongosolo la banja lathu. Ndipo, inu mukudziwa, inu mukhoza kufanizitsa dongosolo la banja lathu ndi dongosolo lina lirilonse la banja, zinali zofanana. Ndiko komwe tinaphunzira kusamalana, kukhala kholo, kukonda, kumanga malire abwino, kumvetsetsa dziko lapansi, ndipo adachotsa chikhalidwe chathu ndi chinenero chathu ndikuchichotsa manyazi. Ndipo zoipa zonse zomwe zidanenedwa kwa ife kusukulu ngati ndife opusa, mahule, opanda pake, aulesi. Awa ndi mauthenga atsiku ndi tsiku omwe timalandira, m'malo mwa, "Ndinu okondedwa, ndinu okoma mtima, ndinu odabwitsa, mutha kuchita chilichonse chomwe mungafune m'dziko lino." Mauthenga omwe ana oyera ankalandira anali otsutsana kwambiri ndi mauthenga omwe tinkalandira.
Ndipo ukawalera ana monga choncho, amatuluka kusukulu ndipo umawona zotsatira zake. Mukudziwa, ine ndekha, ambiri a ife m'banjamo, tinkalimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndipo ife tinadutsa mu nthawi ya moyo wathu waung'ono kumene ife kwenikweni, tinkavutika kwambiri kuti tiyese kuswa mauthengawo. Ndiyeno chimene chimachitika ndiye kuti mumasanduka munthu wokonda kuchita zinthu mwangwiro, ndipo mumadzigwirira ntchito mpaka imfa. Kotero m'banja mwathu palibe amene amakhala zaka 67. Umeneyo ndi wamng'ono kwambiri kuti afe. Palibe amene amakhala zaka 67.
NK: Kanahus, muloรฑadi chakutalilahu chamwekeshaรฑa nsaรฑu yayiwahi yakuspiritu? Timamva mawu amenewo nthawi zonse. Koma nthawi zina chilankhulo choterechi chimasokoneza mawu a tanthauzo. Kodi kwenikweni kumatanthauza chiyani kukhala mโdera limene akuluakulu ambiri amapita kusukulu zimenezo, ndipo anakulira ndi nkhanza zimenezo, ndipo anakulira ndi machitidwe a manyazi ndi kulekana?
KM: Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kwa ife, monganso banja lathu la Manuel, ndikulankhula za zowawa zomwe zimatuluka pasukulu ija, zachiwerewere, zachipongwe, monga amakambitsira azakhali anga a Doreen. Koma ana ambiri amene amapita kusukulu anachitiridwa nkhanza zachisembwere: anyamata anagwiriridwa, atsikana anagwiriridwa, ndipo zimenezo ndi zinthu zimene timafunikiradi kukambirana kuti tichire. Tiyenela kukambilana za nkhanza, tiyenela kuulula anthu otizunzawo kuti zomwezi zisacitike mโbanja mwathu.
[Mawu a Secwepemc.] Sindingathe kuyankhula chinenero changa, nditha kunena mawu, koma ndicho chiyambukiro chomwe chimandipangitsa kuti ndiyambe kulankhula chinenero changa moipa kwambiri ndipo ndikulankhula chinenero cha atsamunda athu. kwa mdani amene akumatiphabe. Ndipo nyimbo ndi magule athu, chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene anangโamba kwa ife, sanafune kuti tiziyimba. Sanafune kuti tivine, ndipo ngakhale tsopano, mpaka lero, pamene tikutsitsimutsa nyimbo ndi magule athu a Secwepemc, ndipo tikuwatcha amayi kuti, โBwerani mudzavine nafe! Mavinidwe ndi nyimbo izi tikuzidziwa tsopano,โ [nyimbo ya Secwepemc imasewera mwakachetechete], ngakhale azimayi ena omwe adapita kusukulu zogona kapena amuna omwe adapita kusukulu zogona, ndizovuta kwambiri. Amafuna kuvina mwamphamvu kwambiri, koma sangathe. Ndi mantha amenewo. Ndipo ndi zomwe amamenya mwa anthu athu.
