Zadziwika kuti South Africa ndi dziko losafanana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi[I]. Ndi anthu 41 okha pa 2 aliwonse azaka zogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito, pomwe theka la anthu omwe amalembedwa ntchito amalandila ndalama zosakwana R 500 XNUMX pamwezi.[Ii]. Choyipa kwambiri, kusalingana kukukula ndi malipiro monga gawo la ndalama za dziko zomwe zikutsika kuchoka pa 50% mu 1994 kufika pa 45% mu 2009; pamene phindu monga gawo la ndalama za dziko lakwera kuchoka pa 40% kufika pa 45%[III]. Kunena zoona izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale anthu ochepa amakhala ndi moyo wabwino - komanso ali ndi nyumba zapamwamba, maiwe osambira, mabizinesi, mabizinesi, ndi maudindo m'boma - anthu ambiri amakhala m'tisakasa kapena tinyumba tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ta mphepo yamkuntho, mozunguliridwa ndi unyolo, ndikulimbana. tsiku ndi tsiku kuti apeze zofunika pa moyo monga chakudya ndi madzi. Momwemonso, pomwe mabwana, mameneja a maboma, ndi andale - onse akuda ndi oyera - amangoyendayenda muzovala zapamwamba zolamula; anthu ambiri amayembekezeredwa kugwada, kuchita monga adauzidwa, ndi kumeza kunyada kwawo.
Ngakhale kuti zikuyembekezeredwa kukhala omvera, komabe zionetsero m'madera ogwira ntchito zikufalikira. Anthu atopa ndi ulova, kukhala ndi nyumba zosakhazikika, kuchitiridwa manyazi, kutsekeredwa madzi ndi magetsi. Ndipotu, munthu aliyense ku South Africa ali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri padziko lonse lapansi[Iv]. Ndi muzochitika izi zakukula kwa zochitika zachindunji za anthu, ngakhale zitakhala kuti sizinagwirizane, kuti boma lawona kuti n'koyenera, osachepera pamlingo wongolankhula, kulengeza zolinga zake zolimbana ndi ulova ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana. Kuti achite izi adawulula dongosolo latsopano lazachuma, Njira Yatsopano Yakukula (NGP), kumapeto kwa 2010 ndi cholinga cholengezera ntchito 5 miliyoni pofika 2020.[V].
Pakati pa akuluakulu ena a boma ndi andale, kuphatikizapo ogwirizana nawo a ANC - South African Communist Party (SACP) - NGP yawonetsedwa ngati kusintha kwakukulu. M'malo mwake, zawonetsedwa ngati lipenga la boma lomwe lidzakhazikitsa dzikolo panjira yoti pakhale kufanana kwakukulu ndi ntchito zonse pakapita nthawi.[vi]. Ngakhale Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi Wamkulu wa SACP wayamikira NGP ngati yopuma ku neo-liberalism ndi "market fundamentalism"[vii], kusintha kotsimikizika kuchokera ku Ndondomeko ya Kukula, Ntchito ndi Kugawanso (Gawo). Tsoka ilo, monga tidzakambitsirana mu theka loyamba la pepala kuchokera kumalingaliro a anarchist, zonena zonsezi mwina ndi zolakalaka kapena zopotoza zenizeni. Neo-liberalism - mu mawonekedwe a nkhondo yamagulu yochokera kumwamba - ili ndi moyo ku South Africa. Momwemo, zidzakambidwa kuti NGP ikumanga pa ndondomeko za boma zotsogozedwa ndi ANC zomwe zaukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka; pamene kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za gulu lolamulira ndi kulimbikitsa kukula kwa anthu akuda mkati mwake.
Kutsutsa kwa anarchist komwe kumaperekedwa mu pepalali, komabe, sikutsutsa koyamba kwa NGP. Anthu ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana osiyidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha Marx ndi Keynes, m'miyezi ingapo yapitayo adatsutsanso NGP (chomwe chimapangitsa pepalali kukhala losiyana ngakhale ndi dongosolo lake la anarchist, lomwe limatsogolera kumalingaliro osiyanasiyana). Chifukwa cha malingaliro awo amalingaliro, malingaliro omwe atuluka m'mawu am'mbuyomu awa adafuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu pazachuma. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) lapempha boma kuti likhazikitse mafakitale akuluakulu ndi kugwirizana mwamphamvu ndi ogwira ntchito kuti athetse kusagwirizana ndi kusowa kwa ntchito. Mu theka lachiwiri la pepalali, zidzatsutsidwa kuti njira zina zomwe zaperekedwazo ndizolakwika pamalingaliro amagulu. Izi zachitika chifukwa choona kuti ngakhale kuyitanitsa chuma 'chosakanikirana', njira zina zomwe Cosatu adaganiza zimalephera kuthetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ulova ndi kusalingana: ulamuliro wamagulu, capitalist ndi Boma Machitidwe.
Kodi NGP ikuyimira china chatsopano?
Ngakhale kuti NGP inganene kuti cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuchepetsa ulova ndikulimbana ndi kusalingana, malinga ndi ndondomeko, mwachiwonekere ndi kupitiriza kumasula ufulu wa neo. Zowonadi, ngakhale boma lotsogozedwa ndi ANC lakhala laluso popewa chilankhulo chokhudzana kwambiri ndi neo-liberalism - monga privatization - dongosolo la neo-liberal la NGP pazachuma chachikulu likuwonekera poyera. Chifukwa chake, bungwe la NGP likunena kuti boma lidzatsogozedwa ndi "ndondomeko yochepetsetsa kwambiri yazachuma mothandizidwa ndi njira zazachuma kuti pakhale zovuta zakukwera kwamitengo ndikupititsa patsogolo mpikisano"[viii]. Izi, osati kuyimira kupuma, zimabwereza zinthu zazikulu za Gear pamlingo waukulu wachuma. Izi, motero, zimamasulira muzochitika zomwe zenizeni, komanso zamtsogolo, ndalama za boma zidzachepetsedwa. Ngakhale kukula kwachuma kukuyembekezeredwa kukhala 4% pachaka mu NGP, komanso kukwera pang'ono pang'ono, ndalama zomwe boma zimagwiritsa ntchito zizikwera ndi 2% yokha pachaka.[ix]. Chifukwa chake, povomereza lokha, zonse zomwe boma likufuna kuchita ndikugwiritsa ntchito chuma chake moyenera ndikuwongolera ndalama zomwe zingabweretse chuma chomwe chingabweretse kukula kwachuma - komanso malinga ndi mawu ake, ntchito zatsopano zomwe zikutsatiridwa. M'malo mopereka chithandizo kwa osauka, cholinga chachikulu cha NGP ndikulola kuti chuma chikhale chogwira ntchito bwino ndipo chimafuna kuti zisankho zolimba zichitike kuti izi zitheke.[x]. Chifukwa chake, pankhani yakukula kwachuma, NGP si njira yatsopano kapena yopumira kuchokera ku Gear.
Sikuti pamlingo wa mfundo zoletsa zandalama zomwe NGP imalephera kuphwanya mfundo zapakati za Gear. Monga otsogola ake - Gear ndi Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (Asgisa) - NGP ikuwona chuma chotengera kugulitsa kunja, kupikisana kwakukulu, kugulitsa ndalama zakunja, kuchulukirachulukira, kuletsa malipiro, kutsika mtengo kwa mabizinesi ndi kukula kwachuma. chofunikira pakukhazikitsa ntchito[xi]. Izi makamaka ndi kaboni wazinthu zazikulu za Gear. M'malo mwake, NGP imalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti malipiro ayenera kuchepetsedwa ndi mapangano a zokolola akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zoonadi, mapangano a zokolola amapangitsa kuti malipiro awonjezeke mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola; amachepetsa mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito kuwongolera liwiro la ntchito; ndi kuchititsa kudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa antchito[xii]. NGP, motero, ili ndi zinthu zapamwamba za neo-liberal komanso njira zotsutsana ndi ogwira ntchito. Ikufotokoza momveka bwino m'mawu ake oyamba momwe ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ku South Africa avutikira, koma ikufuna kudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka monga njira yothanirana ndi kuvutikaku.
Ngakhale kuti NGP ikulira mokweza za zolinga zake zomwe zalengezedwa zoyambitsa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana, zomwe zasiyidwa za chikalata cha NGP, m'njira zambiri, zikuwonetsa zambiri. Ndondomeko ya neo-liberal ku South Africa sizochitika zatsopano; yakhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo kwa zaka makumi atatu. Mbali za neo-liberalism zinayambitsidwa mwankhanza ndi ulamuliro wa PW Botha mzaka za m'ma 1980. Munali mโzaka za mโma 1980 pamene chisonkhezero chofuna kuchita malonda ndi kusungitsa ntchito zachinsinsi ndi mabungwe a boma chinayamba - panthaลตi imene opindula kwambiri anali azungu ogwirizana ndi boma la tsankho. Momwemonso, inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe lamulo la nyumba zamatauni za neo-liberal lidayamba kukhazikitsidwa ndipo malo odyera ndi maholo ammudzi adakhazikitsidwa. Izi zidachitika panthawi ya zigawenga zazikulu za anthu akuda ndipo cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa kukhulupirika ku lingaliro la katundu wamba pakati pa anthu okhala m'matauni akuda kuti athane ndi zigawengazi. Mogwirizana ndi izi, cholinga cha kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa gulu la amalonda akuda - pogwiritsa ntchito privative taverns taverns in townships and kulimbikitsa bizinesi ya taxi yachinsinsi inatsatiridwa. Boma likuyembekeza kuti ngati lingalimbikitse kukula kwa bizinesi yakuda, lingagwirizane ndi ulamuliro ndi capitalism komanso kuyimba kopanda tanthauzo kwa socialism.[xiii].
