“Monga ukapolo ndi tsankho, umphawi si wachibadwa. Linapangidwa ndi anthu ndipo lingathe kugonjetsedwa ndi kuthetsedwa ndi zochita za anthu”
(President wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela)
Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chinali pafupifupi 7.8 biliyoni m’chaka cha 2020. Anthu pafupifupi 2.2 biliyoni alibe madzi abwino akumwa, ndipo oposa 4 biliyoni alibe zimbudzi zotetezeka. (1) Pafupifupi anthu 800 miliyoni akudwala matenda osoŵa zakudya m’thupi. Mwana mmodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa ana onse osapitirira zaka zisanu amavutika ndi vuto la kukula. (5) Chaka chilichonse ana pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ndi achikulire mamiliyoni ambiri amafa ndi matenda otetezedwa mosavuta (6) ndipo anthu 3 miliyoni amafa ndi njala. (9) Kupita patsogolo kwina kwachitika. pa zina mwazinthu izi, makamaka ku China. Komabe, zinthu zakhala zikuipiraipira m’madera ena, monga ngati Afirika.(4) Chiyambire 5, kusiyana kwa ndalama pakati pa mayiko olemera ndi maiko osauka kwaŵirikiza pafupifupi katatu.(1960)
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zachuma - Maiko Olemera Amasunga Osauka Mu Umphawi
Tawona m'zolemba zakale kuti mayiko olemera, motsogozedwa ndi US, adzagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa choopsa kuti atsogoleri awo osankhidwa akhale olamulira m'mayiko ena, kuti athe kulamulira chuma ndi malonda. Atsogoleriwa alibe chidwi kwenikweni ndi moyo wa anthu osauka kwambiri, ndipo ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zankhanza kuti azilamulira nzika zawo. Takambirananso njira zina zomwe dongosolo lazachuma limasamutsira chuma chambiri kuchoka kwa osauka kupita kwa olemera. Mayiko olemera, motsogozedwa ndi US, akulimbitsa dongosolo lazachuma ndi malonda padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limalimbikitsa kusalingana. Kudyera masuku pamutu anthu osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi kuli ngati ukapolo wamakono. Ena a iwo amapeza ndalama zokwanira kufa pang’onopang’ono chifukwa cha kupereŵera kwa zakudya m’thupi. Mayiko olemera amabweretsa zomwe zafotokozedwa kuti ndi "kufa kwa nthawi yayitali." (7)
Anthu akalephera kupeza moyo wabwino mwanjira ina iliyonse, amayamba kugulitsa kokeni, heroin, kugonana, magazi ndi ziwalo. Akakhala osimidwa kwenikweni ena amagulitsa ana awo kukhala akapolo. Akuti padziko lapansi pali akapolo osachepera 40 miliyoni (8) ndipo padakali ana 150 miliyoni omwe akugwira ntchito ya ana. nkhondo yapadziko lonse. Komabe, kuthana ndi mavuto akulu, monga kutsekula m'mimba, ndikosavuta mwaukadaulo. Kusakaniza kosavuta kwa mchere, shuga ndi madzi ndizomwe zimafunikira, komabe mamiliyoni ambiri amafa nazo. Kuthana ndi njala ndikosavuta. Bungwe la United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) nthawi zonse limayesa kupanga chakudya ndipo chaka chilichonse chakudya chonse chomwe chimapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi chimakhala chokwanira kudyetsa aliyense padziko lapansi ndikutsala pang'ono.
Owona ambiri anena kuti umphawi ndi kusalinganika ndizo Zida zenizeni zowonongera anthu ambiri. Tikanakhala ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi chitukuko chochepa, kachigawo kakang'ono chabe ka ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo padziko lonse zikanakhala zokwanira kuthetsa mavutowa padziko lonse lapansi. Atsogoleri a ndale ochokera m’mayiko otukuka nthawi zambiri amanena zothetsa umphaŵi, komabe zochita zawo zimasonyeza kuti zimenezi n’zabodza. Iwo alibe cholinga chosintha ndondomeko ya zachuma padziko lonse yomwe ingathetse mavutowa, chifukwa cholinga chawo chili pakukonzekera chuma cha dziko kuti chipindulitse iwo ndi makampani awo akuluakulu.