Ndipo m'badwo uno, ndi m'badwo wanga, komanso monga mwana wamkazi wa munthu yemwe adapulumuka kusukulu yogona, koma adakhala mtsogoleri wamphamvu, wamphamvu wadziko lathu - kudziko lathu - ndikulilumikiza nthawi zonse kudziko, ndipo ndikuganiza ndiye gawo lalikulu lomwe landithandiza kuchiritsa ine ndi m'badwo wanga, ndikungomva mawu a agogo anga.
George Manuel: Wonjezerani mphamvu zomwe muli nazo. Tiwonetseni kuti tikhoza kulamulira ufulu wathu wopha nsomba, tiwonetseni kuti tikhoza kulamulira ufulu wathu wosaka, tiwonetseni kuti tingathe kulamulira maphunziro, tiwonetseni kuti tingathe kulamulira tsogolo lathu lonse kupyolera mu ndale zathu.
KM: Ndipo bambo anga:
Arthur Manuel: Sitinganene kuti ndife gawo la Canada tikasauka mwadongosolo chifukwa sazindikira kuti tili ndi malo athu, gawo lathu.
KM: Mmene banja lathu limamvera ndi kuganiza pamene likuimira malo, zimatipatsa mphamvu. Zimatipatsa mphamvu. Zomwe zimatipatsa mphamvu zambiri kuposa anthu otsatirawa omwe akukumana ndi nkhanzazo komanso zowawa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zotsatira zake, ndipamene timatha kuyimirira ndikumenyana.
Ndipo tikudziwa kuti Canada ndiye wankhanza. Ndiwozunza kwambiri kunjaku kukakamiza mabanja athu kulowa m'sukuluzi. Tiyeni tiwulule izo. Tiyeni tiwaloze chala nโkunena kuti, โAyi, mfundozi, malamulo awa, onsewa ndi ophwanya malamulo, ndi akale, uku ndikuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Ndipo yankho lake nchiyani? Eya, munatingโamba dzikolo nโkutiika mโmasukulu amenewo. Ndichifukwa chake. Munatingโamba mโdziko lathu; ndi kumene chikhalidwe chathu chimachokera. Munatingโamba mโdziko lathu; ndi kumene chinenero chathu chimachokera, machitidwe a banja lathu amachokera.
Ndipo ndiye dziko lomwe tiyenera kupitiriza kuyang'anitsitsa, lomwe lidzakhala lomwe lidzathetse nkhanza zonse zomwe zinachokera ku sukulu yogonamo, ndi kubwerera kumtunda, kumenyera malo, chifukwa nthaka ili. chomwe chiti chitsitsimutse chirichonse kwa ife. Tikakhala ndi malo athu, tili ndi malo okwanira kuti tizitsatira chikhalidwe chathu komanso chilankhulo chathu.
NK: Pali mkwiyo waukulu womwe ukupita ku Tchalitchi cha Katolika, makamaka Papa atafotokoza zachisoni chake pamanda a anthu ambiri ku Kamloops, koma adasiya kupepesa kwenikweni.
Kanahus, abambo anu adafuna kupepesa komanso kukana kwa Papa uyu, koma osati kusukulu zokhalamo zokha. Asanamwalire, Arthur analemba kalata yotseguka yamphamvu kwambiri imeneyi kwa Papa Francis. Kodi mungatiwerengereko gawo lina lake?