Pamene ANC idayamba kulamulira mu 1994, idapitilira ndikukulitsa neo-liberalism. Mwachibadwa, akuluakulu a ANC adachita izi pofuna zofuna zawo (zambiri zomwe zidzakambidwe pansipa). Pansi pa ulamuliro wa ANC, motero, mitengo yamalonda idadulidwa; kumasulidwa kwachuma kumalimbikitsidwa; kusinthasintha kwa ogwira ntchito kumalimbikitsidwa, kusungitsa ndalama zabizinesi kukulitsidwa, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe aboma kudafulumizitsa ndikukulitsidwa. M'miyezi yoyamba ya ulamuliro wa ANC, ndondomeko ya nyumba ya neo-liberal ya PW Botha inatsitsimutsidwanso ndi nduna yatsopano ya nyumba ndi SACP heavyweight, Joe Slovo.[xiv]. Zowonadi, chipani cha ANC chinagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zake za 'kumasulidwa' kuti zidutse njira zaufulu zomwe boma la tsankho, chifukwa cha kukana kwa anthu, silinathe.
Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri, dziko lotsogozedwa ndi ANC lakhazikitsa mfundozi, kutanthauza kuti chuma ndi moyo wa anthu zasinthidwa ndi neo-liberalism. Zotsatira za ndondomekozi zakhala zopweteka kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Chiyambire 1994, anthu 10 miliyoni adulidwa madzi kapena magetsi; Anthu 5 miliyoni achotsedwa mโnyumba zawo; anthu miyandamiyanda achotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kapena kusinthasintha kwa ntchito; ndipo kusowa kwa nyumba kwakula kwambiri[xv]. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kuti anthu anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha chikhalidwe cha pambuyo pa tsankho, komanso kuganiza kuti padzakhala anthu ogwirizana, kupitiriza kukhazikika kwa neo-liberalism kwachititsa kuti anthu akuda awonongeke (omwe chifukwa cha tsankho anali ndi zochepa kwambiri). , pamene makalasi achikuda, Amwenye, ndi azungu alowanso muumphaลตi. Momwemonso, chikhalidwe cha neo-liberalism pakati pa amuna ndi akazi chawonekeranso, pomwe amayi ali ndi udindo wokonzanso ndikusunga anthu wamba.[xvi]. Kotero ngakhale kuti anthu akuda, kudzera m'boma, adalowa nawo m'gulu la anthu osankhika m'gulu lolamulira ndi kugwa kwa tsankho, pali zochepa zomwe zasintha kwa anthu ambiri: ogwira ntchito akuda angakhale atapambana mavoti, koma kupitirira pang'ono kwasintha. ndipo anthu ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amira mu umphawi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti bungwe la NGP likulephera kuthana ndi izi moyenera komanso silikugwirizanitsa kukula kwa umphawi ndi neo-liberalism. NGP, motero, sikuti isiyanitse ndi neo-liberalism, monga anena ndi SACP, koma ikufuna kukonzanso chuma cha dziko la South Africa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Nanga ndichifukwa chiyani SACP ikuwona kuti NGP ndi yosiyanitsidwa ndi neo-liberalism?
Mwina cholakwika chachikulu chomwe SACP imapanga, powona NGP ngati yopuma ndi Gear, ndikuti awona njira iliyonse yolowererapo pachuma ngati kusintha kuchokera ku neo-liberalism. Chotsatira chake, SACP ikuwona NGP ngati yopuma ku neo-liberalism pang'ono chifukwa boma lidawonetsa zolinga zake kuti lipitilize kuyika ndalama zake pazomangamanga, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe aboma kuyesa kulimbikitsa kukula, monga tafotokozera poyamba mu Asgisa.[xvii]. Komabe, kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe boma likufuna kuyikamo ndalama ndicholinga cholimbikitsa kugwirira ntchito bwino kwachuma cha capitalist. Izi makamaka zikukhudza kukonza zomangamanga zokhudzana ndi zonyamula katundu ndikukulitsa mphamvu zamagetsi poika ndalama muukadaulo wobiriwira ndi mphamvu zanyukiliya.[xviii]. Omwe adzapindule kwambiri ndi izi, adzakhala mabungwe. Monga ananenera ma anarchist a ku South Africa kulowererapo kwa boma, komanso kukulitsa ndi kukonza zida zofunika, pakokha sikuyimira kusiya ku neo-liberalism.[xix].
Malingaliro olakwika a SACP, komabe, akuyimira zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa ambiri omwe ali kumanzere. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malingaliro olakwika akuti neo-liberalism ikufanana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mphamvu za boma, ndikuti pansi pa neo-liberalism boma likuchoka ku chuma. Palibe chomwe chingakhale choposa chowonadi. Neo-liberalism idayamba chifukwa cha kugwa kwachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi - kuphatikiza ku South Africa - komwe kudayamba mu 1970s.[xx]. Pankhani ya izi, neo-liberalism imayimira nkhondo yamagulu kuchokera pamwamba kuti ibwezeretse mitengo yakukula ndikuwonjezera phindu kumagulu asanafike 1970. Neo-liberalism, motero, ikukhudza boma kulimbana ndi ogwira ntchito ndi osauka polimbikitsa kukhazikika, kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, kuletsa malipiro ndi kuchepetsa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito. Ngakhale izi zimachitikira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka, monga mbali ya neo-liberalism, boma limalowererapo kuti apindule ndi olamulira kudzera mwa zina, kuchotsera anthu olemera, kuchepetsa msonkho kwa olemera, kutsegulira mwayi kwamakampani, kugulitsa ntchito kunja, kupereka ndalama. ndalama zotsika mtengo komanso ngakhale kupereka ndalama kumakampani ena ofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, neoliberalism imalimbikitsa a amphamvu boma lomwe lingathe kukhalabe ndi "mpikisano wabwino" kwa mabungwe omwe siaboma ndikulimbikitsa mwamphamvu komanso moyenera ufulu wa katundu wabizinesi. Choncho pansi pa ulamuliro wa neo-liberalism mayiko adakulitsanso ntchito zawo zopondereza, monga zapolisi ndi kusonkhanitsa anzeru, kuyesa kusokoneza ziwonetsero zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi kuukira kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka.[xxi]. Cholinga cha njira zonsezi, kotero, sikuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma kuonjezera phindu ndi chuma cha magulu olamulira, ndikudzitetezera okha mwa kuchepetsa ndalama zoperekera chithandizo ku magulu olamulira. osauka[xxii]. Zoonadi, akuluakulu a boma, kuti ateteze udindo wawo m'gulu lolamulira, amafuna chuma cholimba - ndipo pakalipano akukankhira neo-liberalism kuti ayese kutsimikizira izi. Pamenepa, zokonda zawo zimakumana ndi mbali ina ya gulu lolamulira, ma capitalist.
Choncho, ku South Africa, pamene akuukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka, dziko la neo-liberal la South Africa layesetsa mosalekeza kuthandiza mabungwe kubwezeretsa ndi kukulitsa kukula. Izi zakhudzanso kuti boma ligwiritse ntchito chuma chake popereka chithandizo kumabungwe pamtengo wotsika ndipo, pakafunika, liperekanso ndalama kumakampani.[xxiii]. Chifukwa chake, mayiko - kaya ku South Africa kapena kumayiko ena - akupitiliza kuchita nawo gawo lalikulu pazachuma (ku South Africa ndalama za boma zimapitilira 30% ya GDP.[xxiv]). Ngakhale mayiko ena (koma osati onse) atha kuwononga ndalama zomwe amawononga, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zimangowonjezera kupindulitsa gulu lolamulira. Momwemonso, neo-liberalism, ku South Africa ndi kumayiko ena, yakhudza boma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zazikulu ndi chuma chake kusamutsa mphamvu mosalekeza kupita ku gulu lolamulira. Popeza kuti neo-liberalism ndi nkhondo yamagulu yochokera kumwamba, mfundo yakuti dziko la South Africa likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ntchito zomwe zidzalimbikitse kukula ndipo potsirizira pake zipindule gulu lolamulira, kotero, sikusiyana ndi neo-liberalism; ndi gawo lapakati pake.
SACP yayamikiranso mfundo yakuti NGP ikufuna kuti boma lilowererepo pofuna kukulitsa mphamvu za anthu akuda (BEE). Zoona zake, komabe, uku ndikungopitilira ndondomeko za boma zakale ndipo zimapereka zochepa kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito akuda. NGP ikunena momveka bwino kuti njira zomwe akufuna kuchitazo ndi zopindulitsa mabizinesi a anthu akuda. Kulimbikitsa BEE, motero, NGP ikufuna kuti boma liwonjezere kugula kwake, malinga ndi malonda ndi ntchito (zomwe zingaphatikizepo kugulitsa kunja), kuchokera kwa amalonda akuda.[xxv]. Kuphatikiza pa izi, ikupanga malingaliro okhazikitsa bungwe limodzi lothandizira ndalama zothandizira mabizinesi apakatikati ndi ang'onoang'ono kuti apeze mwayi wopeza ngongole mosavuta.[xxvi]. Apanso ichi sichinthu chatsopano. Asgisa adalimbikitsa kwambiri BEE, ndipo idalumikizana ndi - mwa zina - kukweza mabizinesi apakati ndi ang'onoang'ono.[xxvii]. Momwemonso, pamene ANC inatenga mphamvu za boma, pamene neo-liberalism inali yovuta padziko lonse lapansi, idafuna kugwiritsa ntchito neo-liberalism kulimbikitsa kutuluka kwa anthu akuda. Izi zidachitika kudzera m'mabizinesi komanso kutumiza anthu kunja. Ngakhale BEE mkati mwawokha sichiyimira ndondomeko ya neo-liberal; neo-liberalism motero idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida cholimbikitsa BEE. ANC yagwiritsanso ntchito boma mwachindunji kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu akuda kudzera m'maboma omwe amalipidwa bwino kwa mamembala a chipani chachikulu komanso kubwereketsa maboma kumabizinesi motengera kudandaula kwa BEE. M'malo mwake, ndondomeko ya dziko la ANC nthawi zonse yakhala ikuyesera kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha anthu akuda ndi amtundu wa "middle class". Kwambiri m'mbiri yake, utsogoleri wa ANC udaganiza zochita izi kudzera pakukhazikitsa makampani akuluakulu pansi pa ndondomeko ya capitalist.[xxviii]; pofika zaka za m'ma 1990, komabe, privatization, ma equity schemes, ndalama za boma ndi kutumiza kunja kunawonedwa ngati chinsinsi.[xxix]. Komabe, monga gawo la kudzipereka kwake kulimbikitsa kukula kwa anthu osankhika akuda, kuthekera kwa akuluakulu aboma omwe ali pakati pa ANC (omwe amapanga gawo lapadera la olamulira) kupititsa patsogolo mafakitale ofunikira m'tsogolomu kuti apititse patsogolo osankhika awa sayeneranso. kuthetsedwa kotheratu, ngakhale kuti ANC ikudzipereka pakali pano ku neo-liberalism.
