Kwa zaka makumi anayi, Victory Wallace, 70, amayenda mwezi uliwonse kuchokera ku New Orleans kupita ku Louisiana State Penitentiary ku Angola kukacheza ndi mchimwene wake Herman, yemwe wangokwanitsa zaka 68. Ulendo wa makilomita 140 uli ndi mithunzi yambiri Mtima wa Mdima, kutsatira njira ya mtsinje wa Mississippi kupita kundende yakutali komwe akaidi ambiri samabwererako. Pa mtima wamdima wa munda wakale wa akapolo, Herman Wallace wakhala zaka zambiri za 37 m'ndende yayekha, kumangidwa yekha maola 23 patsiku m'chipinda cha 6-by-9-foot.
Pamene Herman anasamutsidwa mโngululu ya 2009 kuchokera ku Angola kupita ku Hunt Correctional Center pafupi ndi Baton Rouge, ulendo wa Vickie unafupikirapo. Koma zimene anapeza atafika pa ulendo wake waposachedwapa zinali zoipa kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Chifukwa cholangidwa, a Herman adayikidwa "m'malo otsekeredwa nthawi yayitali." Izi zinatanthauza kuti Vickie analetsedwa kumuona, ndipo analoledwa kuona mchimwene wake kudzera pagawo lagalasi pamene ankalankhula patelefoni. Manja ake anali omangidwa pa gome. (Alendo ena aposachedwapa ananena kuti maunyolowo anachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa iye kunyamula foni mโkhutu, pamene kusamva kwake kunapangitsa kuti kulankhulana pa telefoni kukhale kovuta.) Herman anadandaula kwa Vickie kuti akuzizira, ndipo anaganiza kuti wachepa thupi. . Mizimu yake, iye anati, siinali yabwino koposa.
Kwa zaka zambiri, chiyembekezo cha Herman Wallace chakhala chikukulirakulira pamilandu iwiri yomwe ikupitabe mโmakhotiโumodzi wotsutsa chigamulo chake, wina wotsutsa kutsekeredwa kwake yekhayekha kwa nthaลตi yaitali. Tsopano, patatha zaka khumi zoyambira ndikuyimitsa, zopinga ndi kuchedwetsa, milandu yonse iwiri ikupita patsogolo zomwe zidzatsimikizire momwe amawonongera zomwe zatsala m'moyo wake.
Kupatulapo kwakanthawi kochepa, Wallace wakhala akutsekeredwa kuyambira 1972, pomwe amamuimba mlandu wopha mlonda wandende waku Angola. Iye pamodzi ndi mkaidi wina dzina lake Albert Woodfox, anazengedwa mlandu, kuweruzidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo kosatha popanda parole. Wallace, Woodfox, ndi mkaidi wachitatu wanthaลตi yaitali wotchedwa Robert Kingโomwe amadziลตika kuti Angola 3โalinso oimba mlandu mโkhoti la boma lonena kuti nthaลตi yawo yosayerekezeka yokhala kwaokha ikuphwanya lamulo loletsa lamulo la chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. The choncho [1] - zomwe zingakhudze akaidi pafupifupi 25,000 aku America omwe amakhala m'ndende kwa nthawi yayitali - akuyembekezeka kuzengedwa mlandu kukhothi la US District ku Baton Rouge koyambirira kwa 2010.
Kuyambira 1990, Wallace wakhala akuchita apilo mlandu wake m'makhothi a boma la Louisiana. Akukhulupirira kuti adaphedwa chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali mu chaputala cha Angola cha Black Panther Party, chomwe chimayang'anira motsutsana ndi mikhalidwe yomwe imadziwika kuti "ndende yokhetsa magazi kwambiri kumwera." Wallace akuti mboni zozenga mlanduwoโonse ndi akaidi anzawo a ku Angolaโanaphunzitsidwa, kupatsidwa ziphuphu, kukakamizidwa, kapena kuopsezedwa kuti apereke umboni wonama womutsutsa ndi ogwira ntchito kundende ofuna kubwezera. "Akadatha kupachika ndikuwotcha anyamata omwe adakhudzidwa nawo," mboni ina yandende pambuyo pake idauza maloya a Wallace. "Koma panali kuwala kwakukulu pazochitikazo." Zolemba ndi umboni zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira pamlanduwu zikuwonetsa kuti otsutsa adadziwa kuti mbali yabwino ya mlandu wawo inali yosadalirika kapena yopangidwa. Mkulu woweruza milandu mโboma, yemwe anapatsidwa ntchito yophunzira nkhaniyi mu 2006, analimbikitsa kuti chigamulo cha Wallace chifafanizidwe. Ngakhale mkazi wamasiye wa mlonda wa ndende ananena poyera kuti iye tsopano kukayikira [2] mlandu wa amuna awiri opezeka ndi mlandu wopha mwamuna wake, ndipo akufunabe kuti omuphawo aweruze. Koma makhothi a ku Louisiana, mโmodzi-modzi, anakana apilo yake, osapereka zifukwa zochitira zigamulo zawo.