KM: "Ndine membala wa fuko la Secwepemc kuchokera ku Interior of British Columbia, Canada, chigawo chakumadzulo kwambiri ku Canada, ndipo tikulimbanabe ndi zowawa zautsamunda za ku Europe zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adatsogolera Papa Nicholas. IV. Machata a Papa Nicholas Wachinayi anapereka madalitso a Tchalitchi ku malonda a akapolo ndi kuvomereza kupha anthu amene anawatcha โakunja ndi Saracens,โ amene anaphatikizapo aliyense padziko lapansi kusiyapo Akristu a ku Ulaya. Izi zinayambitsa kuwukira kolinganizidwa, kwapadziko lonse, ku Ulaya, ndi cholinga cholanda chuma cha dziko ndi kuchepetsa anthu ake kukhala akapolo. Cholinga cha kuba kosaphika ndi ukapolo sichinafanane, ndipo akadali kulungamitsidwa kotheratu kwalamulo kwa atsamunda a ku Ulaya ku America komanso maziko omaliza ovomerezeka atsamunda atsamunda. Ichi ndichifukwa chake anthu anga - komanso anthu amtundu wamtundu padziko lonse lapansi - akukupemphani kuti musiye poyera Chiphunzitso cha Discovery ndi ng'ombe za Papa Nicholas IV. Inu nokha padziko lapansi muli ndi mphamvu zochitira izi, ndipo kuchita koteroko kungathandize kubwezeretsa chikhulupiriro cha anthu anga ambiri ndi chilungamo cha mpingo. Zidzatithandizanso, pang'onopang'ono, kuti tipambane chilungamo kuno ku Canada, chifukwa ziphunzitso za tchalitchi zidakalipo, zaka zoposa 500 pambuyo pake, zifukwa zazikulu zalamulo zolandidwa malo athu ndi kugonjetsa anthu athu.
NK: Chifukwa chake pali zokambirana zapadziko lonse zomwe zikuchitika zokhudza sukulu zogona. Mizinda ina ikuletsanso Tsiku la Canada chaka chino, zomwe ndikuganiza kuti Arthur mwina akanavomereza. Koma Kanahus, mwakhala mukunena pamasamba ochezera a pa Intaneti kuti zokambiranazo sizikukwanira. Ndipo inu munalemba tsiku lina, ndipo ine ndibwereza apa, โIwo anatenga ana athu kuti akatenge malo. Tsopano, palibe amene akufuna kukumbukira kuti zinali za dzikolo. "
Doreen, zomwe zikusowekabe, mukuganiza, zazachuma zomwe masukulu adathandizira, za "chifukwa" kuseri kwa mabungwe owopsawa?
DM: Kalelo, ndi masukulu okhalamo, kunali kuphwanya mibadwo ya ana, kuwachitira manyazi chikhalidwe, kuwapangitsa kuti asafune kukhala Amwenye, kuchotsa chilankhulo, kotero kumangika kulikonse kudziko. Mumachotsa chinenerocho, mumachotsa chiyanjano cholimba ndi dzikolo, ndiyeno chikhalidwecho chichotseni. Chifukwa chake muli ndi anthu omwe sakufuna ngakhale kuwoneka Amwenye.
Onani kuchuluka kwa mabiliyoni, mabiliyoni, ndi mabiliyoni a madola omwe boma limaba pa malo athu ndi chuma chathu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito, chaka chilichonse. Inde ndi za dziko. Simungayende panja osasamalidwa ndi ife. Ndi chuma chathu ndi malo athu omwe amalipira msewu uliwonse, msewu waukulu uliwonse, choyikapo nyali chilichonse, ntchito iliyonse yomwe imaperekedwa kwa nzika iliyonse, ndi yathu. Ndipo iwo akugwiritsa ntchito izo ndiyeno amakhala ndi kulimba mtima kuti azisalana nafe, pamene iwo akukhala moyo ndi ife. Kupulumuka kwawo - tsiku lililonse - ndi chifukwa cha ife. Chifukwa chakuba komwe kukuchitikabe.
KM: Nkhani zonsezi zitatuluka, ngakhale kunena kuti iyi ndiye sukulu yayikulu kwambiri pasukulu zonse zogona anthu ku Canada, sizodabwitsa kuti sukulu yayikulu kwambiri ku Canada idamangidwa ndikuyendetsedwa m'maiko akulu kwambiri omwe sanapezekepo ku Canada. Secwepemc ndi 180,000 ma kilomita lalikulu. Awa ndi malo osaloledwa: palibe mgwirizano, palibe kugula, palibe mgwirizano wamalo, osapereka kapena kudzipereka ndi Great Britain, osati ndi Canada, osati ndi British Columbia. Dzikoli silinaperekedwe ndipo silinaperekedwe mpaka lero, mayiko a Secwepemc.