Pofuna kulimbikitsa kukula kwa osankhidwa akudawa, ogwira ntchito ndi osauka, ambiri mwa iwo ndi akuda, komabe, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda chifundo ndikuponderezedwa. Zoonadi, chuma cha anthu apamwamba ku South Africa - oyera ndi akuda - chimakhazikika pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito komanso kuponderezedwa kwa anthu akuda. Momwemonso, malingaliro a NGP kuti apititse patsogolo kukula kwa anthu akuda osankhika komanso ochita bizinesi, kuchokera pamalingaliro amgulu, amapereka zochepa kwenikweni kwa ogwira ntchito akuda ndi osauka, komanso ogwira ntchito amitundu yonse. SACP, chifukwa chodzipereka ku chiphunzitso cha magawo awiri a kusintha, ikulephera kulimbana ndi izi - osasiya kuzindikira poyera. Choncho, ponena za kukwezeleza kwa NGP kwa BEE, ndi zochepa kwambiri zomwe zili zatsopano kuphatikizapo zonena kuti ziyenera kukhala 'zozama'.
Ndi mu nkhani iyinso kuyesetsa kukulitsa gulu la anthu akuda osankhika komanso 'pakati' pomwe lingaliro la NGP lokhazikitsa kampani ya migodi ya boma, ndipo mwina banki, liwonedwe. Malingaliro awa nawonso akuyamikiridwa ndi SACP, omwe amawawona ngati maziko othekera kuti chikhazikitso cha sosholizimu chikhazikike pamene gawo la National Democratic 'revolution' likuyembekezeka kutha.[xxx]. Pamene kampani ya migodi ya boma, yomwe inakambidwa mu NGP ndipo inayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi SACP, 'inakhazikitsidwa' mu May 2011, komabe, inaphatikizapo kukulitsa ndi kugulitsa malonda a bungwe lomwe linalipo la boma, African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation. AEMFC). Cholinga chachikulu cha AEMFC ndi migodi ya minerals yomwe imawonedwa ngati njira yotukula chuma cha South Africa. Mโyoyo, AEMFC i แธo dzhia vhukuma kha migodi ya malasha nahone u vhudza ESKOM ya fulufhedzi ya fulufhedzi ya fulufhedziso (yene i แธo แนea gigetsi nga tshifhingani tsha tshaka tsha Afrika Tshipembe) na magala. Monga gawo lakukulitsa AEMFC, makampani azinsinsi okhala ndi ziphaso za BEE azilandila makontilati omanga migodi ya malasha.[xxxi]. Momwemonso, kukula kwa kampani ya migodi ya boma kumagwirizana bwino ndi kudzipereka kwa boma ku BEE ndi cholinga chake chowonetsetsa kukula kwa capitalist. Zikuwonekeranso kuti kampani ya migodi ya boma yokha idzayendetsedwa ndi capitalist ndipo mwina sizodabwitsa kuti bungwe lalikulu la migodi linakanidwa mwadala pakukhazikitsa mgodi watsopano wa malasha wa AEMFC.[xxxii].
Ponena kuti zolinga zake ndi kuthetsa kusalingana ndi kusowa kwa ntchito, komabe, NGP ikuyesera kubisa zolinga zake zenizeni ndikubisa zenizeni za boma. Pamene akukakamizidwa, kapena kusunga momwe zinthu ziliri, mayiko nthawi zonse azidzinenera kuti ndi antchito a osauka ndi ogwira ntchito; pamene kwenikweni amathandizira kugwiriridwa kwawo ndi kuponderezedwa. Izi nโzimene zinachititsa kuti woukira boma Errico Malatesta anene kuti: โSizingatheke kudzisamalira kwa nthaลตi yaitali popanda kubisa mmene lilili lenileni ponamizira kuti nโlothandiza; sichingakakamize kulemekeza miyoyo ya anthu aulemu ngati sichikuwoneka kuti chikufuna kulemekeza moyo wa munthu, sichingakakamize kuvomereza maudindo a anthu ochepa ngati sichinamizire kukhala woyang'anira ufulu wa onse "[xxxiii]. Kudzera mu NGP, ndi zolemba zina, choncho dziko la South Africa likuukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka pomwe amadzinenera kuti ndi oteteza. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazolinga zake zazikulu ndikuletsa anthu kuzindikira dziko la South Africa kuti ndi chiyani: chida chodyera masuku pamutu ndi kuponderezana. Pankhani ya chinyengo ichi dziko la South Africa silili losiyana ndi dziko lina lililonse ndipo, motero, likudziwa bwino za ndale: kunama ndi kunyenga.
Yankho lochokera kwa Marx? kapena ndi Keynes?
Ngakhale SACP yavumbitsa matamando ku NGP; mabungwe ena osiyidwa akhala akutsutsa kwambiri. Ngakhale anali mu mgwirizano ndi ANC komanso 'kutumiza' akuluakulu aboma m'boma, chitaganya chachikulu kwambiri mdziko muno, Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), nawonso afotokoza bwino kuti NGP ndi ya neo-liberal. Pofuna kuthana ndi ufulu wa neo-liberalism uwu wati boma liyenera kutenga gawo lalikulu pazachuma ndikugwirizana molimba ndi ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Mwa zina, akuti njira yatsopano yakukulirakulira ikuyenera kukhala yozikidwa paboma kukulitsa ntchito zake zachindunji kwa anthu, boma kukhazikitsa ntchito zachitukuko, boma likugawanso malo, boma liwonetsetse kuti pakuchita malonda mwachilungamo komanso chinsinsi chokhazikitsa dziko. mafakitale. Iwo akukhulupirira kuti kupyolera mu izi, ndi kukhala ndi tsankho kwa ogwira ntchito, boma likhoza kutenga gawo lalikulu pa kuthetsa ndi kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa magulu, mtundu ndi amuna ndi akazi ku South Africa. Chifukwa chake, likunena kuti boma liyenera kulowererapo kuti lichepetse zovuta za capitalism[xxxiv].
Ngakhale kudzudzula kwawo kwa NGP kumamveka bwino, malinga ndi njira zina zomwe akuganiza, Cosatu ikugwera mumisampha ingapo. Ngakhale Cosatu ili ndi chikhumbo chowona chowona kuti miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ikutukuka, sikutanthauza kusiya kwathunthu ku capitalism. Chifukwa chake, Cosatu kwenikweni ikufuna kuti pakhale chuma chosakanikirana ndipo pamapeto pake njira zina zomwe zingaganizidwe zikufanana ndi kuyitanitsa boma lazaumoyo ku Keynisenian. Komabe, mu izi, Cosatu ikulephera kuthana ndi mfundo yakuti ngakhale pansi pa ulamuliro wa Keynesian capitalism, pomwe boma liri ndi umwini wa mafakitale akuluakulu ndi maudindo akuluakulu, ulova, kusalingana ndi kudyetsera anthu ogwira ntchito zikupitirirabe.[xxxv]. Pansi pa mitundu yonse ya ukapitalizimu, kaya neo-liberalism kapena mtundu womwe Cosatu amaufuna, ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito lomwe limatulutsa chuma chonse, ndipo ndi olamulira omwe amalanda zambiri mwadongosolo lamalipiro ndi misonkho. Choipa kwambiri, chifukwa pansi pa mitundu yonse ya zinthu za capitalism zimapangidwa kuti zipindule, osati kufunikira, antchito ochepa omwe amalembedwa ntchito amakhala abwino kwa ma capitalist: kumawonjezera phindu lawo.[xxxvi]. Chifukwa chake kusagwirizana ndi ulova ndi gawo limodzi lamitundu yonse ya capitalism. Njira zina za Cosatu sizikukwaniritsa izi, ndipo njira zina - ngati zitatsatidwa - zitha kukhala kuti padzakhala kusungika kosalekeza kwa ming'alu; ndipo gwero la kusalingana ndi ulova, ukapitalizimu, zikadakhalabe zosathetsedwa. Ndithudi, zingakhale bwino kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Keynesian kusiyana ndi mtundu wa neo-liberal, koma pansi pa Keynesianism ogwira ntchito akubedwabe ndi gulu lolamulira ndipo kusagwirizana kulipobe.
