Gwero: Jacobin
M'chilimwe cha 2004, monga wophunzira wachichepere, ndinatumizira imelo Stanley Aronwitz kupempha msonkhano kuti tikambirane lingaliro langa la udokotala. Iye anayankha kuti pali zifukwa zitatu zokhalira pulofesa: June, July, ndi August. Anandipempha, mwaulemu, kuti ndimulemberenso mu September.
Imeneyi inali nthawi yomwe ndinazindikira kuti ndikufuna kukhala pulofesa wa ku koleji, zomwe pamapeto pake, mwamwayi wosawerengeka patapita zaka zambiri, ndinakhala - zomwe zinamukhumudwitsa Stanley.
Stanley anali ndi ntchito imene anaitcha โntchito yabwino yomalizira ku America,โ pulofesa wa pakoleji. Zinapereka ndalama zokwanira ndi kudziimira pa ntchito, mlingo wa kufotokoza momasuka. Anali ndi mgwirizano, umene anali mtsogoleri, ndipo ankakonda ntchitoyo nthawi zambiri.
Komabe mu nkhani "Ntchito Yabwino Yomaliza ku America" โโyomwe pamapeto pake idakhala a buku, amafotokoza zomwe ndimaona kuti ndizofunikira nthawi zonse pa ntchito yake yonse yanzeru. Wolembedwa m'mabuku, chakumayambiriro, amadandaula za kusamalira mwana wake wamkazi, Nona - adayenera "kutumikira puking" - zomwe zidasokoneza tsiku lake la ntchito. Ndi tsiku limene, pamene iye potsiriza afika kuti alikonze izo, izo zimamveka mwakachetechete momasuka ndi miyezo ya masiku ano. โKupatula pa mfundo yoti ndiphunzitse kapena kutsogoza kalasi imodzi kapena aลตiri pamlungu ndi kuwongolera zosachepera zisanu panthaลตi imodzi, ndimalamulira bwino nthaลตi yanga yantchito,โ akulemba motero.
Stanley anali katswiri wodziwa za ntchito, ntchito, mabungwe, kalasi, maphunziro, ndale za ku America, ndi Marxism. Chimene chinasokerera nkhani zimenezi pamodzi kwa iye chinali kudera nkhaลตa pa kulamulira kwathu pamodzi kwa nthaลตi, nthaลตi imene ili yofunika kwambiri pa zodetsa nkhaลตa zathu za tsiku ndi tsiku za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku limodzinso ndi tsogolo la anthu onse pansi pa ukapitalist. Ankawona kuti mabungwe ogwira ntchito adagonja nkhondoyi kwa maola ocheperako, adataya ntchito yawo yoyambirira, ndipo chifukwa chake, adayenera kuchita nawo zokambirana - "kupempha pamodzi" nthawi zonse amaziyika - pa kagawo kakang'ono ka mkate ndi batala.
Stanley anachokera mโbungwe la anthu ogwira ntchito. Nthaลตi zina, iye ankawoneka kuti ali pachimake pa zinthu, monga pamene anaikidwa ndi Bayard Rustin kugwirizanitsa ntchito zothandizira pa March ku Washington. Komabe, mwa mbiri yake, iye anali munga wolimbikira ku ulamuliro wa mgwirizano. Monga wolinganiza komanso wonyadira woyambitsa bungwe la Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers kumpoto kwa New Jersey, "adathamangitsidwa" ku Puerto Rico ndi utsogoleri wa mabungwe omwe, mwamwayi, adakhala ndi nthawi yosinkhasinkha.
Pambuyo pake atabwerera ku mayiko, zomwe adakumana nazo monga wogwirizira komanso wowerenga wokonda mbiri yakale ndi nthanthi za chikhalidwe cha anthu zidasinthidwa kukhala kutsutsa kogwirizana kwa ntchito - kuphatikiza zomwe adawona ngati okhululukirira ntchito, mabungwe omwewo - mu Malonjezo Onama: Kupanga Chidziwitso cha Gulu Logwira Ntchito ku America. Kutsutsa kwina kwa gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito pambuyo pa nkhondo, zomwe zikuwonetseratu za Kumadzulo kwa Marxism pasukulu ya Frankfurt, ndiko kufufuza kozama kwambiri kwa anthu ogwira ntchito komwe ndidawerengapo.