Kuyeza Umphawi - Mabodza, Ziwerengero ndi Propaganda
Pali zofalitsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi zachuma za mayiko osauka ndi chitukuko. Atsogoleri ochokera m’mayiko olemera amafuna kuti tizikhulupirira kuti ndondomeko ya zachuma ikugwira ntchito m’mayiko osauka, choncho amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengerozo kuti atiuze kuchuluka kwa anthu amene athawa umphawi. Komabe, amayang'ana tanthauzo la umphawi wadzaoneni, womwe umatanthawuza anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zosakwana $ 1.90 patsiku. Chiwerengerochi ndi chotsika mopanda tanthauzo ndipo chilibe tanthauzo. Anthu ambiri amene amapeza ndalama zambiri kuposa zimenezi amalephera kupeza zofunika pa moyo wawo, monga kudya chakudya chokwanira. Mmodzi mwa ofufuza otsogolera pa nkhaniyi, Jason Hickel, adanena kuti chiwerengero cha $ 7.40 patsiku ndi chizindikiro chabwino choyezera umphawi, ndipo ofufuza ena abwera ndi chiwerengero chofanana. (11) Deta yake imasonyeza kuti kuposa 4 anthu mabiliyoni - omwe ndi opitilira theka la chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi - ali pansi pa mzerewu, choncho sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo zofunika.
Kuyeza Kupititsa patsogolo - Kusamveka kwa GDP
Pofuna kuyeza momwe dziko likuyendera bwino akatswiri azachuma amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Ikuyenera kukhala mtengo wonse wa katundu ndi ntchito zomwe timagula ndikugulitsa, koma ndizosocheretsa kwambiri. Kazembe wakale wa Bank of England, Mark Carney, adanenanso kuti diamondi zokongoletsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda ntchito, koma timayika mtengo waukulu kwa iwo, pomwe madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi (pamodzi ndi mpweya ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa) koma ali ndi pafupifupi. palibe phindu lachuma.(12) Ngati mayi asamalira mwana wake, izi sizimayesedwa mu GDP chifukwa ndalama sizisintha manja. Ngati mayi akulipira nanny, ndalama zimasintha manja, kotero izi zimawonjezera GDP, komabe ntchito yomweyi yachitika. Gwero lofunika kwambiri la zakudya za ana, mkaka wa m'mawere waumunthu, ulibe phindu malinga ndi zachuma. Monga momwe katswiri wina wamkulu adanenera:
“Pankhani ya zachuma, ngati mukusita, kugula kapena kulera ana, muli ‘panthawi yopumula’” (13)
Zinthu zazikuluzikulu za ntchito zofunika za anthu, monga kusamalira ana, kusamalira achibale okalamba komanso kuyendetsa banja, sizikuphatikizidwa muzachuma.
GDP imayesa zochitika zina zomwe zili zoipa kwa anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kuthetsa milandu, kupukuta mafuta pambuyo pa kutayika kwa mafuta kapena kuchiza anthu okhudzidwa ndi ngozi ya galimoto kumawerengedwa ngati GDP, pamene zikuwonekeratu kuti kukhala ndi milandu yochepa, kuwonongeka kwa galimoto ndi kutaya mafuta poyamba kungakhale bwino. Zochita zosaloledwa monga mankhwala osokoneza bongo zimawerengedwanso. Zimavomerezedwa kuti njira yofulumira kwambiri yowonjezera GDP ndiyo kupita kunkhondo.