Mwina vuto lalikulu lomwe Cosatu akuganiza, malinga ndi malingaliro a chisokonezo, ndi chikhulupiriro chake chakuti mayiko atha kupereka kufanana kwakukulu, kukwaniritsa zosowa za ogwira ntchito, komanso kukhala kumbali ya ogwira ntchito. Mayiko onse, mosiyanasiyana, mwachibadwa amakhala opondereza komanso achiwawa. Choncho, pansi pa mawu onse okhudza kukhala zida za anthu, mayiko ali pakati ndi magulu akuluakulu omwe alipo kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu ochepa amalamulira ambiri.[xxxvii]. Kapangidwe kaulamuliro wa mayiko onse kumayikanso mphamvu m'manja mwa otsogolera. Mayiko ndi kukhalapo kwa anthu osankhika ndizofanana. Choncho, boma limagwiritsa ntchito anthu ochepa kwambiri ndipo ndi tanthawuzo liyenera kukhala lapakati, popeza ochepa amatha kulamulira pamene mphamvu zili m'manja mwawo komanso pamene zisankho zomwe amasankha zimayenda pansi pa mndandanda wa malamulo. Izi makamaka ndizomwe zimalola anthu ochepa omwe amafuna kulamulira anthu (akuluakulu aboma) ndikudyera masuku pamutu anthu (makapitalist) kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo.[xxxviii]. Choncho, mayiko, kuphatikizapo dziko la South Africa, sangathe kukwaniritsa zofuna za ogwira ntchito, kapena kukhala ndi tsankho kwa ogwira ntchito (monga momwe Cosatu ikuyembekeza), koma ndi zida zoyendetsera mphamvu zamagulu olamulira. Monga momwe Bakunin anatsindika, boma ndi "lopanda pake, losuliza kwambiri komanso lotsutsa kwambiri anthu ... limasokoneza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa amuna ndi akazi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo limabweretsa ena mwa iwo kuti agwirizane ndi cholinga chowononga." kugonjetsa ndi kukhala akapolo ena onseโ[xxxix]
Kuponderezedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa anthu ambiri kudzachitika, ngakhale pansi pa dongosolo lanyumba yamalamulo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ngakhale mโnyumba ya malamulo anthu ochepa amatha kupanga zisankho, kulangiza ena zoyenera kuchita, komanso kutsata malangizowa kudzera mโboma. Bakunin adanenanso kuti zingakhale bwino kukhala pansi pa dongosolo la nyumba yamalamulo kusiyana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza, koma adanenanso kuti dongosolo la nyumba yamalamulo ndilo "njira yotsimikizika yophatikizira pansi pa chovala chaufulu ndi chilungamo kulamulira kosatha kwa anthu mwa kukhala nawo. makalasi, kuwononga ufulu wofalaโ[xl]. Zotsatira zake, ngakhale pansi pa dongosolo lanyumba yamalamulo, anthu akapanda kumvera malangizo a boma kapena kutsutsana nawo, mphamvu za boma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuumiriza ndi/kapena kuwalanga. Choncho, boma ngati njira yapakati ya magulu olamulira amphamvu amadzineneranso kuti ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka mkati mwa "gawo" lake; ndipo adzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo pakafunika kutero - kuphatikizapo otsutsa omwe akudzutsa nkhani monga kusowa kwa ntchito, kusowa kwa nyumba, malipiro osauka komanso kusowa kwa ntchito zofunika. Mayiko, motero, amatsutsana ndi ufulu.
Soviet Union inali chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha izi. Linali dziko la Soviet, pansi pa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Chipani cha Bolshevik, chomwe chinawononga mwachiwawa kuyendetsa kwa antchito, alimi ndi osauka chifukwa cha ufulu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Russia. Izi zinachitika patangopita nthawi ya October Revolution pamene zofuna za ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba zinayamba kutsutsana poyera ndi za anthu osankhika mkati mwa chipani cha Bolshevik. Kuyambira mu 1917, a Bolshevik atalimbitsa mphamvu zawo pa ulamuliro wa boma, adagwiritsa ntchito boma kufooketsa chiyembekezo cha demokalase yachindunji mkati mwa boma. Soviet; adapanga apolisi achinsinsi atsopano kuti aphwanye ma anarchists, ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba omwe ankafuna socialism yopanda malire; adakhazikitsanso maudindo m'gulu lankhondo; ndipo adathetsa ufulu wakulankhula[xli]. Pofika mโchaka cha 1921 amene anatsutsa ulamuliro wa Bolshevik ndi boma anatumizidwa kundende zozunzirako anthu. Momwemonso, komanso pansi pa Lenin, boma lidaphanso chiyembekezo chilichonse chowongolera ogwira ntchito pazachuma. Patangotha โโโโmiyezi ingapo a Bolsheviks alanda ulamuliro wa boma, kudzilamulira kwa ogwira ntchito kunathetsedwa, kumenyedwa kunali koletsedwa, ntchito inakhala yankhondo, utsogoleri wa munthu m'modzi unakhazikitsidwa, Taylorism idalandiridwa, ndipo ubale wa zopanga zomwe zimatanthawuza capitalism udakondweretsedwa ndikuzika mizu.[xlii]. Mfundo yakuti dziko la Soviet lidatulutsa mafakitale ambiri, omwe poyamba adagwidwa ndi ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku ma capitalist, adathandizira izi - zidapatsa boma la Soviet mphamvu zazikulu zomwe linkagwiritsa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito. M'malo mwake, boma la Soviet silinavomereze njira yodziyimira pawokha kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndipo ulamuliro wa boma udawonetsa kuti sugwirizana ndi kudzilamulira kwaogwira ntchito, demokalase yolunjika ndi sosholizimu yeniyeni.[xliii]. Zowonadi, umwini waboma sunatembenuzidwe konse mโkuyanjana kwa katundu ndi chuma, sunatsogolere konse ku mapeto a ukapitalist, sunagwetse maunansi a ukapitalist pakupanga, ndipo unathetsa ulamuliro wa antchito. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro enieni a mayiko onse atsimikizira kukhala apakati, aulemulira komanso olemekezeka. Izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndikuganiziridwa musanayike chikhulupiriro m'mayiko, kapena kukhulupirira kuti angapereke chilungamo ndi ufulu kwa oponderezedwa.
Kutsiliza
NGP iyenera kuwonedwa momwe ilili: kuyesa kwa boma kuti lipititse patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka chuma, kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa anthu akuda. Kuti achite zimenezi, ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ku South Africa akuyenera kudyeredwa masuku pamutu mopanda chifundo. NGP yokha imamveketsa bwino izi ndikuyitanitsa zoletsa malipilo ndi mapangano a zokolola. Pankhani yongolankhula, NGP inganene kuti ikufuna kulimbikitsa ntchito ndi kulimbana ndi kusalingana, koma chifukwa cha capitalist ndi mawerengero ake sangachite izi ndipo m'malo mwake ndi chida chopangidwa ndi gulu lolamulira kuti likwaniritse zofuna za gulu lolamulira. Ndipotu, gulu lolamulira - mwa mawonekedwe a capitalist ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu aboma - sadzapereka ntchito kwa onse ndi kufanana. Maudindo awo pamwamba pa anthu amangotengera kudyedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Choncho, ogwira ntchito ndi osauka sangadalire magulu olamulira kapena zolemba zawo monga NGP, kapena maiko - omwe chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chapakati komanso chaulamuliro amatumikira ndi kutulutsa olamulira - kuti athetse ulova, kusalingana, kuponderezana ndi kuponderezana.
Ngakhale kuti ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti athe kumenyera ntchito, kuthetsa kubisa, kuletsa kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, kukweza malipiro ndi kuwongolera mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito masiku ano, pakufunikanso kuzindikira kuti boma ndi capitalism ndizomwe zimayambitsa izi. zoipa. Momwemo, tikuyenera kuyamba kuyesetsa kukulitsa zovuta zomwe zilipo ku South Africa kukhala gulu lomwe lingakhale lotsutsana ndi boma ndi capitalism, ndipo pochita izi tifunika kusintha pang'onopang'ono zolimbana kuchokera kuchitetezo chachilengedwe kupita kunkhondo. Choncho, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo yolimbana ndi kusintha masiku ano kuti tiyambe kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, komabe, sikutanthauza kuti boma limangopanga mafakitale, monga Cosatu, magulu ena amanzere ndi okonda dziko la South Africa adapempha kuti achitepo kanthu ku South Africa. Zikutanthauza kuthetseratu boma ndi ukapitalist - pokhapokha pamene machitidwe opondereza ndi oponderezawa atha ndipo ogwira ntchito ndi osauka angapeze ufulu. Momwemo, pokhapokha ngati ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ali ndi ulamuliro wachindunji pazachuma, pamene chuma chonse chakhala chogwirizana, komanso pamene boma lasinthidwa ndi ndondomeko za demokalase yeniyeni, kudzilamulira komanso kudzilamulira - monga mabungwe a federal ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito. /makhonsolo - ulova ndi kusalingana zidzathetsedwa kwamuyaya. Kunena kuti NGP imasweka ndi neo-liberalism kapena kuika chiyembekezo m'boma, komabe, sikutiyandikizitsa ife pafupi ndi anthu otere kapena kulimbana; M'malo mwake zimatisokoneza, sizipereka kalikonse ndipo zimatsogolera njira yopita kwina kulikonse.