Mโmenemo, iye amayala maziko a nkhaลตa yake ponena za โnthawi yopuma kapena yopanda malire.โ "Kusiyanitsa pakati pa malo achinsinsi ndi apagulu omwe amapanga maziko enieni a kudziyimira pawokha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito akuphwanyidwa nthawi zonse," analemba motero. "Komabe kukana kuwukiridwa kotereku ndiye gawo lofunikira kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito lizipanga mbiri yawoyawo."
Pambuyo pake, adapeza gig yophunzitsa nthawi zonse ku City University of New York (CUNY) mu chikhalidwe cha anthu - chilango chomwe, mwachidziwitso, nthawi zonse ankatalikirana nacho. Stanley ankadana ndi misonkho ya sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, akuumirira kuti malirewo anali osasunthika, okhwima, komanso makamaka kwa akatswiri m'malo mopititsa patsogolo zochitika zamagulu.
Kwinakwake, nthawi zina, wina adzalemba kusinkhasinkha kwathunthu pa ntchito ya moyo wake. Iwo adzalowamo Vuto la Kukonda Zinthu Zakale, kusayamikiridwanso kosayamikiridwa kwa Marx potengera zofuna za New Left. Zomwe ambiri amatsutsa zinali zolakwika za mgwirizano wakale - kusadziwa "zofuna zachikhalidwe" za chilungamo cha jenda, fuko, ndi kugonana - Stanley adawona ngati chifukwa cholemberanso mkangano wa Marx wokhudza mphamvu yomwe idakhala ngati injini yakusintha mbiri. . Mโmalingaliro a Stanley, sikunali kuti Marx anali wolakwa ponena za mbali yaikulu ya kulimbana kwa magulu; chinali chakuti tanthawuzo la Stanley la chimene limapanga kulimbana kwa magulu linali lalikulu kwambiri kuposa la nkhalambayo.
Unali mutu womwe adaubwerezanso Mmene Maphunziro Amagwirira Ntchito mu 2003, chaka chimene ndinakumana naye, mโmene anakangana za โkulekanitsa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu pakati pa magulu ndi magulu a anthu.โ Magulu enieni a chikhalidwe cha anthu - zovutirapo "kugonjetsa magawano pakati pa anthu akuda ndi oyera, mbadwa ndi akunja, amuna ndi akazi, kuti apange gulu la ogwira ntchito lodziimira pawokha" - anali, m'mawu ake, ofanana ndi kupanga magulu.
Olemba mbiri a Future Stanley ayeneranso kulimbana ndi kusanthula kwake mosamala za ntchito yaukadaulo pantchito, monga momwe adafotokozera. Tsogolo Lopanda Ntchito (yolembedwa ndi mnzake wapamtima William DiFazio), komanso makamaka m'buku lolembedwa ndi "The Post-Work Manifesto." Stanley sankadziwika kuti ndi katswiri wa maphunziro, ngakhale kuti sizinamulepheretse kulemba mabuku awiri pa mutuwo. Factory Knowledge ndi Zotsutsana ndi Sukulu. Ndinadabwa kwa nthawi yaitali chifukwa chake sanalembepo zambiri zokhudza kugonana. Nthawi zambiri ankalimbana ndi mutuwo pochita za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ntchito, ndipo adawona phindu lalikulu pophunzira chiphunzitso cha libidinal ndi erotic cha Freud ndi Reich mu maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito.
Ndipo panali nthawi imeneyo mu 2002 adathamangira kazembe wa New York ngati Green. George Pataki adapambana mpikisanowu, koma Stanley adamaliza gawo lachisanu ndi mavoti 41,797 - pafupifupi kuwirikiza katatu, ziyenera kuzindikirika, monga Andrew Cuomo.