Zinthu zachilengedwe monga mitengo zimangowerengedwa mu GDP ngati tikufuna kuzidula ndikugwiritsa ntchito matabwa. Sawerengedwa ngati titawasiya pansi monga mbali ya chilengedwe, komabe amagwira ntchito zambiri zofunika zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kukhazikika kwa nthaka, kusefukira kwa madzi (14) ndi khalidwe la mpweya.(15) Zinthu zonse zomwe zili zosawerengedwa mu GDP kwenikweni ndi zamtengo wapatali kwambiri kuposa zinthu zomwe zimawerengedwa.
Magulu ena akhala akuyesera kupanga zizindikiro zomwe zimapereka mlingo wabwino wa kupita patsogolo ndi moyo wabwino, monga United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Zina mwa zizindikirozi zikusonyeza kuti kuyambira 1970 mbali yaikulu ya dziko lapansi yapita patsogolo pang’ono. pansi pa miyezo ya maiko otsogola kwambiri ndipo ali ofanana ndi maiko ambiri osauka.
Kagawidwe ka Chuma
Kugwiritsa ntchito GDP ndikosokeretsa chifukwa kumanyalanyaza momwe chuma chimagawidwira. Ngakhale mayiko osauka kwambiri ali ndi anthu olemera kwambiri ndipo mayiko ambiri ali ndi gulu lomwe lingatchedwe kuti anthu apakati. Ngati chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu chimakhala cholemera kwambiri ndipo ena onse amabwerera m'mbuyo, GDP ya dziko ikhoza kuwonjezeka, ndipo chuma 'chachiwerengero' chikhoza kuwonjezeka, kupanga chinyengo cha kupita patsogolo, pamene umphawi ndi kusalingana kungakhale koipitsitsa. GDP simatiuza kuti ndi ana angati omwe amaphunzira bwino kapena kuti ndi anthu angati omwe angapeze chithandizo chamankhwala.(18) Kufufuza koyang’ana magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, monga madera olemera ndi osauka kwambiri a anthu, ndi abwino, koma maboma sachita bwino. monga izi zikukambidwa chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuti osauka ambiri akupita patsogolo pang'ono, kapena kubwerera m'mbuyo, pansi pa dongosolo lamakono. GDP ku India ikukwera kwambiri, koma opitilira theka la anthu amapezabe ndalama zosachepera $3 patsiku.(19)
Dongosolo lazachuma liyenera kukhala njira yopezera mathero, osati mathero mwa iwo okha. Zomwe tikuyenera kukhala ndi cholinga ndi moyo wabwino kwa aliyense, makamaka, kukweza moyo wa anthu osauka kwambiri m'maiko olemera ndi osauka. Pali umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti mayiko otsogola safunanso kukula kwina. Amangofunika kugawa bwinoko. Monga momwe katswiri wina wotsogola adanenera:
“Titha kukhala m’dziko la anthu ophunzira kwambiri, otsogola kwambiri pa zaumisiri wopanda umphaŵi ndi njala, zonse zili ndi vuto lalikulu. Zochepa chuma ndi mphamvu kuposa zimene tikugwiritsa ntchito panopa.” (20)
Neocolonialism - Maiko Ena Anali Kuchita Bwino Tisanalowerere
Oulutsa nkhani amakonda kuimba mlandu maboma akunja chifukwa cha umphaŵi, koma samatchula kuti United States ndi Britain nthaŵi zonse amagwetsa maboma amene anali kuyesera kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa moyo wa anthu awo osauka kwambiri, kapena kuti dongosolo lazachuma lasonkhezeredwa kudyera masuku pamutu maiko osauka. Atolankhani nthawi zambiri amalankhula za ziphuphu m'mayiko osauka, koma nthawi zambiri amalephera kutchula kuti makampani ochokera m'mayiko otukuka ndi omwe amapereka ziphuphu zazikulu kwambiri. M’zaka za m’ma 1950 ndi m’ma 1960, maiko ambiri osauka anapita patsogolo mofulumira, chifukwa maiko olemera sanaloŵererepo monga momwe akuchitira lerolino. Ambiri mwa mayikowa adabwerera mmbuyo mwachangu pomwe US ndi mayiko ena olemera adasokonezanso, zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa neocolonialism.
Kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala ndi maphunziro abwino kwa anthu onse, ndikuchotsa anthu paumphawi wochepa kwambiri sizovuta. Maiko achisosholisti monga Cuba, kapena dziko la India la Kerala, ali ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri. Iraq ndi Libya zinali ndi machitidwe a sosholisti, ndipo anali pafupi kwambiri kukhala mayiko oyamba padziko lonse lapansi US ndi Britain asanawawononge. Ngati maiko osauka aloledwa kusankha atsogoleri awoawo, ndi kudzisankhira mfundo zawozawo, ambiri a iwo angayesetsedi kuchotsa anthu awo onse muumphaŵi.
Kuti Mumvetse Umphawi, Phunzirani Olemera
Ngati tikufuna kumvetsetsa umphawi, tingaphunzire zochepa chabe mwa kuphunzira za osauka. Tiyeneradi kuphunzira za anthu olemera ndi amphamvu, m’mayiko otukuka komanso m’mayiko osauka. Iwo amasankha maubwenzi apakati pa mayiko, ndipo amasankha mmene chuma cha dziko chimakhalira. Iwo amaona mmene dziko lilili lotukuka m’mafakitale, ndipo amachita mbali yaikulu m’kugaŵira chuma m’chitaganya.
Tawona m'zolemba zakale kuti makampani apadziko lonse lapansi amapeza 'zakudya zaulere zaulere' zochulukirapo (ndalama zowonjezera zomwe sanapeze). Tinaonanso kuti kusamutsidwa kwa chuma chonse kuchokera ku mayiko osauka kupita ku mayiko olemera chaka chilichonse kumaposa $2 thililiyoni. Boma la US lili ndi njira zingapo zokakamiza maiko kuti atenge nawo mbali pamachitidwe achinyengowa. Izi zingaphatikizepo ziphuphu, zilango ndi nkhondo. Cholepheretsa chimodzi chachikulu pakuthetsa umphawi padziko lonse ndi mfundo zakunja za US.
Mfundo Zowunika
Padziko lonse pali umphawi waukulu, chifukwa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu akuusunga mokangalika.
Kuchotsa anthu onse paumphaŵi wochepa kwambiri sikovuta ngati maboma aika patsogolo zimenezi, ndipo mayiko otukuka sakusokoneza.
Kuti timvetse umphaŵi tiyenera kuphunzira anthu olemera ndi amphamvu m’mayiko olemera ndi osauka omwe.
Mawebusayiti Othandiza
Worldbank.org ili ndi chidziwitso chabwino (koma osazindikira malingaliro awo)
Jason Hickel, 'Kodi Kumadzulo kumasamaladi zachitukuko', Guardian, 5 Mar 2016
Kuwerenga Kwambiri
Jason Hickel, The Divide: Chitsogozo chachidule cha kusalingana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi mayankho ake, 2017
Zak Cope, Chuma cha Mitundu Ina, 2019
Zothandizira
1) WHO/UNICEF JMP, '1 mwa anthu atatu padziko lonse lapansi alibe madzi abwino akumwa', WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 3 June 18, pa
2) 2018 World Njala ndi Umphawi Mfundo ndi Ziwerengero, pa
https://www.worldhunger.org/world-hunger-and-poverty-facts-and-statistics/
3) WHO, 'Mwana wosakwana zaka 15 amamwalira masekondi asanu aliwonse padziko lonse lapansi', 5 Sep 18
4) Padziko lonse lapansi, anthu pafupifupi 9 miliyoni amafa chaka chilichonse ndi njala ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha njala. Izi ndizoposa za Edzi, malungo ndi chifuwa chachikulu chophatikizidwa', zomwe zimasinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku, pa
5) Roge Karma, 'Nthano 5 Zokhudza Umphaŵi Wapadziko Lonse', Zochitika Zamakono, 26 July 2019, pa
https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019/07/5-myths-about-global-poverty
6) Jason Hickel, The Divide: Chitsogozo chachidule cha kusalingana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi mayankho ake, 2017