Tsopano, Wallace watembenukira ku makhothi a federal. Pa Disembala 4, adalemba pempho loti alembe kalata ya habeas corpus - makamaka, pempho loti asinthe chigamulo chake cholakwika. Ndi mwayi wake womaliza kuti apambane mayeso atsopano, ndipo mwina ufulu wake. Kumbali yake pali gulu la akatswiri azamalamulo a pro-bono omwe asonkhanitsa umboni wachidule wodzaza ndi umboni womwe unabisidwa kapena kuponderezedwa zaka 35 zapitazo pamlandu wake woyambirira. Potsutsana naye pali khothi lamilandu lomwe likuchulukirachulukira, limodzi ndi awiri mwa anthu amphamvu kwambiri ku Louisiana woweruza milandu: Woyang'anira wandende wotchuka ku Angola, Burl Cain, ndi loya wamkulu wa boma, James "Buddy" Caldwell, onse awiri akuwoneka kuti akufunitsitsa kumenya nkhondo. mpaka kumapeto kowawa kuonetsetsa kuti Herman Wallace asadzawonenso kuwala kwa tsiku.
Chochitika chomwe chidadzudzula a Herman Wallace kukhala moyo wotsekeredwa chinachitika panthawi yophulika kwambiri m'mbiri yodziwika bwino yachiwawa ku Angola. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1970, ndende ya anthu 5,000 ya ku Louisiana inali ndende yaikulu kwambiri ya dzikolo; linalinso lodziลตika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa kuphana, kugwirira chigololo, ndi nkhanza. Maekala 18,000 omwe kale anali akapolo amalimidwa ndi akaidi omwe amagwira ntchito mpaka maola 96 pa sabata, kuyang'aniridwa ndi alonda akaidi okhala ndi zida, omwe amadziwika kuti "trusties." The trusties inkayang'aniranso kutchova njuga, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso machitidwe owopsa aukapolo wogonana-ovomerezedwa ndi ena mwa oyang'anira owongolera oyera, omwe amatchulidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ndi akaidi monga "omasuka."
"M'masiku amenewo ku Angola kunali moyo ndi imfa, kugula ndi kugulitsa anthu, ndipo apolisi ankadziwa kuti zikuchitika," Howard Baker, mkaidi yemwe anapereka umboni pa mlandu wa Wallace, anatero m'makalata otsimikizira pambuyo pake. "Panali gulu la alonda ankhanza. Akabwera pambuyo panu, mutha kupeza chilichonse kuyambira kumenyedwa mpaka kuphedwa, ndipo amatha kunena kuti akuphedwa poyesa kuthawa." Kuwonjezera apo, Baker anati, โMikhalidwe yakuthupi inali yoipa kwambiri monga momwe ungathere: kutentha, zauve, zodzaza. kubaya mlungu ndi mlungu.โ
Inalinso nthawi ya mikangano ikuluikulu pakati pa ogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali - ambiri omwe adakulira m'gulu la ogwira ntchito kundendeyo - ndi utsogoleri watsopano wa "Reformist" wa Angola. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, Warden C. Murray Henderson ndi Wachiwiri Warden Lloyd Hoyle adatengedwa kuchokera kunja kuti "ayeretse Angola." Monga pempho la Wallace's habeas limati:
Kufika kwawo ku Angola kunasokoneza utsogoleri [wa mโndende ya ku Louisiana State Penitentiary], amene ambiri a iwo anali atagwira ntchito yopita ku Angola. Wothandizira Warden Hayden Dees ndi utsogoleri wa alonda akale adakana zoyesayesa zawo zosintha, makamaka zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa tsankho komanso zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi akaidi omwe atsekeredwa nthawi yayitali, yomwe imadziwika kuti CCR (zoletsa maselo otsekedwa), ndi njira yoyenera. Associate Warden Dees makamaka ankakhulupirira kuti "mtundu wina wa mkaidi wankhondo kapena woukira boma, mwinanso wachikomyunizimu," ayenera kukhala wotsekeredwa nthawi zonse; sadafune chilichonse chokhudza kulemba zisankho za yemwe adatsekeredwa komanso kwanthawi yayitali bwanji mogwirizana ndi zomwe khothi la federal likufuna.