Ndipo zonse zomwe Canada idachita kulanda malo athu, kulamulira njira zathu zamalonda, zonsezi - kulamulira malo athu ndikulamulira chuma chathu. Iwo amanga masukulu amenewa kuti apeze malo, ndi kutengera. Ndipo kunali kofunika kwambiri kuti iwo atengeke ndi kuwaphunzitsa, chifukwa ndife ankhondo, ndife oteteza nthaka, ndife ochiritsa. Zinatipangitsa kuti tizidalira dzikolo. Tinkadalira kwambiri dzikolo kuti tipulumuke, momwe ife tirili. Koma iwo ankafuna kuti akafike ku dziko limenelo, ndipo iwo ankafuna kuti azidula mitengo, ndipo iwo ankafuna kupanga anga, ndipo iwo ankafuna kumanga misewu yawo yonse yayikulu, ndi njanji zawo chifukwa izo zonse zinamangidwa pamene ana awo anali mu sukulu imeneyo, pamene mabanja anali. wosweka, chifukwa cha kuba kwa ana awo.
Mitundu yonse yamakampani, amenewo anali phazi lawo pakhomo, chifukwa adachotsa kukana kwamtundu uliwonse kudziko limenelo. Ndipo ndipamene tidayamba kuona azimayi ndi atsikana amtundu woyamba kuphedwa ndi kusowa, ndipamene onsewa adabwera, migodi ya golide, amenewo anali misasa ya amuna oyamba omwe adabwera ndi misewu yayikulu ndi njanji; ndiyeno malamulo, ndi Indian Act, ndi kukakamiza dongosolo kusungitsa malo ndi m'masukulu okhalamo izi, zonse zinali mbali ya lamulo lalikulu kutichotsa ife mu gawo.
Ndipo bambo anga ananena momveka bwino pamene anauza dziko kuti timangokhala pa 0.2 peresenti ya madera athu amwenye.
Arthur Manuel: Mukaphatikiza nkhokwe zonse zaku India ku Canada, zonsezo, tili ndi 0.2 peresenti. Ndimomwemo ndife osauka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Canada ndi chigawo chomwe chili pansi pa Mfumukazi chili ndi 99.8 peresenti. Ndichifukwa chake Ontario ndi wolemera, ndimomwe BC ali wolemera, ndi chifukwa maboma amenewo amati.
KM: Mukuyang'ana gawo lathu ndipo mukuyang'ana pa Kamloops Indian Residential School ija, adachotsa anthu athu onse pa 0.2 peresenti chifukwa Kamloops Indian Residential School inalinso pa Kamloops Indian Reserve panthawiyo. Ndipo zomwe masukuluwo adachita ndikuti adagwetsa ndikuphwanya momwe timadzilamulira tokha, chifukwa monga Amwenye - komanso anthu ambiri amwenye - timatsatiradi mzere wathu wa matriline, komwe ndi akazi, ndi agogo, ndi agogo. amayi, ndi azakhali, ndi amene amasamaliradi dziko lawo ndi thanzi la ana awo ndi dziko, amene alidi ochita zisankho tikamakamba za ulamuliro wathu. Ndipo tsopano ndi kuphunzitsidwa ndi sukulu yogona, tikuwona zambiri zomwe zasintha, pomwe zakhaladi utsogoleri wophunzitsidwa bwino womwe wakhudzanso madera athu. Ndipo izi zimachokera ku zisankho zikafika kumayiko athu.
DM: Chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri zomwe ine ndekha ndidapirira nazo monga mayi Wachibadwidwe, zomwe sukulu yogonamo idapereka kwa azimayi achibadwidwe, ndikuti idakonzanso momwe abambo amamvetsetsa ubale wa amayi ndi banja ngati atsogoleri, komanso kwa anthu ammudzi monga atsogoleri. Ndipo ndinali nditazizira kwambiri m'sukulu yogonamo moti ndinasiya kulira nthawi ina ndipo sindinagwetsenso misozi kwa moyo wanga wonse.
