Seputembara 8, 2005, ndi tsiku lokumbukira zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zakufika kwa asitikali aku US pachilumba cha Korea kuti avomere kugonja kwa asitikali aku Japan. Mwachionekere padzakhala zisangalalo zochepa zotsatizana ndi chochitikachi. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, anthu a ku Korea ankaona kuti Soviets ndi America mofanana ndi omasula, ndipo palibe asilikali omwe ankayembekezera kukhala nthawi yaitali pa nthaka ya Korea. Ubale wapadera pakati pa South Korea ndi United States udapangidwa ndi zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake: kupangidwa kwa Republic of Korea (ROK) motsogozedwa ndi America mu Ogasiti 1948, Nkhondo yaku Korea ya 1950รขโฌโ53, ndi Mutual Defense Treaty ya 1954. Mgwirizano wa US-ROK unali, monga momwe aku North Korea ndi aku China amanenera za ubale wawo, "ubwenzi wokhazikika m'magazi," wodziwika ndi kukumbukira kudzipereka komwe adagawana. Zinakhudzanso kuyimitsidwa kwa asitikali masauzande aku America ku South Korea. Kwa zaka zopitirira makumi anayi, cholinga cha mgwirizano umenewu chinawonedwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino: kuteteza South Korea, monga gawo la "dziko laufulu," kuopseza North, mothandizidwa ndi China ndi Soviet Union. Kumasulidwa kwa mgwirizano wankhondo yozizira komanso kugwa kwa Soviet kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa 1990 kunali ndi vuto koma sikunasinthe malingaliro awa a cholinga chogawana. Koma m'zaka khumi zapitazi, makamaka zaka zisanu zapitazi, US ndi South Korea zakhala zikuyenda motalikirana ndi malingaliro awo pakuwopseza kwa North Korea, komanso chikhalidwe cha ubale wa US-ROK nthawi zambiri. Ngakhale malingaliro atsopano otsutsa ku US ku South Korea nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa m'manyuzipepala akumadzulo m'malo mophweka ngati "anti-Americanism," makamaka akuwonetsa mgwirizano wosinthika komanso wovuta kwambiri pakati pa America ndi Korea, pakati pa ROK ndi North Korea (DPRK) , ndi pakati pa Korea ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Nkhondo yozizira ndiyoti, potsiriza komanso mochedwa ikutha mkati ndi kuzungulira peninsula ya Korea, ndipo ndi dongosolo la maubwenzi a mayiko omwe adayambitsa.
Mosiyana ndi mayiko ena ambiri, Korea sikumbukira August 15, 1945 monga kutha kwa nkhondo monga kuyambika kwa kumasulidwa ku ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Ngakhale kuti "8.15" ndizochitika zowonongeka m'mbiri yakale, masiku ena amawonekera mofanana ngati si aakulu: August 1948 (kukhazikitsidwa kwa ROK); June 1950 (kuyambika kwa Nkhondo ya ku Korea); ndi July 1953 (nkhondo yaku Korea). Chikondwerero chazaka makumi asanu cha chilichonse cha izi, posachedwapa, chakhala chodzaza ndi tanthauzo. Mu 1998, chikumbutso cha makumi asanu cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic, South Korea inali mkati mwamavuto azachuma ku Asia ndipo motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Kim Dae Jung, adasankha Disembala lapitalo. ROK idagonjetsa vutoli, lotchedwa "nthawi yoyipa kwambiri ku Korea kuyambira Nkhondo yaku Korea," koma kudzipereka komwe kudafunsidwa ndi IMF yotsutsana ndi IMF kudakayikira "chuma chozizwitsa" cha Korea komanso zabwino za US pothandiza mnzake waku Korea.
Tsiku lokumbukira kuyambika kwa Nkhondo yaku Korea pa June 25, 1950, lidatsogola masiku khumi m'mbuyomo ndi msonkhano womwe sunachitikepo ku Pyongyang pakati pa atsogoleri a ma Korea awiri, Kim Jong Il ndi Kim Dae Jung. Pambuyo pake, kwa nthawi yoyamba zikondwerero za June 25 ku South Korea sizinadziwike ndi mapepala ndi ziwonetsero, koma ndi kuvomereza kochepetsetsa za ndalama ndi zotsatira za nkhondo, ndi mauthenga a chiyembekezo okhudza kuthetsa magawano omwe adayambitsa nkhondo. Msonkhano wa Kim-Kim unanenedwa ngati "masitepe oyambirira opita ku mgwirizano;" mfundoyo, inawoneka, sinalinso kupambana nkhondoyo, koma kuthetsa. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, msonkhano wapakati pa Korea ndi gawo loyamba lalikulu lomwe maboma awiri a Korea adachita pofuna kukonza ubale wawo pawokha, osati chifukwa cha zochita za ogwirizana nawo. Kumbali yake, US, ngakhale ikuthandiza mwalamulo kukambirana pakati pa Korea, inali yabwino kwambiri ku Seoul ku North Korea. "Ndondomeko ya dzuwa" ya Kim Dae Jung yokhudzana ndi Kumpoto idzatsutsidwa kwambiri mu kayendetsedwe ka Bush Bush yomwe inayamba kulamulira mu 2001; panthawiyi, kusiyana pakati pa ROK ndi US kunakhala kosatheka kuphonya.