Ena mwa akaidi a โzigawengaโ anali Herman Wallace ndi Albert Woodfox, onse omwe anali mโndende chifukwa chakuba ndi mfuti. Atafika ku Angola anakhala mamembala okangalika a mโndende ya Black Panther Party. Gulu la akaidili linakonza zodandaulira komanso kumenyedwa ndi njala pofuna kutsutsa zomwe zachitika m'ndendeyi, ndipo adathandizira akaidi atsopano, omwe amadziwika kuti "nsomba zatsopano," kudziteteza ku nkhanza zogonana komanso ukapolo. Chifukwa cha khama lawo, ena a gulu la Panthers anatsekeredwa mโndende yayekhayo pofuna kupondereza zimene zinkaoneka ngati zoopseza akuluakulu a ndende.
Pa Epulo 17, 1972, mlonda wazaka 23 Brent Miller anapezeka kutsogolo kwa nyumba yogonamo akaidi, atabayidwa maulendo 32. Ofufuza poyamba analibe okayikira, koma posakhalitsa adayang'ana otsutsawo. Mu a kufotokoza kolembedwa [3] [PDF] pa nkhani yake, Wallace ananena kuti Hayden Dees, yemwe anali woyangโanira ndende, โanayenda bwino kuti atimangirire ndi imfa kaamba ka phindu lake la ndale. imfa mwa kumasula 'zigawenga' (anandigwirizanitsa ine ndi Woodfox kwa omwe anamasulidwa).
Mawu ochokera kwa a Henderson ndi a Hoyle akutsimikizira kuti alonda ena amawaona kuti ndi opha anthu. Patatha masiku atatu, a Lloyd Hoyle, wachiwiri kwa woyang'anira ndende, adaitanidwa kunyumba kumsonkhano wa ogwira ntchito, omwe adamuimba mlandu womasula omwe adapha Miller. Hoyle adamenyedwa ndikukankhidwa pachitseko chagalasi, ndipo adatsala pang'ono kukhetsa magazi mpaka kufa m'modzi wa alonda asanaganize zomuthamangitsira kuchipatala.
Wallace adaponyedwa m'chipinda chotseka tsiku lomwe Brent Miller adaphedwa. Patangopita masiku ochepa, akuluakulu a boma anali atapeza umboni woti aimbire mlandu Wallace ndi anthu ena atatu omwe ankati ndi "zigawenga" - Woodfox, Chester Jackson, ndi Gilbert Montegut. Iwo anaimbidwa mlandu ndi bwalo lamilandu la azungu, amuna onse kufupi ndi St. Francisville, Louisiana, kumene kunali anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito mโndende, mabanja awo, ndi mabwenzi.
Tawuni yamtsinje yomwe ili pafupi ndi malire a Mississippi, St. Francisville imadzikuza kuti ndi dziko lolima. Linalinso dziko la Klan, ndipo mpaka gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi FBI lidafika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, palibe wa ku America waku America adalembetsa kuvota parishiyi pazaka zopitilira 60. Oimbidwa mlandu pa mlandu wa Miller adatsutsa chigamulocho ponena kuti amayi ndi akuda adachotsedwa mwadongosolo m'bwalo lamilandu. Pambuyo pake adatsutsidwanso ndi bwalo lina lalikulu, losankhidwa kudzera "njira zomwezo kapena zofananira zosankhidwa," malinga ndi mwachidule cha Wallace.