Ndipo pa zinthu zonse zamisala, ndi zimene bambo anga ankandikonda kwambiri. Nthawi zonse ankandiuza kuti sindili ngati akazi ena a mโbanjamo. Ndipo kotero iye anandiphunzitsa ine utsogoleri. Koma anandiphunzitsa kukhala wolinganiza, ndi wolinganiza, ndi wosonkhanitsa ndalama, ndipo chifukwa chakuti ndinamutsatira kulikonse, ndinaphunzira kulankhula. Ndipo ndinaphunziranso zinthu zina zonse zimene azichimwene anga anaphunzira, koma sindinaziphunzire chifukwa ankandiphunzitsa, ndinaziphunzira chifukwa ankanditengera chitsanzo chabwino. Imeneyo inali njira yosiyana ndi abale anga.
Ndipo ine nthawizonse ndimakumbukira chinthu ichi chimene bambo anga anandiuza ine. Iye ndi ine tinali ngati tikukangana za chinachake - chinachake chopusa - ndipo ndinatembenukira kwa iye ndipo ndinati, "Kodi mukundigulitsa chiyani? Mukuganiza kuti ndikhala ndi udindo wanji?โ Ndipo iye anatembenukira kwa ine, ndipo iye anati, โO, ine sindikukuphunzitsa iwe kuti ukhale mtsogoleri. Ndikukuphunzitsani kuti muthandizire mtsogoleri. Ndikukuphunzitsani kukwatiwa ndi mtsogoleri ndikuthandizira munthu ameneyo ndikumupanga kukhala mtsogoleri. Ndipo ndinakhumudwa kwambiri. Ndipo iye anati, โIne sindikutanthauza kuti ndikukhumudwitseni inu,โ iye anati, โkoma taonani kuchuluka kwa mafumu akazi alipo.โ Ndipo panthawiyo panalibe wina aliyense. Ndipo iye anati, โSindikudziwa kuti amuna athu akusintha mwachangu bwanji kuti alandire mtsogoleri wachikazi. Ndipo sindikufuna kukuphunzitsani zinthu zimene sizidzakhalako, mwina ngakhale mโmoyo wanu wonse.โ
Koma ndikuganiza kuti amayi ambiri akuyenera kudzikakamiza kuti agwire ntchitoyo, udindo womwe anabadwira kuti agwire, osalola kuti maganizo atsamunda alowemo. Timawona zinthu bwinobwino. Timawona zomwe timamenyera, nthawi zonse zimakhala pamaso pathu, ana athu. Ndipo zimenezi zikutikumbutsa za ana amene adzabwere.
Ndipo amuna ena amatha kuchita zimenezo. Koma ambiri satero. Ndipo ndicho chinsinsi chotitulutsira mโvutoli, ndiyo ndewu yoopsa imene iyenera kuchitika ndi cholinga chimene chiyenera kuchitika.
KM: Ngati tikukamba za chitsitsimutso cha chikhalidwe chathu ndi machitidwe athu, ngati tikukamba za anthu omwe akufuna kuthandiza amwenye, ndi zothetsera, ndi machiritso omwe amasiyana ndi masukulu okhalamo, tiyenera kulankhula za malo ndipo tili nawo. kulankhula za utsogoleri. Tidzakhalabe olumikizidwa ku maiko athu kwamuyaya - Secwepemc [mawu mu Secwepemc]. Amayi anga, adatsimikiza kuti ndinene kuti, "gawo la Secwepemc kwamuyaya." Ndipo tikudziwa kuti polankhula chilankhulo chathu, ndi zinthu zonsezi zomwe amayesera kutilanda ife, pamodzi ndi maiko athu, koma tikamamenyera nkhondo, timadzilimbitsa tokha, komanso momwe timatsogolerera. Mwachitsanzo, mabanja ena alibe mphamvu zokwanira, chifukwa adazunzidwa kwambiri ndi dongosolo ndi boma, ndi sukulu zogona, koma ife ndife olimba, kotero tikhoza kutsogolera, kuti tithandize anthu athu. ndikuwona kuti ndi dziko lathu, ndipo ndili pano ndikupatulira moyo wanga kudziko, pano ndi ana anga pamzere wakutsogolo kumenyana ndi Trans Mountain Pipeline chifukwa ndimakhulupirira mozama m'moyo wanga, kuti banja langa lidachita zoyenera potuluka m'malo amenewo. masukulu okhalamo ndikuti, โAyi, tikumenyera minda yathu. Ndipo ichi ndi chopereka chathu ku dziko lathu. โ
NK: Kanahus, monga mudanenera, pokhala kutsogolo kwa nkhondo yaikuluyi yolimbana ndi kukula kwa mapaipi omwe anganyamule phula kuchokera kumchenga wa phula wa Alberta kupita kumphepete mwa nyanja ndikudutsa m'madzi ambiri m'dera la Secwepemc.