7) Nafeez Ahmed, 'The Holocaust Yobisika - Vuto Lathu Lachitukuko Gawo 3: Mapeto A Dziko Lapansi Monga Tikudziwira?', 1 Jan 2008, at
https://www.nafeezahmed.net/thecuttingedge//2008/01/hidden-holocaust-civilizational-crisis.html
8) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century
9) UNICEF, 'Child Labor', 3 Sep 2020, pa
https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-labour
10) SIPRI, yotchulidwa mu Reuters, '10 peresenti yokha ya ndalama zankhondo zapadziko lonse zikhoza kuthetsa umphaŵi: tank tank', 4 April 2016, pa
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-military-goals/just-10-percent-of-world-military-spending-could-knock-off-poverty-think-tank-idUSKCN0X12EQ
11) Banki Yadziko Lonse, 'Pafupifupi theka la dziko lapansi limakhala ndi ndalama zosakwana $5.50 patsiku', 17 Oct 2018, pa
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/10/17/nearly-half-the-world-lives-on-less-than-550-a-day
12) Mark Carney, 'Kuchokera pamakhalidwe kupita kumsika', nkhani za Reith 2020, BBC Radio 4, 4 Dec 2020, pa
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000py8t
13) Marilyn Waring, 'Ntchito yosalipidwa yomwe GDP imanyalanyaza - komanso chifukwa chake ili yofunika', TED ikulankhula New Zealand, Aug 2019, pa
14) Emma Kemp, 'Kubzala mitengo kuti athetse kusefukira kwa madzi', The Ecologist, 14 Marichi 2019, pa
https://theecologist.org/2019/mar/14/planting-trees-tackle-flooding
15) Simon Williams, chowerengera cha pa intaneti chikuwonetsa momwe mitengo imasinthira mpweya wabwino ndikuchepetsa mtengo waumoyo ', UK Center for Ecology and Hydrology, 12 Julayi 2019, pa
16) Jason Hickel, 'Kodi dziko lapansi ndi losauka kapena lopanda chilungamo', 22 Feb 2021, pa
https://www.jasonhickel.org/blog/2021/2/21/is-the-world-poor-or-unjust
Kusamveka kwa GDP kukuwonetsedwa mu zokambirana zotsatirazi za 'Leprechaun economis' pamene GDP ya Ireland inasintha 35% chifukwa chowerengeranso.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechaun_economics
17) Chizindikiro Chakutsogolo Choona, pa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator
UNHDI pa http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/
Lipoti la 2020 Human Development ku http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report
18) Victoria Fan et al, 'Kuona thanzi ngati chitukuko: kupita kupitirira zogulitsa zapakhomo', British Medical Journal, 23 Oct 2018, pa
https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4371
19) Banki Yadziko Lonse, '$1 Biliyoni kuchokera ku World Bank kuteteza osauka kwambiri ku India ku Covid-19 (Coronavirus)', 14 Meyi 2020, pa
20) Jason Hickel, 'Kodi dziko lapansi ndi losauka kapena lopanda chilungamo', 22 Feb 2021, pa
https://www.jasonhickel.org/blog/2021/2/21/is-the-world-poor-or-unjust
21) Dinyar Godrej, 'Mbiri yachidule ya umphawi', New Internationalist, 20 April 2020, pa
https://newint.org/features/2020/02/10/brief-history-impoverishment
Rod Driver ndi wophunzira wanthawi yochepa yemwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kutsutsa zabodza zamasiku ano zaku US ndi Britain, ndikufotokozera zankhondo, uchigawenga, zachuma ndi umphawi, popanda zopanda pake pamawayilesi wamba. Nkhaniyi idayikidwa koyamba pa medium.com/elephantsintheroom
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