Pofika nthawi yachikumbutso cha kutha kwa nkhondo mu 1953, ubale wa US-ROK unali pamalo otsika kwambiri m'mbiri. Nadir wa ubale wa US-ROK adabwera m'nyengo yozizira ya 2002-03, pomwe makumi masauzande aku Korea adatenga nawo gawo pazowunikira makandulo kuyitanitsa kuyankha kwa US pakufa kwa atsikana awiri akusukulu omwe adaphedwa mwangozi ndi magalimoto ankhondo aku America. Izi zidaphatikizidwa m'malingaliro ochulukirapo komanso kusamvana pa ubale wa Korea ndi United States, makamaka za kukhalapo kwa asitikali aku US. Maulamuliro omenyera nkhondo a Bush ku North Korea sanachitepo kanthu pang'ono pa izi, koma zidakulitsidwa ndi nkhondo ya ku Iraq, yomwe ambiri adawona ngati chitsanzo chodetsa nkhawa pakuukira North Korea, komwe Purezidenti Bush adazindikira, Iraq ndi Iran ngati gawo limodzi. za "mzere wa zoyipa."
Mโdziko lina limene linali lapadera kwambiri mโzaka za mโmbuyomo chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri ankagwirizana ndi America, ziลตerengero zinasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa nyuzipepala ya Joongang Ilbo, yomwe idachitika mu Disembala 2002, idawulula kuti 36.4% ya anthu aku South Korea amawona US molakwika, 13% yokha ndiyabwino, ndipo 50% salowerera ndale. Mkati mwa ziลตerengero zimenezi, panali kusiyana kochititsa chidwi malinga ndi msinkhu: kokha pakati pa azaka zopitirira 50 pamene ambiri anapereka lingaliro labwino. Komanso, 62% ya anthu aku South Korea azaka za m'ma 20 ndi 72% m'zaka zawo za 30 ankafuna kukonzanso mgwirizano wa US-ROK kuti ukhale wofanana; 21% yokha mwa omwe ali ndi zaka 60 adavomereza izi.
Apanso, pali zambiri zomwe zikuchitika pano kuposa kungowonjezereka kwa "anti-Americanism". Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dziko la Korea lisinthike ku US, patatha zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi chimasulidwa ku utsamunda waku Japan. Choyamba, pakhala kusintha kwa mibadwo, ndi kuwuka kwa mphamvu ya "386" m'badwo (Korea mu 30s awo, amene analowa yunivesite mu 1980s ndipo anabadwira mu 1960s), amene anali atakalamba mu nthawi ya demokalase. zionetsero, nthawi yomwe kudzudzula maboma aulamuliro a ROK, ndi aku America omwe adawathandizira, zidayenderana. Ndi kukwera kwa m'badwo uno kudabwera kuchepa kwa zikoka zandale zokomera komanso zolimbikitsa zandale zaku US zomwe zidalamulira ndale zaku South Korea kuyambira pomwe adamasulidwa. Ngakhale kutsutsidwa kwamakono sikuli kochepa, zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke kuti "pro-Americanism" yophweka idzabwereranso ngati njira yaikulu ku South Korea.