Albert Woodfox anaimbidwa mlandu wakupha Miller pa mlandu wina mu 1973. Atapatsidwa mwayi woti asinthe malo, oimbidwa mlandu atatu otsalawoโWallace, Jackson, ndi Montegutโanazengedwa mlandu ku East Baton Rouge mu January 1974โpasanathenso mlandu wina woonekeratu. , oweruza amuna onse.
Oimira boma pamlanduwo sanapereke umboni weniweni womangirira amuna atatuwo pamlanduwo. Ngakhale kuti zala zamagazi zamagazi zidapezeka pafupi ndi thupi la mlonda, sizinafanane ndi omwe akuzengedwa mlanduwo. Malinga ndi umboni woperekedwa mu pempho la Wallace, palibe kuyesayesa komwe kunapangidwa kuti awafananitse ndi zolemba zina za 5,000 za akaidi pa fayilo. Mpeni wamagazi nawonso, sunalumikizike kwa amuna omwe ankazengedwa mlandu. Umboni wotsutsana nawo unali umboni wa akaidi ena a ku Angola omwe anapezeka pamikhalidwe yokayikitsa kwambiri.
Mboni yodziwika bwino ya otsutsawo inali Hezekiya Brown, yemwe umboni wake ndi maso unali wofunikira pamlandu wake. Mkaidi wokalamba yemwe amakhala m'ndende moyo wonse chifukwa chogwiririra moipitsitsa, a Brown adati anali m'chipinda chogona m'mawa wa imfa ya Brent Miller, ndipo adawona omwe akuimbidwa mlandu akubaya mlonda mobwerezabwereza. Akaidi akale a ku Angola adanena poyankhulana kuti a Brown anali wodziwika bwino wakuba. Koma zikanatha zaka pafupifupi 25 zisanachitike umboni unapezeka [4] .
Mu 1998, maloya a woimira mnzake wa Wallace, Albert Woodfox, adakwanitsa kupeza zidziwitso za mboni zomwe zidaponderezedwa kale, zoyankhulana ndi matepi, ndi zikalata zina kuchokera pakufufuza kwakupha komwe kunachitika ndi akuluakulu andende, ofesi ya sheriff, komanso ozenga milandu akumaloko. Zida zimenezi, zowonjezeredwa ndi umboni wa Warden Henderson ndi ena, zimasonyeza kuti Hezekiya Brown analimbikitsidwa, ngati sanakakamizidwe, kuzindikira akaidi omwe anasankhidwa kale kukhala okayikira. Henderson adavomereza kuti adalonjeza kuti apempha chikhululukiro kwa womwalirayo ngati Brown atawathandiza "kusokoneza mlanduwo." Makalata angapo opita kwa oweruza, mamembala a gulu lokhululukidwa, ndi mlembi wa zowongolera akuwonetsa kuti Warden Henderson adasunga mawu ake, ngakhale zitha kupitilira zaka 10 chikhululukiro cha Brown chisanadze. Pakadali pano, a Brown adapindula ndi zokomera zingapo zapadera, kuphatikiza kutumizidwanso kuchipinda chayekha pa "cholembera cha agalu" chomwe chili ndi chitetezo chochepa chomwe agalu andende amaphunzitsidwa komanso katoni ya ndudu, ndalama zofunika kwambiri zandende, sabata iliyonse.
Mboni ina ya mkaidi, Joseph Richey, inaika Wallace ndi enawo pamalo a mlanduwo; Pambuyo pake adapezeka kuti ndi schizophrenic yemwe anali ndi mankhwala a Thorazine kwambiri. Mlanduwo utatha, a Richey adasamutsidwa kukagwira ntchito m'nyumba ya bwanamkubwa ndikupatsidwa nthawi yokwanira kumapeto kwa sabata (pamene adabera mabanki angapo). Zolemba zomwe zidaponderezedwa m'mbuyomu, zomwe adapezedwa ndi maloya a Albert Woodfox ku 1998, zikuwonetsa kuti akuluakulu aku Angola sanakhulupirire kuti Richey adawona chilichonse. Boma linali ndi zikalata izi pa nthawi ya mlandu wa Wallace, ndipo adapereka umboni wake wonama.