Ngakhale kuti zikuyembekezeredwa kukhala omvera, komabe zionetsero m'madera ogwira ntchito zikufalikira. Anthu atopa ndi ulova, kukhala ndi nyumba zosakhazikika, kuchitiridwa manyazi, kutsekeredwa madzi ndi magetsi. Ndipotu, munthu aliyense ku South Africa ali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri padziko lonse lapansi[Iv]. Ndi muzochitika izi zakukula kwa zochitika zachindunji za anthu, ngakhale zitakhala kuti sizinagwirizane, kuti boma lawona kuti n'koyenera, osachepera pamlingo wongolankhula, kulengeza zolinga zake zolimbana ndi ulova ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana. Kuti achite izi adawulula dongosolo latsopano lazachuma, Njira Yatsopano Yakukula (NGP), kumapeto kwa 2010 ndi cholinga cholengezera ntchito 5 miliyoni pofika 2020.[V].
Pakati pa akuluakulu ena a boma ndi andale, kuphatikizapo ogwirizana nawo a ANC - South African Communist Party (SACP) - NGP yawonetsedwa ngati kusintha kwakukulu. M'malo mwake, zawonetsedwa ngati lipenga la boma lomwe lidzakhazikitsa dzikolo panjira yoti pakhale kufanana kwakukulu ndi ntchito zonse pakapita nthawi.[vi]. Ngakhale Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi Wamkulu wa SACP wayamikira NGP ngati yopuma ku neo-liberalism ndi "market fundamentalism"[vii], kusintha kotsimikizika kuchokera ku Ndondomeko ya Kukula, Ntchito ndi Kugawanso (Gawo). Tsoka ilo, monga tidzakambitsirana mu theka loyamba la pepala kuchokera kumalingaliro a anarchist, zonena zonsezi mwina ndi zolakalaka kapena zopotoza zenizeni. Neo-liberalism - mu mawonekedwe a nkhondo yamagulu yochokera kumwamba - ili ndi moyo ku South Africa. Momwemo, zidzakambidwa kuti NGP ikumanga pa ndondomeko za boma zotsogozedwa ndi ANC zomwe zaukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka; pamene kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za gulu lolamulira ndi kulimbikitsa kukula kwa anthu akuda mkati mwake.
Kutsutsa kwa anarchist komwe kumaperekedwa mu pepalali, komabe, sikutsutsa koyamba kwa NGP. Anthu ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana osiyidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha Marx ndi Keynes, m'miyezi ingapo yapitayo adatsutsanso NGP (chomwe chimapangitsa pepalali kukhala losiyana ngakhale ndi dongosolo lake la anarchist, lomwe limatsogolera kumalingaliro osiyanasiyana). Chifukwa cha malingaliro awo amalingaliro, malingaliro omwe atuluka m'mawu am'mbuyomu awa adafuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu pazachuma. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) lapempha boma kuti likhazikitse mafakitale akuluakulu ndi kugwirizana mwamphamvu ndi ogwira ntchito kuti athetse kusagwirizana ndi kusowa kwa ntchito. Mu theka lachiwiri la pepalali, zidzatsutsidwa kuti njira zina zomwe zaperekedwazo ndizolakwika pamalingaliro amagulu. Izi zachitika chifukwa choona kuti ngakhale kuyitanitsa chuma 'chosakanikirana', njira zina zomwe Cosatu adaganiza zimalephera kuthetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ulova ndi kusalingana: ulamuliro wamagulu, capitalist ndi Boma Machitidwe.
Kodi NGP ikuyimira china chatsopano?
Ngakhale kuti NGP inganene kuti cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuchepetsa ulova ndikulimbana ndi kusalingana, malinga ndi ndondomeko, mwachiwonekere ndi kupitiriza kumasula ufulu wa neo. Zowonadi, ngakhale boma lotsogozedwa ndi ANC lakhala laluso popewa chilankhulo chokhudzana kwambiri ndi neo-liberalism - monga privatization - dongosolo la neo-liberal la NGP pazachuma chachikulu likuwonekera poyera. Chifukwa chake, bungwe la NGP likunena kuti boma lidzatsogozedwa ndi "ndondomeko yochepetsetsa kwambiri yazachuma mothandizidwa ndi njira zazachuma kuti pakhale zovuta zakukwera kwamitengo ndikupititsa patsogolo mpikisano"[viii]. Izi, osati kuyimira kupuma, zimabwereza zinthu zazikulu za Gear pamlingo waukulu wachuma. Izi, motero, zimamasulira muzochitika zomwe zenizeni, komanso zamtsogolo, ndalama za boma zidzachepetsedwa. Ngakhale kukula kwachuma kukuyembekezeredwa kukhala 4% pachaka mu NGP, komanso kukwera pang'ono pang'ono, ndalama zomwe boma zimagwiritsa ntchito zizikwera ndi 2% yokha pachaka.[ix]. Chifukwa chake, povomereza lokha, zonse zomwe boma likufuna kuchita ndikugwiritsa ntchito chuma chake moyenera ndikuwongolera ndalama zomwe zingabweretse chuma chomwe chingabweretse kukula kwachuma - komanso malinga ndi mawu ake, ntchito zatsopano zomwe zikutsatiridwa. M'malo mopereka chithandizo kwa osauka, cholinga chachikulu cha NGP ndikulola kuti chuma chikhale chogwira ntchito bwino ndipo chimafuna kuti zisankho zolimba zichitike kuti izi zitheke.[x]. Chifukwa chake, pankhani yakukula kwachuma, NGP si njira yatsopano kapena yopumira kuchokera ku Gear.
Sikuti pamlingo wa mfundo zoletsa zandalama zomwe NGP imalephera kuphwanya mfundo zapakati za Gear. Monga otsogola ake - Gear ndi Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (Asgisa) - NGP ikuwona chuma chotengera kugulitsa kunja, kupikisana kwakukulu, kugulitsa ndalama zakunja, kuchulukirachulukira, kuletsa malipiro, kutsika mtengo kwa mabizinesi ndi kukula kwachuma. chofunikira pakukhazikitsa ntchito[xi]. Izi makamaka ndi kaboni wazinthu zazikulu za Gear. M'malo mwake, NGP imalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti malipiro ayenera kuchepetsedwa ndi mapangano a zokolola akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zoonadi, mapangano a zokolola amapangitsa kuti malipiro awonjezeke mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola; amachepetsa mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito kuwongolera liwiro la ntchito; ndi kuchititsa kudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa antchito[xii]. NGP, motero, ili ndi zinthu zapamwamba za neo-liberal komanso njira zotsutsana ndi ogwira ntchito. Ikufotokoza momveka bwino m'mawu ake oyamba momwe ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ku South Africa avutikira, koma ikufuna kudyeredwa masuku pamutu kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka monga njira yothanirana ndi kuvutikaku.
Ngakhale kuti NGP ikulira mokweza za zolinga zake zomwe zalengezedwa zoyambitsa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana, zomwe zasiyidwa za chikalata cha NGP, m'njira zambiri, zikuwonetsa zambiri. Ndondomeko ya neo-liberal ku South Africa sizochitika zatsopano; yakhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo kwa zaka makumi atatu. Mbali za neo-liberalism zinayambitsidwa mwankhanza ndi ulamuliro wa PW Botha mzaka za m'ma 1980. Munali mโzaka za mโma 1980 pamene chisonkhezero chofuna kuchita malonda ndi kusungitsa ntchito zachinsinsi ndi mabungwe a boma chinayamba - panthaลตi imene opindula kwambiri anali azungu ogwirizana ndi boma la tsankho. Momwemonso, inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe lamulo la nyumba zamatauni za neo-liberal lidayamba kukhazikitsidwa ndipo malo odyera ndi maholo ammudzi adakhazikitsidwa. Izi zidachitika panthawi ya zigawenga zazikulu za anthu akuda ndipo cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa kukhulupirika ku lingaliro la katundu wamba pakati pa anthu okhala m'matauni akuda kuti athane ndi zigawengazi. Mogwirizana ndi izi, cholinga cha kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa gulu la amalonda akuda - pogwiritsa ntchito privative taverns taverns in townships and kulimbikitsa bizinesi ya taxi yachinsinsi inatsatiridwa. Boma likuyembekeza kuti ngati lingalimbikitse kukula kwa bizinesi yakuda, lingagwirizane ndi ulamuliro ndi capitalism komanso kuyimba kopanda tanthauzo kwa socialism.[xiii].
Pamene ANC idayamba kulamulira mu 1994, idapitilira ndikukulitsa neo-liberalism. Mwachibadwa, akuluakulu a ANC adachita izi pofuna zofuna zawo (zambiri zomwe zidzakambidwe pansipa). Pansi pa ulamuliro wa ANC, motero, mitengo yamalonda idadulidwa; kumasulidwa kwachuma kumalimbikitsidwa; kusinthasintha kwa ogwira ntchito kumalimbikitsidwa, kusungitsa ndalama zabizinesi kukulitsidwa, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe aboma kudafulumizitsa ndikukulitsidwa. M'miyezi yoyamba ya ulamuliro wa ANC, ndondomeko ya nyumba ya neo-liberal ya PW Botha inatsitsimutsidwanso ndi nduna yatsopano ya nyumba ndi SACP heavyweight, Joe Slovo.[xiv]. Zowonadi, chipani cha ANC chinagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zake za 'kumasulidwa' kuti zidutse njira zaufulu zomwe boma la tsankho, chifukwa cha kukana kwa anthu, silinathe.
Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri, dziko lotsogozedwa ndi ANC lakhazikitsa mfundozi, kutanthauza kuti chuma ndi moyo wa anthu zasinthidwa ndi neo-liberalism. Zotsatira za ndondomekozi zakhala zopweteka kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Chiyambire 1994, anthu 10 miliyoni adulidwa madzi kapena magetsi; Anthu 5 miliyoni achotsedwa mโnyumba zawo; anthu miyandamiyanda achotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kapena kusinthasintha kwa ntchito; ndipo kusowa kwa nyumba kwakula kwambiri[xv]. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kuti anthu anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha chikhalidwe cha pambuyo pa tsankho, komanso kuganiza kuti padzakhala anthu ogwirizana, kupitiriza kukhazikika kwa neo-liberalism kwachititsa kuti anthu akuda awonongeke (omwe chifukwa cha tsankho anali ndi zochepa kwambiri). , pamene makalasi achikuda, Amwenye, ndi azungu alowanso muumphaลตi. Momwemonso, chikhalidwe cha neo-liberalism pakati pa amuna ndi akazi chawonekeranso, pomwe amayi ali ndi udindo wokonzanso ndikusunga anthu wamba.[xvi]. Kotero ngakhale kuti anthu akuda, kudzera m'boma, adalowa nawo m'gulu la anthu osankhika m'gulu lolamulira ndi kugwa kwa tsankho, pali zochepa zomwe zasintha kwa anthu ambiri: ogwira ntchito akuda angakhale atapambana mavoti, koma kupitirira pang'ono kwasintha. ndipo anthu ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amira mu umphawi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti bungwe la NGP likulephera kuthana ndi izi moyenera komanso silikugwirizanitsa kukula kwa umphawi ndi neo-liberalism. NGP, motero, sikuti isiyanitse ndi neo-liberalism, monga anena ndi SACP, koma ikufuna kukonzanso chuma cha dziko la South Africa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Nanga ndichifukwa chiyani SACP ikuwona kuti NGP ndi yosiyanitsidwa ndi neo-liberalism?
Mwina cholakwika chachikulu chomwe SACP imapanga, powona NGP ngati yopuma ndi Gear, ndikuti awona njira iliyonse yolowererapo pachuma ngati kusintha kuchokera ku neo-liberalism. Chotsatira chake, SACP ikuwona NGP ngati yopuma ku neo-liberalism pang'ono chifukwa boma lidawonetsa zolinga zake kuti lipitilize kuyika ndalama zake pazomangamanga, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe aboma kuyesa kulimbikitsa kukula, monga tafotokozera poyamba mu Asgisa.[xvii]. Komabe, kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe boma likufuna kuyikamo ndalama ndicholinga cholimbikitsa kugwirira ntchito bwino kwachuma cha capitalist. Izi makamaka zikukhudza kukonza zomangamanga zokhudzana ndi zonyamula katundu ndikukulitsa mphamvu zamagetsi poika ndalama muukadaulo wobiriwira ndi mphamvu zanyukiliya.[xviii]. Omwe adzapindule kwambiri ndi izi, adzakhala mabungwe. Monga ananenera ma anarchist a ku South Africa kulowererapo kwa boma, komanso kukulitsa ndi kukonza zida zofunika, pakokha sikuyimira kusiya ku neo-liberalism.[xix].
Malingaliro olakwika a SACP, komabe, akuyimira zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa ambiri omwe ali kumanzere. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malingaliro olakwika akuti neo-liberalism ikufanana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mphamvu za boma, ndikuti pansi pa neo-liberalism boma likuchoka ku chuma. Palibe chomwe chingakhale choposa chowonadi. Neo-liberalism idayamba chifukwa cha kugwa kwachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi - kuphatikiza ku South Africa - komwe kudayamba mu 1970s.[xx]. Pankhani ya izi, neo-liberalism imayimira nkhondo yamagulu kuchokera pamwamba kuti ibwezeretse mitengo yakukula ndikuwonjezera phindu kumagulu asanafike 1970. Neo-liberalism, motero, ikukhudza boma kulimbana ndi ogwira ntchito ndi osauka polimbikitsa kukhazikika, kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, kuletsa malipiro ndi kuchepetsa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito. Ngakhale izi zimachitikira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka, monga mbali ya neo-liberalism, boma limalowererapo kuti apindule ndi olamulira kudzera mwa zina, kuchotsera anthu olemera, kuchepetsa msonkho kwa olemera, kutsegulira mwayi kwamakampani, kugulitsa ntchito kunja, kupereka ndalama. ndalama zotsika mtengo komanso ngakhale kupereka ndalama kumakampani ena ofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, neoliberalism imalimbikitsa a amphamvu boma lomwe lingathe kukhalabe ndi "mpikisano wabwino" kwa mabungwe omwe siaboma ndikulimbikitsa mwamphamvu komanso moyenera ufulu wa katundu wabizinesi. Choncho pansi pa ulamuliro wa neo-liberalism mayiko adakulitsanso ntchito zawo zopondereza, monga zapolisi ndi kusonkhanitsa anzeru, kuyesa kusokoneza ziwonetsero zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi kuukira kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka.[xxi]. Cholinga cha njira zonsezi, kotero, sikuchepetsa mphamvu za boma, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma kuonjezera phindu ndi chuma cha magulu olamulira, ndikudzitetezera okha mwa kuchepetsa ndalama zoperekera chithandizo ku magulu olamulira. osauka[xxii]. Zoonadi, akuluakulu a boma, kuti ateteze udindo wawo m'gulu lolamulira, amafuna chuma cholimba - ndipo pakalipano akukankhira neo-liberalism kuti ayese kutsimikizira izi. Pamenepa, zokonda zawo zimakumana ndi mbali ina ya gulu lolamulira, ma capitalist.
Choncho, ku South Africa, pamene akuukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka, dziko la neo-liberal la South Africa layesetsa mosalekeza kuthandiza mabungwe kubwezeretsa ndi kukulitsa kukula. Izi zakhudzanso kuti boma ligwiritse ntchito chuma chake popereka chithandizo kumabungwe pamtengo wotsika ndipo, pakafunika, liperekanso ndalama kumakampani.[xxiii]. Chifukwa chake, mayiko - kaya ku South Africa kapena kumayiko ena - akupitiliza kuchita nawo gawo lalikulu pazachuma (ku South Africa ndalama za boma zimapitilira 30% ya GDP.[xxiv]). Ngakhale mayiko ena (koma osati onse) atha kuwononga ndalama zomwe amawononga, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zimangowonjezera kupindulitsa gulu lolamulira. Momwemonso, neo-liberalism, ku South Africa ndi kumayiko ena, yakhudza boma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zazikulu ndi chuma chake kusamutsa mphamvu mosalekeza kupita ku gulu lolamulira. Popeza kuti neo-liberalism ndi nkhondo yamagulu yochokera kumwamba, mfundo yakuti dziko la South Africa likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ntchito zomwe zidzalimbikitse kukula ndipo potsirizira pake zipindule gulu lolamulira, kotero, sikusiyana ndi neo-liberalism; ndi gawo lapakati pake.
SACP yayamikiranso mfundo yakuti NGP ikufuna kuti boma lilowererepo pofuna kukulitsa mphamvu za anthu akuda (BEE). Zoona zake, komabe, uku ndikungopitilira ndondomeko za boma zakale ndipo zimapereka zochepa kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito akuda. NGP ikunena momveka bwino kuti njira zomwe akufuna kuchitazo ndi zopindulitsa mabizinesi a anthu akuda. Kulimbikitsa BEE, motero, NGP ikufuna kuti boma liwonjezere kugula kwake, malinga ndi malonda ndi ntchito (zomwe zingaphatikizepo kugulitsa kunja), kuchokera kwa amalonda akuda.[xxv]. Kuphatikiza pa izi, ikupanga malingaliro okhazikitsa bungwe limodzi lothandizira ndalama zothandizira mabizinesi apakatikati ndi ang'onoang'ono kuti apeze mwayi wopeza ngongole mosavuta.[xxvi]. Apanso ichi sichinthu chatsopano. Asgisa adalimbikitsa kwambiri BEE, ndipo idalumikizana ndi - mwa zina - kukweza mabizinesi apakati ndi ang'onoang'ono.[xxvii]. Momwemonso, pamene ANC inatenga mphamvu za boma, pamene neo-liberalism inali yovuta padziko lonse lapansi, idafuna kugwiritsa ntchito neo-liberalism kulimbikitsa kutuluka kwa anthu akuda. Izi zidachitika kudzera m'mabizinesi komanso kutumiza anthu kunja. Ngakhale BEE mkati mwawokha sichiyimira ndondomeko ya neo-liberal; neo-liberalism motero idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida cholimbikitsa BEE. ANC yagwiritsanso ntchito boma mwachindunji kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu akuda kudzera m'maboma omwe amalipidwa bwino kwa mamembala a chipani chachikulu komanso kubwereketsa maboma kumabizinesi motengera kudandaula kwa BEE. M'malo mwake, ndondomeko ya dziko la ANC nthawi zonse yakhala ikuyesera kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha anthu akuda ndi amtundu wa "middle class". Kwambiri m'mbiri yake, utsogoleri wa ANC udaganiza zochita izi kudzera pakukhazikitsa makampani akuluakulu pansi pa ndondomeko ya capitalist.[xxviii]; pofika zaka za m'ma 1990, komabe, privatization, ma equity schemes, ndalama za boma ndi kutumiza kunja kunawonedwa ngati chinsinsi.[xxix]. Komabe, monga gawo la kudzipereka kwake kulimbikitsa kukula kwa anthu osankhika akuda, kuthekera kwa akuluakulu aboma omwe ali pakati pa ANC (omwe amapanga gawo lapadera la olamulira) kupititsa patsogolo mafakitale ofunikira m'tsogolomu kuti apititse patsogolo osankhika awa sayeneranso. kuthetsedwa kotheratu, ngakhale kuti ANC ikudzipereka pakali pano ku neo-liberalism.