Kupeza Zofunika za Moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
Ndinapita kukaphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu ku CUNY chifukwa ndinali nditawerenga Malonjezo Abodza pogwira ntchito ku bungwe la ogwira ntchito. Monga pulofesa, ankasinthasintha pakati pa kuwerenga kwambiri malembawo komanso kuti asawerenge ngakhale pang'ono. Makalasi ake adawala mwanjira iliyonse. Mphunzitsi wabwino amaphunzitsa zinthu; wamkulu amakulimbikitsani kufunsa mafunso abwino. Nthawi yanga yophunzira naye inali nthawi yapamwamba kwambiri pa moyo wanga wanzeru.
Stanley anali m'modzi mwa amuna okongola kwambiri omwe ndidakumanapo nawo, ali ndi nzeru zankhanza, kumwetulira kosatheka, komanso maso opanda chinyengo - ngakhale amakupatsirani zoyipa. Iye anali munthu woyamba kundiuza, mwachisawawa, kuti tsitsi langa likutha. Munthawi ya mayeso apakamwa a maphunziro anga omaliza, omwe anali wowunika wamkulu, adapanga ndalama ndi ine kuti kusanthula kwanga kwa Antonio Gramsci kunali koyipa kwambiri kuposa kwake. (Kenako anakana mwachisomo kuvomereza malipiro anga a $20 pamene wophunzira mnzanga amene anamaliza maphunzirowo anatsimikizira kuti anali โwolondola.โ)
Nditamuuza za cholinga changa chofuna kugwira ntchito ya uprofesa, anandichenjeza kuti ndiikane. Iye anati: โSadzakupatsani nthawi yopumula kuti muganize. Ntchito yabwino yomaliza ku America, idapezeka kuti sinali yabwinonso kwa iye. (Ndinatenga ntchitoyo, osati malangizo ake).
Ndinayandikira pafupi ndi Stanley nditalowa mu Board of Directors of the Left Forum, yomwe adayambitsa. Kumanzere Forum inali mtundu watsopano wa Socialist Scholars Conference, msonkhano wapachaka wa US ndi mayiko akumanzere. Ndinabadwa kuti ndithandize kubweretsa achichepere a mikhalidwe yosiyana ya ndale mโgulu. Monga wanzeru wofunitsitsa, ndinakhala mozungulira matebulo ndi Frances Fox Piven, Bill Tabb, Rod Bush, Nancy Holmstrom, Stanley, ndi owunikira ena ambiri omwe anapanga gulu lathu lolinganiza. Ndinkaona ngati ndasankhidwa kuti ndikhale mโgulu la akatswiri onse popanda kuchita nawo masewera enaake.
Stanley adawoneka kuti alibe chidwi ndi magawo amisonkhano omwe timayika pamodzi pamitu yantchito ndi ntchito, ngakhale atakhalapo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, iye anachirikiza kuloลตerera kwathu mโmaphunziro a zachikhalidwe, kapena, monga momwe anakondera, โchinthu chofunika kwambiri cha moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.โ Tinkaika patsogolo pa zaluso, zamankhwala, zamasewera, ndipo ngakhale kamodzi tinkachititsa konsati yathuyathu ya nyimbo zachikale.
Kutanganidwa kwa Stanley ndi zaluso, nyimbo, ndi makanema - nthawi zonse "kanema," osati chinthu chodzikweza ngati "cinema" - adafufuzidwa nthawi zina m'maphunziro ake ophunzirira ndipo adakhala ngati maziko a ntchito yake yonse pamalingaliro otsutsa, ntchito, ndi mabungwe. . Iye ankaganiza kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito silinayang'ane ntchito yawo pakusintha zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za quotidian. Mfundo yosavuta yochotseratu ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa zimatanthawuza kuti okonza mgwirizanowo sakusonkhanitsanso malipiro a umembala maso ndi maso, chizindikiro kwa Stanley cha kupuma kwakukulu pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe awo.