Howard Baker, mkaidi winanso yemwe adachitira umboni pamlandu wa Wallace, adalumbirira chikalata chotsimikizira kuti adatsutsanso umboni wake. Baker poyamba anali wokayikira kuphedwa kwa Miller, ndipo mwina ankafuna kudziteteza. Mu affidavit, Baker akuti:
Chifukwa chake ndidayang'ana momwe zinthu zinaliri monga chonchi, ndidapeza zaka 60, ndipo ndidapeza mwayi wodzithandiza ndekha - ndiye ndidachitapo kanthu kuti ndituluke mumadzi onyansawaโฆ.Chotero, ndidapereka mawu pa 10/ 16/72, kwa Warden Dees, lomwe linali bodza. Ndipo umboni wanga wozikidwa pa mawu amenewo unali wabodza. Ndinkaganiza kuti izi zikanandithandiza chifukwa Dees anandiuza kuti mawu anga andichepetsere chilangoโฆ.Zinali kundende komwe iwo [Wallace ndi Woodfox] ndi omwe akuluakulu a boma ankaganiza kuti akukhudzidwa. Ndiye ndinapereka statement.
Boma lidasewera pakatikati pa mlanduwo, pomwe m'modzi mwa omwe akuimbidwa mlanduwo adalowa atatha kupuma ndikukhala patebulo la otsutsa. Chester Jackson adakhala mboni ya boma, ndipo tsopano akuchitira umboni motsutsana ndi enawo. Woyimira milandu, a Charles Garretson, pambuyo pake adachitira umboni kuti "adachita mantha kwambiri ... zidatengera zonse zomwe ndikanatha kuti ndisunge ukadaulo komanso nzeru komanso luntha kuti ndipite patsogolo pambuyo pa nthawi yopuma masana." Khotilo lidamupatsa mphindi zosakwana 30 kuti akonzekere kufunsa yemwe anali kasitomala wake wakale. Ngakhale adakana poyimilira, Jackson adadula bwino mgwirizano; mlanduwu utangomaliza, anavomereza kuti anapha munthu. Pambuyo pake Garretson ananena kuti anadzimva kuti โndiye yekha mโbwalo lamilandu amene samadziลตa zimenezi. Ndinaona kutiโndidziลตa kuti nduna zonse zinali kuzidziลตa.
Izi zonena za kufalikira komanso kupondereza dala umboni zimapanga maziko a pempho laposachedwa la Herman Wallace. Pempho lawo lodziteteza linati, "Njira yodzitetezera ya Bambo Wallace inali yosonyeza kuti mboni za m'boma ziyenera kukhala zolakwa kapena zabodza. Ngakhale kuti Boma linali ndi ndendende zomwe woweruza wa chitetezo a Wallace ankafuna - mfundo zomwe zingasonyeze kuti mboni za Boma sizinakhulupirire. ndipo mlandu wa Boma unalibe umphumphuโBoma silinaulule chilichonse cha izo.โ Kukana umboni uku, Wallace akuti, kuphwanya ufulu wake wotsatira malamulo.
Wotsutsana ndi Wallace, Gilbert Montegut, anali ndi mlonda wa ndende kuti atsimikizire kuti alibi, ndipo adamasulidwa. Herman Wallace anaimbidwa mlandu wakupha. Chigamulo chake chinachitika kwa nthawi yochepa pamene Khoti Lalikulu linathetsa chilango chachikulu - chikadabwera nthawi ina iliyonse, Wallace akanatha kulandira chilango cha imfa. M'malo mwake, adapeza moyo wopanda parole ndipo adatsekeredwa, pamodzi ndi Woodfox. Chifukwa chimene chinawatsekera mโndende chinali mtundu wa upanduwoโkupha mlonda, kumene kunachititsa kuti akhale chiwopsezo kwa ena a mโndendemo. Onse a Wallace ndi Woodfox amakhalabe komweko, mwachiwonekere pazifukwa zomwezo, zaka 35 pambuyo pake.