Pofuna kulimbikitsa kukula kwa osankhidwa akudawa, ogwira ntchito ndi osauka, ambiri mwa iwo ndi akuda, komabe, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda chifundo ndikuponderezedwa. Zoonadi, chuma cha anthu apamwamba ku South Africa - oyera ndi akuda - chimakhazikika pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito komanso kuponderezedwa kwa anthu akuda. Momwemonso, malingaliro a NGP kuti apititse patsogolo kukula kwa anthu akuda osankhika komanso ochita bizinesi, kuchokera pamalingaliro amgulu, amapereka zochepa kwenikweni kwa ogwira ntchito akuda ndi osauka, komanso ogwira ntchito amitundu yonse. SACP, chifukwa chodzipereka ku chiphunzitso cha magawo awiri a kusintha, ikulephera kulimbana ndi izi - osasiya kuzindikira poyera. Choncho, ponena za kukwezeleza kwa NGP kwa BEE, ndi zochepa kwambiri zomwe zili zatsopano kuphatikizapo zonena kuti ziyenera kukhala 'zozama'.
Ndi mu nkhani iyinso kuyesetsa kukulitsa gulu la anthu akuda osankhika komanso 'pakati' pomwe lingaliro la NGP lokhazikitsa kampani ya migodi ya boma, ndipo mwina banki, liwonedwe. Malingaliro awa nawonso akuyamikiridwa ndi SACP, omwe amawawona ngati maziko othekera kuti chikhazikitso cha sosholizimu chikhazikike pamene gawo la National Democratic 'revolution' likuyembekezeka kutha.[xxx]. Pamene kampani ya migodi ya boma, yomwe inakambidwa mu NGP ndipo inayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi SACP, 'inakhazikitsidwa' mu May 2011, komabe, inaphatikizapo kukulitsa ndi kugulitsa malonda a bungwe lomwe linalipo la boma, African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation. AEMFC). Cholinga chachikulu cha AEMFC ndi migodi ya minerals yomwe imawonedwa ngati njira yotukula chuma cha South Africa. Mโyoyo, AEMFC i แธo dzhia vhukuma kha migodi ya malasha nahone u vhudza ESKOM ya fulufhedzi ya fulufhedzi ya fulufhedziso (yene i แธo แนea gigetsi nga tshifhingani tsha tshaka tsha Afrika Tshipembe) na magala. Monga gawo lakukulitsa AEMFC, makampani azinsinsi okhala ndi ziphaso za BEE azilandila makontilati omanga migodi ya malasha.[xxxi]. Momwemonso, kukula kwa kampani ya migodi ya boma kumagwirizana bwino ndi kudzipereka kwa boma ku BEE ndi cholinga chake chowonetsetsa kukula kwa capitalist. Zikuwonekeranso kuti kampani ya migodi ya boma yokha idzayendetsedwa ndi capitalist ndipo mwina sizodabwitsa kuti bungwe lalikulu la migodi linakanidwa mwadala pakukhazikitsa mgodi watsopano wa malasha wa AEMFC.[xxxii].
Ponena kuti zolinga zake ndi kuthetsa kusalingana ndi kusowa kwa ntchito, komabe, NGP ikuyesera kubisa zolinga zake zenizeni ndikubisa zenizeni za boma. Pamene akukakamizidwa, kapena kusunga momwe zinthu ziliri, mayiko nthawi zonse azidzinenera kuti ndi antchito a osauka ndi ogwira ntchito; pamene kwenikweni amathandizira kugwiriridwa kwawo ndi kuponderezedwa. Izi nโzimene zinachititsa kuti woukira boma Errico Malatesta anene kuti: โSizingatheke kudzisamalira kwa nthaลตi yaitali popanda kubisa mmene lilili lenileni ponamizira kuti nโlothandiza; sichingakakamize kulemekeza miyoyo ya anthu aulemu ngati sichikuwoneka kuti chikufuna kulemekeza moyo wa munthu, sichingakakamize kuvomereza maudindo a anthu ochepa ngati sichinamizire kukhala woyang'anira ufulu wa onse "[xxxiii]. Kudzera mu NGP, ndi zolemba zina, choncho dziko la South Africa likuukira ogwira ntchito ndi osauka pomwe amadzinenera kuti ndi oteteza. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazolinga zake zazikulu ndikuletsa anthu kuzindikira dziko la South Africa kuti ndi chiyani: chida chodyera masuku pamutu ndi kuponderezana. Pankhani ya chinyengo ichi dziko la South Africa silili losiyana ndi dziko lina lililonse ndipo, motero, likudziwa bwino za ndale: kunama ndi kunyenga.
Yankho lochokera kwa Marx? kapena ndi Keynes?
Ngakhale SACP yavumbitsa matamando ku NGP; mabungwe ena osiyidwa akhala akutsutsa kwambiri. Ngakhale anali mu mgwirizano ndi ANC komanso 'kutumiza' akuluakulu aboma m'boma, chitaganya chachikulu kwambiri mdziko muno, Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), nawonso afotokoza bwino kuti NGP ndi ya neo-liberal. Pofuna kuthana ndi ufulu wa neo-liberalism uwu wati boma liyenera kutenga gawo lalikulu pazachuma ndikugwirizana molimba ndi ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Mwa zina, akuti njira yatsopano yakukulirakulira ikuyenera kukhala yozikidwa paboma kukulitsa ntchito zake zachindunji kwa anthu, boma kukhazikitsa ntchito zachitukuko, boma likugawanso malo, boma liwonetsetse kuti pakuchita malonda mwachilungamo komanso chinsinsi chokhazikitsa dziko. mafakitale. Iwo akukhulupirira kuti kupyolera mu izi, ndi kukhala ndi tsankho kwa ogwira ntchito, boma likhoza kutenga gawo lalikulu pa kuthetsa ndi kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa magulu, mtundu ndi amuna ndi akazi ku South Africa. Chifukwa chake, likunena kuti boma liyenera kulowererapo kuti lichepetse zovuta za capitalism[xxxiv].
Ngakhale kudzudzula kwawo kwa NGP kumamveka bwino, malinga ndi njira zina zomwe akuganiza, Cosatu ikugwera mumisampha ingapo. Ngakhale Cosatu ili ndi chikhumbo chowona chowona kuti miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ikutukuka, sikutanthauza kusiya kwathunthu ku capitalism. Chifukwa chake, Cosatu kwenikweni ikufuna kuti pakhale chuma chosakanikirana ndipo pamapeto pake njira zina zomwe zingaganizidwe zikufanana ndi kuyitanitsa boma lazaumoyo ku Keynisenian. Komabe, mu izi, Cosatu ikulephera kuthana ndi mfundo yakuti ngakhale pansi pa ulamuliro wa Keynesian capitalism, pomwe boma liri ndi umwini wa mafakitale akuluakulu ndi maudindo akuluakulu, ulova, kusalingana ndi kudyetsera anthu ogwira ntchito zikupitirirabe.[xxxv]. Pansi pa mitundu yonse ya ukapitalizimu, kaya neo-liberalism kapena mtundu womwe Cosatu amaufuna, ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito lomwe limatulutsa chuma chonse, ndipo ndi olamulira omwe amalanda zambiri mwadongosolo lamalipiro ndi misonkho. Choipa kwambiri, chifukwa pansi pa mitundu yonse ya zinthu za capitalism zimapangidwa kuti zipindule, osati kufunikira, antchito ochepa omwe amalembedwa ntchito amakhala abwino kwa ma capitalist: kumawonjezera phindu lawo.[xxxvi]. Chifukwa chake kusagwirizana ndi ulova ndi gawo limodzi lamitundu yonse ya capitalism. Njira zina za Cosatu sizikukwaniritsa izi, ndipo njira zina - ngati zitatsatidwa - zitha kukhala kuti padzakhala kusungika kosalekeza kwa ming'alu; ndipo gwero la kusalingana ndi ulova, ukapitalizimu, zikadakhalabe zosathetsedwa. Ndithudi, zingakhale bwino kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Keynesian kusiyana ndi mtundu wa neo-liberal, koma pansi pa Keynesianism ogwira ntchito akubedwabe ndi gulu lolamulira ndipo kusagwirizana kulipobe.
Mwina vuto lalikulu lomwe Cosatu akuganiza, malinga ndi malingaliro a chisokonezo, ndi chikhulupiriro chake chakuti mayiko atha kupereka kufanana kwakukulu, kukwaniritsa zosowa za ogwira ntchito, komanso kukhala kumbali ya ogwira ntchito. Mayiko onse, mosiyanasiyana, mwachibadwa amakhala opondereza komanso achiwawa. Choncho, pansi pa mawu onse okhudza kukhala zida za anthu, mayiko ali pakati ndi magulu akuluakulu omwe alipo kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu ochepa amalamulira ambiri.[xxxvii]. Kapangidwe kaulamuliro wa mayiko onse kumayikanso mphamvu m'manja mwa otsogolera. Mayiko ndi kukhalapo kwa anthu osankhika ndizofanana. Choncho, boma limagwiritsa ntchito anthu ochepa kwambiri ndipo ndi tanthawuzo liyenera kukhala lapakati, popeza ochepa amatha kulamulira pamene mphamvu zili m'manja mwawo komanso pamene zisankho zomwe amasankha zimayenda pansi pa mndandanda wa malamulo. Izi makamaka ndizomwe zimalola anthu ochepa omwe amafuna kulamulira anthu (akuluakulu aboma) ndikudyera masuku pamutu anthu (makapitalist) kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo.[xxxviii]. Choncho, mayiko, kuphatikizapo dziko la South Africa, sangathe kukwaniritsa zofuna za ogwira ntchito, kapena kukhala ndi tsankho kwa ogwira ntchito (monga momwe Cosatu ikuyembekeza), koma ndi zida zoyendetsera mphamvu zamagulu olamulira. Monga momwe Bakunin anatsindika, boma ndi "lopanda pake, losuliza kwambiri komanso lotsutsa kwambiri anthu ... limasokoneza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa amuna ndi akazi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo limabweretsa ena mwa iwo kuti agwirizane ndi cholinga chowononga." kugonjetsa ndi kukhala akapolo ena onseโ[xxxix]
Kuponderezedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa anthu ambiri kudzachitika, ngakhale pansi pa dongosolo lanyumba yamalamulo. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ngakhale mโnyumba ya malamulo anthu ochepa amatha kupanga zisankho, kulangiza ena zoyenera kuchita, komanso kutsata malangizowa kudzera mโboma. Bakunin adanenanso kuti zingakhale bwino kukhala pansi pa dongosolo la nyumba yamalamulo kusiyana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza, koma adanenanso kuti dongosolo la nyumba yamalamulo ndilo "njira yotsimikizika yophatikizira pansi pa chovala chaufulu ndi chilungamo kulamulira kosatha kwa anthu mwa kukhala nawo. makalasi, kuwononga ufulu wofalaโ[xl]. Zotsatira zake, ngakhale pansi pa dongosolo lanyumba yamalamulo, anthu akapanda kumvera malangizo a boma kapena kutsutsana nawo, mphamvu za boma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuumiriza ndi/kapena kuwalanga. Choncho, boma ngati njira yapakati ya magulu olamulira amphamvu amadzineneranso kuti ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka mkati mwa "gawo" lake; ndipo adzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo pakafunika kutero - kuphatikizapo otsutsa omwe akudzutsa nkhani monga kusowa kwa ntchito, kusowa kwa nyumba, malipiro osauka komanso kusowa kwa ntchito zofunika. Mayiko, motero, amatsutsana ndi ufulu.