Nthaลตi yotsiriza imene ndinali mโgawo lanu, munali msonkhano waukulu wa anthu mโmphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Thompson, akuimba, ndi kuyatsa moto, ndipo analumbira kukana payipi imeneyi. Koma boma la Canada lakhala likukakamira kuyambira pamenepo; yakhazikitsa dziko lapansi, idagula kuchokera ku kampani ya ku America, yomwe idasiya ntchitoyo, mwa zina chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika kwachuma komwe kumabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito udindo ndi ufulu wawo.
Ndipo chimodzi mwankhanza kwambiri chomwe ndikumva chodabwitsa pa nthawiyi ndikuti pa tsiku lomwe nkhani idapezeka yopezeka manda a anthu ambiri ku Kamloops, Kanahus, alongo anu awiri anali kubwalo lamilandu ku Kamloops akudziteteza pamilandu yokhudzana ndi kukana kwawo. paipi iyi, ndipo inu nokha muli kukhoti pa milandu ina. Nthawi yotsiriza yomwe ndinakuwonani, dzanja lanu linathyoledwa ndi apolisi chifukwa chomangidwa mwankhanza kwambiri. Akuti ana atatu aakazi a Manuel ali ku khoti pa milandu yokaniza payipi imeneyi komanso zomwe sukuluzi zinali nazo poyamba, zomwe zinali kulandidwa malo?
KM: Monga Amwenye, tili ndi ufulu wokana mapaipi awa ndi mapulojekitiwa komanso kumisonkhano yokambirana ndi boma yomwe akuyesera kuti avomereze, koma tikakana, timapalamula. Ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti mfundo ndi malamulo awa, kuti aletse anthu akumidzi akadali adongosolo, akadalipo m'magulu onse a anthu aku Canada.
RCMP idatenga gawo lalikulu pakuchotsa ana amtundu wawo m'mabanja awo. Ndiwo amene anapita kumidzi ndipo anachotsa anawo mโmidzi yawo ndi mabanja awo nโkuwakakamiza kukwera mโmagalimoto oweta ngโombe, koma ananyamula anawo. Komabe, mpaka lero, RCMP ikuchitabe gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupha anthu amtundu wamtundu, chifukwa ndiutsamunda womwe ndi nkhondo. Ndipo atsamunda ndi kulanditsa Amwenye maiko athu.
Ngakhale mpaka lero, pamene tikukamba za zoletsedwa, a RCMP ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa ndi kumanga anthu amtundu wa dziko, ndi kuwatsekera m'ndende, ndikuwapatsa milandu yolepheretsa chilungamo ngati akana. kusiya madera omwe ali ndi zilango. Ndine mamilimita kunja kwa zoni yoyimitsira. Ndipo izi ndizosaloledwa chifukwa zikuphwanya ufulu wathu wapadziko lonse lapansi, Wachibadwidwe wachibadwidwe, kuti tili ndi ufulu wokhala ndi malo komanso kudzisankhira tokha.
Paipi imeneyi ikugwetsa nyumba za Amwenye kuzungulira mchenga wa phula wa Alberta. Akufa ndi khansa pamlingo womwe palibe waku Canada wina aliyense angadziwe, pokhapokha atakhala mozungulira mchenga wa phula wa Alberta. Umu ndi momwe akufuna kupha Mmwenye, tsopano, ndikuwononga dziko lawo. Iwo anawatenga iwo ku masukulu kuti akawononge Amwenye. Tsopano akutilanda dzikolo, akuwononga momwe angathere kudzera m'mafakitale awo.
NK: Kodi mukumva kuti china chake chikusintha? Kodi mukuwona anthu ambiri akupanga kulumikizana pakati pa masukulu, ndi nthaka, ndi RCMP pamene mukuwona ziboliboli zikugwa komanso miyambo imeneyi ikuchitika? Kodi tili m'kuwerengera koona?