Ngati nkhani ya mlandu wa Herman Wallace ikuwoneka ngati kafukufuku wa chilungamo chakummwera, zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa zomwe zasintha ku Louisiana m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi-ndi zomwe zakhalabe chimodzimodzi. Wallace ndi Woodfox tsopano ali ndi gulu laling'ono la anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi komanso gulu lochititsa chidwi la maloya odziwika bwino chifukwa cha apilo awo kuti aphedwe, kuphatikizapo Nick Trenticosta, mkulu wa Center for Equal Justice, ku New Orleans, ndi George Kendall ku pro bono unit ya Squire. Sanders & Dempsey ku New York. Koma ngakhale maloya abwino sangalepheretse kutsimikiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo ku Louisiana kuti atseke Wallace ndi Woodfox ndi kutsekeredwa, pazifukwa zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikupitilira kupha kwa 1972 kwa Brent Miller.
Amuna awiriwa akukhulupirira kuti poyamba ankafuna kupha munthu chifukwa zikhulupiriro zawo pa ndale komanso zochita zachipongwezo zimawopseza mphamvu zonse za akuluakulu andende. Mawu ochokera kwa woyang'anira ndende wa ku Angola, a Burl Cain, akuwonetsa kuti akusungidwa kwayekha pazifukwa zomwezi. Kaini wakhalapo ambiri chikondwerero [5] pa "kusintha" Angola, makamaka kupyolera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa "kukonzanso makhalidwe" kwachikhristu, komwe amawona ngati njira yokhayo ya chiwombolo kwa ochimwa omwe ali mu udindo wake. Palibe malo, kaya mโmawonedwe a dziko la Kaini kapena mโmunda wake wandende, kwa anthu amene amakayikira ulamuliro monga Herman Wallace ndi Albert Woodfox ali nawo.
Mu 2008, Kaini adati, "ndende ikugwira ntchito ndi munthu mmodzi wodalirika, woyang'anira ndende ndi buku la malamulo." Ananenanso kuti kusowa ulemu kwa Woodfox kunamupangitsa kukhala munthu woopsa: "Chinthu chokhudza iye ndi chakuti akufuna kusonyeza. Akufuna kulinganiza. Amafuna kukhala osamvera. Amafuna kusonyeza ena kuti ndi wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu. "
Maloya a Woodfox adanenanso kuti analibe mbiri yachiwawa komanso zolakwa zochepa pazaka 20 zapitazi. Adalembanso mbiri yofananira ya Wallace mu a 2006 kukhazikitsa [6] [PDF]: "Lipoti laposachedwapa la Bambo Wallace lokhudza zachiwawa m'mabungwe lidachitika zaka 22 zapitazo," idatero, ndipo zaka zaposachedwa, zolakwa zingapo za Wallace zinaphatikizapo "kukhala ndi ndolo zopangidwa ndi manja ndi ndakatulo, 'A Defying Voice. '"; "kuvala mkanda wopangidwa ndi manja ndi nkhonya yakuda"; ndi "kukhala ndi chofalitsa, It's About Time, chofalitsidwa cha Black Panther 16 chokhala ndi nkhani/zithunzi za anthu atatu a ku Angola, omwe amadziwika kuti, 'mabuku a tsankho' olembedwa ndi achitetezo." Lipoti lake laposachedwa kwambiri lachilango "linali mu December 2005, pamene anapezeka ndi masitampu ochulukirapo, omwe adakhala m'ndende masiku makumi atatu."
Koma Kaini amakhulupirira kuti "Si nkhani yolemba. Ndi nkhani ya maganizo ndi zomwe iwe uli." Ndipo kwa Kaini, chomwe Woodfox ndi Wallace ali ndipo adzakhala nthawi zonse ndi Black Panthers. Wothandizira Warden Hayden Dees adanenapo kale kuti "mtundu wina wa mkaidi wankhondo kapena woukira boma, mwinanso wachikomyunizimu" anali wowopsa kuti atsekedwe kosatha. Mu 2008, Kaini ananena kuti Woodfox ali yekhayekha chifukwa "Ndikudziwabe kuti akuyeserabe kuchita Black Pantherism, ndipo sindikufunabe kuti ayende kuzungulira ndende yanga chifukwa adzakonza akaidi atsopano. mavuto, kuposa momwe ndikanatha kuyimilira, ndipo ndikadakhala ndi akuda kuwathamangitsa."