Chachiwiri, pakhala pali kukula kwa anthu omwe amalankhula komanso otsutsa, ndipo ndikuwunikanso zochitika zakale komanso zokumbukira zonse ndi boma ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe siaboma. Makomiti ofufuza mbiri yakale apangidwa kuti afufuze mbali zosiyanasiyana za nthawi ya atsamunda aku Japan, komanso zochitika zomwe US โโโโidachita nawo mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji: Kuphedwa kwa Kwangju ku 1980, kuponderezedwa kwamagazi kwa zipolowe za Chilumba cha Cheju mu Epulo 1948, kusowa. anthu kuyambira nthawi ya ulamuliro wa usilikali, ndi zina zotero, zolimbikitsidwa mwa zina ndi makomiti oterowo omwe anapangidwa m'mayiko omwe analipo pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa South Africa, Argentina, Yugoslavia wakale, ndi kwina. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ofufuza akufufuza osati udindo wa US okha, komanso boma lakale la ROK ndi nzika. Zolimbikitsa nzika komanso demokalase yotenga nawo mbali zakhala mbali ya ndale komanso mawu atsiku ndi tsiku a masiku ano aku South Korea, ndi kukula kwamphamvu kwa mabungwe omwe siaboma, ambiri amatsutsa mfundo za US. Kukonzekera kwamagulu ndi zochitika zoterezi kwathandizidwa kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti, momwe South Korea ili pakati pa anthu apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kukwera kofanana kwa zomwe aku Korea amatcha "Netizens."
Chachitatu, ndi kuchepa kwachibale kwa anthu aku South Korea ogwirizana ndi US, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu ku Asia, makamaka China komanso, m'njira zovuta, Japan. China yalowa m'malo mwa US ngati bwenzi lalikulu lazamalonda la South Korea; ophunzira ambiri aku Korea tsopano amaphunzira ku China kuposa ku America; Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha ku South Korea chakula kwambiri ku Japan, China, ndi Southeast Asia, pomwe chikhalidwe cha ku Japan - choletsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi boma la South Korea - chayamba ku Korea. Kumbali ina, mkangano wapano wokhudza Tokdo/Takeshima, komanso mkangano wokhudza nkhani zamabuku a ku Japan komanso kukumbukira zankhondo nthawi zambiri, zikuwonetsa kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa Korea ndi Japan komwe kuyenera kuthetsedwa ubale wamayiko awiriwa usanakhazikike. ndi ochezeka kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale mikangano iyi, anthu aku Korea akutenthedwa kwambiri ndi lingaliro la malo ochitira malonda aulere ku East Asia, komanso ngakhale gulu lazachuma ndi ndale la European Union, ngakhale izi zitha kukhala maloto akutali pakadali pano.
Pomaliza, malingaliro aku South Korea aku North Korea asintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo akusiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo zolimba za kayendetsedwe ka Bush. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu ku South Korea pa momwe angathanirane ndi kumpoto, pali mgwirizano womwe ukukula kuti mgwirizano wa North-South ndi wopindulitsa ku mbali zonse ziwiri, kuti kugwirizanitsa pang'onopang'ono ndikwabwino kugwa mwadzidzidzi ndi kuyamwa kwa North Korea ndi ROK, kuti. chiwopsezo cha North Korea chikhoza kuyendetsedwa, komanso kuti ndi bwino kusintha khalidwe losafunika la North Korea mwa kunyengerera osati mokakamiza. Malingaliro otere amagawidwa m'zandale ku South Korea, kuphatikiza chipani cha Grand National Party, chotsogozedwa ndi Park Geun-hye, mwana wamkazi wa wolamulira wankhanza wakale waku South Korea Park Chung Hee. Bungwe la Bush Administration likuwona North Korea mosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri a ku South Korea asakhale ndi nkhawa.
Wina akumva kuti Korea ndiye malo omaliza ankhondo yozizira, koma izi zitha kukhala zoona kwa aku America okha. Kwa chiwerengero chochulukira cha anthu aku South Korea, nkhondo yawo yozizira - mkangano waku North-South womwe unayamba pambuyo pa kumasulidwa kwa atsamunda ndikuwononga chiyembekezo chapadziko lonse cha Korea yamtendere, yodziyimira payokha komanso yogwirizana pambuyo paukoloni - yatha kale. Zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi mapeto a moyo wa chikhalidwe cha kum'mawa kwa Asia, nthawi yosinkhasinkha, kuunikanso, ndi kuzindikira kuti zinthu sizingakhale zofanana. Anthu aku Korea ayamba kale izi; zimatsalira kwa anthu akunja, aku America makamaka, kuzindikira kuti kuzungulira kwatsopano kukuchitika.
Charles K. Armstrong ndi Pulofesa Wachiwiri wa Mbiri ndi Mtsogoleri wa Center for Korean Research ku Columbia University. Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Korea ku Center: Dynamics of Regionalism ku Northeast Asia. Nkhaniyi, yokonzedwa ku Japan Focus, ikufotokoza zambiri pazaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi za kutha kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II pa Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Association for Asian Studies, Chicago, March, 31-April 2, 2005.
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