DM: Ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri akadali atangoyamba kumene kukhala bwino, chifukwa sichinali nthawi yayitali kuti kupepesa kunabwera ndipo anthu ambiri adawona kupepesa kwa boma kwa ife pasukulu yogona ngati nthano chabe.
Koma kwa ine chimene ndinachiwona chinali chakuti: Chabwino, ndithudi, chinali chibwana. Eya, ndithudi, chinali chikalata cholembedwa bwino, mosamala kwambiri, cholembedwa mwaluso chomwe chinali ndi cholinga kuchokera kumalingaliro a boma. Kuchokera pamalingaliro anga, zidapangitsa kuti zidziwike. Anthu akudziwa kuti sukulu yogona ndi chiyani tsopano.
Mwachitsanzo, ndinapita ku ofesi ya dokotala wa mano pafupifupi chaka chapitacho. Chinachake chokhala pampando wamano chinapangitsa kukumbukira kuvulala pampando wamano pasukulu yogona, ndipo ndidayamba kulira ndipo sindingathe kuyimitsa, koma sindinkafuna kuti sukulu yogonayo itenge tsiku lina kwa ine, sindinatero. sindikufuna kuchita manyazi ndi chisoni changa ndikuthawa pamenepo ndiyeno ndiyenera kubwerera nthawi ina. Choncho dokotala wa mano atabwera, ndinamโfunsa kuti, โKodi mukudziwa kuti sukulu yogona anthu nโchiyani?โ Ndipo iye anati, โInde.โ Ndipo ine ndinati, โIne ndinachitiridwa nkhanza mu sukulu yogonamo ndipo gawo la nkhanza linachitika mu mpando wamano, ndipo ine ndikukhala mu mpando wamano uwu ndi kukumbukira, komabe ine ndikufuna inu mukonze mano anga. Kodi mungathe?โ Ndipo iye anati, โInde.โ Ndipo anali wodekha komanso wokoma mtima munjira yonseyi. Anandithandiza kuchira kwanga.
Mwaona, kupepesa kusanachitike, ine sindiri wotsimikiza kuti izo zikanachitika. Maumboni onse omwe adatengedwa ku Canada asanachitidwe, sindikutsimikiza kuti zikanachitika. Koma izi zinachitika osati kale kwambiri, pamene anthu anali kupereka umboni. Ndipo, mukudziwa, kufukulidwa kwa mandawa pasukulu yogona anthu a Kamloops kumayenera kuchitika kalekale. Ndimakumbukira. Ine ndinali kukhala kumeneko pa nthawi imeneyo pamene izo zimayenera kuti zichitike, ndipo ine ndinali kuziyembekezera izo. Koma sizinachitike pamenepo. Kotero ziri ngati mafunde omwe ife tikudutsamo, ndi machiritso omwe ife tikudutsamo.
Sindikuganiza kuti ndewu yathu ikukhala yosavuta kwenikweni. Ndikuganiza kuti tikuchita bwino pomenya nkhondo. Ndipo nthawi zonse tikamamenya nkhondo bwino, timaphunzitsa achinyamata mmene angakhalire bwino kumenyana. Kotero sindinganene kuti tikutaya malo aliwonse, koma ndikupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono.
NK: Banja lanu lakhala likuvutika m'mibadwo yambiri, chifukwa cha zoopsa ndi zoopsa. Kodi njira yodutsamo ndi chiyani? Ndi chiyani chomwe chimagwirizanitsa zaka zonsezi zakukonzekera ndi kuchita ziwonetsero?
DM: Ulusi wamba kwa ine, pa ntchito zonse zomwe abambo anga ndi abale anga achita, zikugwira ntchito kuti apange tsogolo la mibadwo yamtsogolo. Ndikutanthauza, onsewo ndi njira. Koma njira iliyonse imakhazikitsidwa poganizira za mibadwo yamtsogolo. Kodi tingatani kuti tisataye ufulu wathu wa Aaborijini, kulephera kuwongolera maphunziro athu kapena kutaya malo ochulukirapo? Kwa ine, kupanga zisankho m'dera lachikhalidwe ndi kophweka: Khalani ndi malo ndi udindo wa Aboriginal ndi ufulu wa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Arthur ankalankhula za nkhaniyi nthawi zonse. Iye sanali kudzichitira yekha ntchito imeneyo; anali kuchitira izo adzukulu ake amene anali nkudza.