Wallace limati [7] kuti Kaini mwina anadzipereka kuti amasule amuna aลตiriwo kwa anthu onse ngati akanasiya malingaliro awo andale ndi kuvomereza Yesu Kristu monga mpulumutsi wawo. Iye anakana. Kaini adalengeza kuti "Albert Woodfox ndi Herman Wallace atsekeredwa mu nthawi ndi zochita zosintha za Black Panther zomwe anali kuchita m'mbuyo ... Ndipo ndicho cholinga chawo ndipo ndicho cholinga chawo.
Loya wamkulu wa Louisiana, a Buddy Caldwell, akuwonekanso wotsimikiza mtima kusunga amuna awiriwa m'ndende zivute zitani-lumbiriro lomwe angayesetse kuchirikiza ngakhale mlandu wa Wallace utapambana kukhoti la federal. Kutsimikiza kwa Caldwell kudayesedwa kale pamlandu wa Woodfox: Woweruza waboma atatsutsa chigamulo cha Woodfox mu 2008 ndikulamula kuti amutulutse pa belo, loya wamkulu adachitapo kanthu - akukapereka chigamulo chadzidzidzi kuti atsekedwe, kutumiza maimelo owopsa kwa oweruza. komwe Woodfox akufuna kukhala ndi mphwake, ndikuuza atolankhani kuti "ndiye munthu wowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi." Pokopeka ndi pempho la Caldwell ndi umboni wa Kaini wonena za chikhalidwe chake chowopsa, khoti la apilo la federal linavomereza pempholi ndipo linakana belo ya Woodfox; amakhalabe m'malo otsekeka, kudikirira apilo ake. M'kalata yaposachedwapa, Wallace analemba za Caldwell, "Monga otsutsa ambiri, iye sangavomereze kuti analakwitsa, akulimbana kuti tikhale m'ndende. Mbiri ya kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo ku Louisiana ili pachiwopsezo pano. Ngati tipeza ufulu wathu zikanakhala zomveka. kuwulula katangale zomwe zafala m'dongosolo lonse.
Tsogolo la Wallace ndi Woodfox pamapeto pake lili m'manja mwa Khothi Lachisanu Lachigawo Lachisanu ku New Orleans-ndipo pano, aipa kuposa momwe akanakhalira zaka 40 zapitazo. Mโzaka za mโma 1950 ndi mโma 1960, kagulu kakangโono ka oweruza a Fifth Circuitโmakamaka ma Republican obadwa aku Southern-bred moderate Republicanโadapambana mbiri [8] pakupititsa patsogolo ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso makamaka kusasiyanitsa pakati pa sukulu. Koma lero Fifth Circuit, yomwe imakhudza Louisiana, Texas, ndi Mississippi, ili m'gulu la makhothi apilo a federal omwe amatsatira malingaliro awo. Ndizodziwikiratu chifukwa cholemedwa ndi docket komanso kudana ndi madandaulo kwa oimbidwa milandu yayikulu, kuphatikiza zonena zozikidwa pa milandu yolakwika komanso umboni woponderezedwa. Makamaka, Fifth Circuit yasunga ma gurneys kuchipinda chopha anthu ambiri ku Texas. Khotilo ladzudzulidwanso ndi Khothi Lalikulu ku United States, lomwe silinayanjane ndi akaidi omwe akuphedwa: Mu June 2004, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.analemba [9] kuti popereka zigamulo za chilango cha imfa, Fifth Circuit inali kuchita zambiri kuposa "kulankhula pakamwa pa mfundo" za lamulo la apilo.
Pakhala pafupifupi zaka zambiri kuti mlandu wa Herman Wallace uthetsedwe. Ngakhale kuti mlandu wawo ndi wapadera, Wallace, yemwe tsopano ali ndi zaka 68, ndi Woodfox, wazaka 62, m'njira zina ndi chizindikiro cha m'badwo wonse wa akaidi omwe adakula panthawi yotalikirapo milandu komanso kuletsa ziletso za parole - sanaphedwe kuti apulumuke. ndende, nthawi zina kudzipatula. "Ndili m'chipinda chino kapena m'holo 24/7, maola 23 m'chipinda, ola limodzi pa holo," analemba m'kalata kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino. kulumikizana ndi ena onse. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito mabuku ambiri pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndipo pambuyo pake ndimalemba kapena kuwerenga. โ Wallace amadzisunga pamodzi poyang'ana pa nkhani yake. โNdilibe nthaลตi yopusa,โ kalata yake ikupitiriza. "Ndikulimbana ndi dziko la Louisiana panjira ziwiri, ndipo mundimvere ndikakuuzani kuti sakulimbana mwachilungamo."