Sanaphonyepo mwayi wodzudzula Wagner Act, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati kukula kwa kupambana kwa New Deal, monga lamulo lomwe lidakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamagulu. Zinatero, monga momwe adalembera Malonjezo Abodza, pokhazikitsa mgwirizanowu kukhala woyang'anira ufulu wothandizidwa ndi boma m'malo mongosonyeza zikhumbo za anthu ogwira ntchito. Kwa iye, kunyengerera uku sikunali kokha kutha kwanthawi yayitali - kunali kusakhulupirika kwina.
Anasankha nyimbo yakale yachikale iyi ya epigraph ya buku lake:
Mgwirizano wa ovala zovala ndi mgwirizano wopanda wabwino,
Ndi mgwirizano wamakampani ndi mabwana.
Opanga zovala akale ndi abodza a Socialist
Ndi antchito akupanga mitanda iwiri.
The Dubinskys, Hillquits, Thomases
Ndi ochita malonjezano abodza.
Amalalikira socialism koma amachita fascism
Kupulumutsa capitalism ndi mabwana.
Kumene Ufulu Umayambira
Kumudziwa Stanley, kumukonda kunali kukangana naye. Ndinasiya ntchito ku Left Forum Board, pamodzi ndi anthu ena ochepa, koma Stanley sanapitirize. Tonse tinazitengera payekha. Ndiye zaka ziwiri zapitazo, Stanley anavomera kukumana nane - m'chilimwe! Ndinkapita ku New York City ndipo ndinkafuna kuti ndimuuze za buku limene ndinkalemba pa nthawi ya ntchito.
Tidakumana nthawi ya 9 AM pa chakudya cham'mawa pa imodzi mwazakudya zomwe amakonda ku Queens. Ndinaitanitsa khofi ndi donati. Analamula biringanya parmesan ndi Coke yaikulu - "chifukwa cha kuwonjezeredwa kwaulere," adatero, akumwetulira.
Pamsonkhano wathu, iye anabwerera mosalekeza ku ndime ya Marx imene analoweza pamtima monga lemba lakuti: โUfulu umayambira kokha pamene ntchito imene imatsimikiziridwa ndi kufunikira ndi kulingalira wamba kumalekaโฆ gawo lenileni la ufulu, limene, kuphuka kokha ndi gawo lofunikirali monga maziko ake. Kufupikitsa tsiku logwira ntchito ndiye chofunikira kwambiri. โ
Nthawi imeneyi ndinatsatira malangizo ake. Ndinamaliza buku langa polingalira ndimeyi. Mfundoyi, Stanley anaganiza, sikunali kungothetsa ntchito, koma kulongosolanso malo ofunikira kuti aphatikizepo zinthu zonse zabwino za moyo - monga zambiri ndi nthawi yochuluka.
Stanley analibe "zolingalira wamba." Mabuku ake, maphunziro, zokamba, ngakhale macheza am'mawa, anali odzaza ndi moyo. Anayamba kuimba nyimbo m'kalasi ndi pamisonkhano, nthawi zonse anali munthu waphokoso kwambiri m'chipindamo, ndipo, zabwino kapena zoyipa, amalankhula momasuka za moyo wake wapamtima kwa anthu osawadziwa. Iye anaikanso โzotukwanaโzo mu โMarxism yonyansa,โ iye anandiuza kamodzi.
Kumenya nkhondo kumanzere kumafunikira anthu ambiri ngati iye: wotsutsa wankhanza kuchokera mkati, wotsutsa wokondedwa, yemwe amakhala womasuka m'kalasi ngati pamzere wa picket. Monga antchito ambiri momwe adabweretsera migwirizano, adabweretsa ophunzira kusukulu yamaphunziro ndi omenyera ufulu kumanzere. Zikanakhala zosatheka kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi ukulu wake. Koma kuti tilemekeze cholowa chake, tiyenera kuyesetsabe.
Jamie McCallum ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Middlebury College ndipo wolemba, posachedwapa, wa Anagwira Ntchito Mopitilira: Momwe Ntchito Yozungulira-Koloko Ikupha Maloto Aku America.
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