KM: Ndikuona kuti Amwenye ali ndi ntchito yaikulu yoti agwire. Titha kutenga nthawi yonseyi, moyo wonse wa machiritso. Koma ndimatenga zomwe omenyera ufulu wamba amandiphunzitsa. Ndipo amati: Ayi, zomwe zimachitika zaka 10, m'zaka zachisinthiko ziyenera kuchitika zaka ziwiri. Uwu ndiye mtundu wa liwiro lomwe tikuyenera kuyamba kugwirira ntchito ngati tikufuna kuwona kusintha m'badwo wathu. Ndi nthawi yachisinthiko yomwe tikugwira ntchito chifukwa zaka 500 zomwe adatilanda, tiyenera kubwezeretsanso. Ndipo ndi ntchito. Ndi mphindi iliyonse yodzuka yatsiku lanu kuti mukusintha zomwe boma la Canada likuyesera kuchita. Ndipo momwe tikusinthira ndikubwezeretsa njira zathu ndikusinthanso njira zathu.
Choncho tili ndi ntchito zambiri. Ndipo iyi ndi ntchito yachangu, yofunika kuchitidwa, apo ayi Canada ikadakwaniritsa cholinga chake potichotsa ndi kutitengera ife, kutiwononga ndi kutisowa ndikutipanga ife anthu aku Canada. Koma sitidzakhala konse aku Canada. Chifukwa bola ife tiri pano, ndipo bola ngati magazi athu akupitiriza kuyenda, ndi mitsinje iyi ikupitirira, ndipo mitsinjeyi ikupitiriza kuyenda, padzakhala Secwepemc nthawi zonse.
Ndi zotsalira izi komanso manda a anthu ambiri akuwulula izi kuti aliyense awone. Ankafuna kutibisa, monga mmene mlongo wanga ananenera. Koma ife ndife mbewu, ndipo tikukula, ndipo palibe chimene iwo angachite kuti izi zisachitike.
NK: Ameneyu anali woteteza dziko Kanahus Manuel komanso wojambula mafilimu, Doreen Manuel. Tikuthokoza chifukwa cholankhula nafe.
[Mawu a nyimbo.]
NK: Ndipo izi zimachitira gawo ili la Intercepted.
Tili ndi maulalo ku ntchito ya alendo athu muzolemba zawonetsero, komanso olumikizana nawo ngati mukufuna thandizo ndipo mukufuna kuyankhula.
Mutha kutitsata pa Twitter @Intercepted komanso pa Instagram @InterceptedPodcast. Intercepted ndikupanga First Look Media ndi The Intercept. Ndine Naomi Klein, mtolankhani wamkulu ku The Intercept. Wopanga wathu wamkulu ndi Jack D'Isidoro. Wopanga woyang'anira ndi Laura Flynn. Betsy Reed ndi mkonzi wamkulu wa The Intercept. Rick Kwan adasokoneza chiwonetsero chathu. Nyimbo zathu zamutu, monga nthawi zonse, zidapangidwa ndi DJ Spooky.
Mpaka nthawi yotsatira.
Onetsani zolemba:
Doreen Manuel atha kupezeka @DoreenManuel1 ndi www.runningwolf.ca
Kanahus angapezeke pa @kanahusfreedom ndi www.tinyhousewarriors.com
"Kusokoneza Canada: Kuyimba Kwadziko Lonse," ndi Arthur Manuel
"The Reconciliation Manifesto: Kubwezeretsa Malo, Kumanganso Chuma," ndi Arthur Manuel
"Kuchokera ku Ubale kupita ku Dziko: George Manuel ndi Making of the Modern Indian Movement," Wolemba Peter McFarlane ndi Doreen Manuel, mawu omaliza a Kanahus Manuel
"Dziko Lachinayi: Chowonadi Chaku India," ndi George Manuel ndi Michael Posluns
โMakoma awaโ motsogoleredwa ndi Doreen Manuel
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