Mwina chodabwitsa kwambiri pavuto la Woodfox ndi Wallace ndikuti ngakhale zikhulupiriro zawo zandale zitha kuwapangitsa kukhala otsekeka, zikhulupiriro zomwezi zawapatsanso mphamvu kuti apirire. M'nkhani yake ya ku New Yorker yonena za kutsekeredwa m'ndende monga kuzunzidwa, Atul Gawande akufotokoza momwe akaidi amasokonekera pafupipafupi m'maganizo ndi m'thupi mumikhalidwe yotere. Chochititsa chidwi ndi Wallace ndi Woodfox ndi momwe amakhalira anzeru komanso okhazikika. Amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi omwe amawathandiza. Amadziwa zonse za milandu yawo, ndipo akapeza mpata, amapereka uphungu kwa akaidi ena. Amanyadira kukana kugonjera ku zolamulidwa ndi boma kapena za woyangโanira ndende, kuvomereza malamulo a wina aliyense kapena mulungu wa wina aliyense. Ndi zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oganiza bwino, ndipo mwina zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala amoyo.
Herman Wallace amalemba makalata ambirimbiri mlungu uliwonse. Amalemba ndakatulo ndi kupanga zojambula ndi maluwa okongola a mapepala. Kwa zaka zisanu zapitazi, wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito limodzi ndi Jackie Sumell, wojambula wachinyamata yemwe adakumana naye koyamba mu 2002 ndi funso lakuti "Ndi nyumba yanji yomwe mwamuna yemwe wakhalapo m'mamita asanu ndi limodzi-by- Selo ya mapazi asanu ndi anayi kwa zaka zopitilira 30?" Onse pamodzi anapanga a kunyumba [10], yomwe Sumell wamasulira mu mapulani omanga, zitsanzo, chiwonetsero choyendayenda, ndi bukhu la zojambula ndi makalata otchedwa The House That Herman Built. Wallace akufotokoza za nyumba yomwe ili ndi "dziwe losambira lomwe lili ndi pansi pobiriwira komanso Panther yaikulu pakati. Ndikufuna minda yamaluwa yozungulira nyumbayo yotsekedwa. Garage ya magalimoto awiri. Mtengo waukulu kumbuyo kwa nyumba yomwe idzakhala patio yanga. โ
"Kumanga nyumba iyi ndikumanga moyo wanga," Wallace analemba m'kalata ya 2006 kwa Sumell. Anapitiriza kunena kuti: โNthawi zambiri ndimafunsidwa kuti ndinabwera kundende kudzatani; ndipo tsopano ndikaganizira Jackie, zilibe kanthu. Zilibe kanthu kuti ndabwera kudzatani kuno, chofunika kwambiri panopa ndi chimene ndimachoka. Ndipo ndikukutsimikizirani, ngakhale ndichoka, sindidzasiya kalikonse.
Ena mwa omenyera ufulu omwe adayambitsa Angola 3 anali mochedwa Anita Roddick [11], woyambitsa Body Shop (ndi membala wakale wa board ya Amayi Jones), ndi mwamuna wake, Gordon. Banja lachifundo la a Roddick, a Roddick Foundation [12], adathandizira ndalama za nkhaniyi.
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba ndi Amayi Jones:
http://motherjones.com/politics/2009/12/herman-wallace-angola-3-solitary-confinement
Maulalo:
[1] http://motherjones.com/politics/2009/06/life-permanent-lockdown?page=1
[2] http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/03/nation/na-angola3
[3] http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/Angola3/pdf/Herman_Wallace.pdf
[4] http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96199165
[5] http://www.amazon.com/Cains-Redemption-Dennis-Shere/dp/1881273245
[6] http://www.a3grassroots.org/casehistoryimages/08AlbertReleaseReqPt3.pdf
[7] http://www.alternet.org/rights/50663
[8] http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040503/bass
[9] http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/05/national/05texas.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1
[10] http://www.hermanshouse.org/
[11] http://motherjones.com/politics/2009/03/convicts-and-dame
[12] http://www.theroddickfoundation.org/
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