Soviet Union inali chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha izi. Linali dziko la Soviet, pansi pa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Chipani cha Bolshevik, chomwe chinawononga mwachiwawa kuyendetsa kwa antchito, alimi ndi osauka chifukwa cha ufulu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Russia. Izi zinachitika patangopita nthawi ya October Revolution pamene zofuna za ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba zinayamba kutsutsana poyera ndi za anthu osankhika mkati mwa chipani cha Bolshevik. Kuyambira mu 1917, a Bolshevik atalimbitsa mphamvu zawo pa ulamuliro wa boma, adagwiritsa ntchito boma kufooketsa chiyembekezo cha demokalase yachindunji mkati mwa boma. Soviet; adapanga apolisi achinsinsi atsopano kuti aphwanye ma anarchists, ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba omwe ankafuna socialism yopanda malire; adakhazikitsanso maudindo m'gulu lankhondo; ndipo adathetsa ufulu wakulankhula[xli]. Pofika mโchaka cha 1921 amene anatsutsa ulamuliro wa Bolshevik ndi boma anatumizidwa kundende zozunzirako anthu. Momwemonso, komanso pansi pa Lenin, boma lidaphanso chiyembekezo chilichonse chowongolera ogwira ntchito pazachuma. Patangotha โโโโmiyezi ingapo a Bolsheviks alanda ulamuliro wa boma, kudzilamulira kwa ogwira ntchito kunathetsedwa, kumenyedwa kunali koletsedwa, ntchito inakhala yankhondo, utsogoleri wa munthu m'modzi unakhazikitsidwa, Taylorism idalandiridwa, ndipo ubale wa zopanga zomwe zimatanthawuza capitalism udakondweretsedwa ndikuzika mizu.[xlii]. Mfundo yakuti dziko la Soviet lidatulutsa mafakitale ambiri, omwe poyamba adagwidwa ndi ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku ma capitalist, adathandizira izi - zidapatsa boma la Soviet mphamvu zazikulu zomwe linkagwiritsa ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito. M'malo mwake, boma la Soviet silinavomereze njira yodziyimira pawokha kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndipo ulamuliro wa boma udawonetsa kuti sugwirizana ndi kudzilamulira kwaogwira ntchito, demokalase yolunjika ndi sosholizimu yeniyeni.[xliii]. Zowonadi, umwini waboma sunatembenuzidwe konse mโkuyanjana kwa katundu ndi chuma, sunatsogolere konse ku mapeto a ukapitalist, sunagwetse maunansi a ukapitalist pakupanga, ndipo unathetsa ulamuliro wa antchito. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro enieni a mayiko onse atsimikizira kukhala apakati, aulemulira komanso olemekezeka. Izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndikuganiziridwa musanayike chikhulupiriro m'mayiko, kapena kukhulupirira kuti angapereke chilungamo ndi ufulu kwa oponderezedwa.
Kutsiliza
NGP iyenera kuwonedwa momwe ilili: kuyesa kwa boma kuti lipititse patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka chuma, kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa anthu akuda. Kuti achite zimenezi, ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ku South Africa akuyenera kudyeredwa masuku pamutu mopanda chifundo. NGP yokha imamveketsa bwino izi ndikuyitanitsa zoletsa malipilo ndi mapangano a zokolola. Pankhani yongolankhula, NGP inganene kuti ikufuna kulimbikitsa ntchito ndi kulimbana ndi kusalingana, koma chifukwa cha capitalist ndi mawerengero ake sangachite izi ndipo m'malo mwake ndi chida chopangidwa ndi gulu lolamulira kuti likwaniritse zofuna za gulu lolamulira. Ndipotu, gulu lolamulira - mwa mawonekedwe a capitalist ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu aboma - sadzapereka ntchito kwa onse ndi kufanana. Maudindo awo pamwamba pa anthu amangotengera kudyedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi osauka. Choncho, ogwira ntchito ndi osauka sangadalire magulu olamulira kapena zolemba zawo monga NGP, kapena maiko - omwe chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chapakati komanso chaulamuliro amatumikira ndi kutulutsa olamulira - kuti athetse ulova, kusalingana, kuponderezana ndi kuponderezana.
Ngakhale kuti ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti athe kumenyera ntchito, kuthetsa kubisa, kuletsa kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, kukweza malipiro ndi kuwongolera mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito masiku ano, pakufunikanso kuzindikira kuti boma ndi capitalism ndizomwe zimayambitsa izi. zoipa. Momwemo, tikuyenera kuyamba kuyesetsa kukulitsa zovuta zomwe zilipo ku South Africa kukhala gulu lomwe lingakhale lotsutsana ndi boma ndi capitalism, ndipo pochita izi tifunika kusintha pang'onopang'ono zolimbana kuchokera kuchitetezo chachilengedwe kupita kunkhondo. Choncho, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo yolimbana ndi kusintha masiku ano kuti tiyambe kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, komabe, sikutanthauza kuti boma limangopanga mafakitale, monga Cosatu, magulu ena amanzere ndi okonda dziko la South Africa adapempha kuti achitepo kanthu ku South Africa. Zikutanthauza kuthetseratu boma ndi ukapitalist - pokhapokha pamene machitidwe opondereza ndi oponderezawa atha ndipo ogwira ntchito ndi osauka angapeze ufulu. Momwemo, pokhapokha ngati ogwira ntchito ndi osauka ali ndi ulamuliro wachindunji pazachuma, pamene chuma chonse chakhala chogwirizana, komanso pamene boma lasinthidwa ndi ndondomeko za demokalase yeniyeni, kudzilamulira komanso kudzilamulira - monga mabungwe a federal ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito. /makhonsolo - ulova ndi kusalingana zidzathetsedwa kwamuyaya. Kunena kuti NGP imasweka ndi neo-liberalism kapena kuika chiyembekezo m'boma, komabe, sikutiyandikizitsa ife pafupi ndi anthu otere kapena kulimbana; M'malo mwake zimatisokoneza, sizipereka kalikonse ndipo zimatsogolera njira yopita kwina kulikonse.
[I]Zikomo kwa a Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation (ZACF) comrades chifukwa cha ndemanga ndi ndemanga pa nkhaniyi.
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[Iv]Bond, P. Zolinga zachitukuko za ku South Africa sizidzakwaniritsidwa. https://znetwork.org/south-african-development-goals-will-not-be-met-by-patrick-bondXNUMTI Septemba 29
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[vi]Mantashe, G. The New Growth Path ndi yankho la ntchito. ANC NEC Bulletin January 2011.
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[xvi]ILRIG. 1999. Malingaliro Ena Okhudza Jenda ndi Kugwirizana kwa Padziko Lonse. IRRIG: South Africa.
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[xxxiv]Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu). 2011. Ndondomeko Yatsopano Yakukulira Kwa Boma: Njira Imodzi Patsogolo, Masitepe Awiri Mmbuyo. www.Cosatu.org.za/docs/subs/2011/ngp_response.html
[xxxv]Van der Walt, L. 2010. Yankho la Cosatu pamavuto: Malingaliro a anarcho-synidicalist. Zabalaza: A Journalza Southern African Revolution Anarchism, Ayi 11.
[xxxvi]Berkman, A. 1989. Kodi Communist Anarchism ndi chiyani?. Phoenix Press: Britain
[xxxvii]Bakunin, M. Chiwerewere cha Boma. http://libcom.org/library/immorality-of-the-state-mikhail-bakunin
[xxxviii]Van der Walt, L. & Schmidt, M. 2009. Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. AK Press: United States.
[xxxix]Bakunin, M. Chiphunzitso cha Rousseau cha State. www.libcom.org/library/rousseau-chiphunzitso-f-Boma-mikhail-bakunin
[xl]Dolgoff, S (ed.). 2002. Bakunin pa Anarchism. Mabuku a Black Rose: United States, p. 224
[xli]Chattopadhyay, P. Kodi kulanda ulamuliro kwa Bolshevik kunayambitsa Revolution ya sosholisti? Kufufuza kwa Marxian. http://libcom.org/library/did-bolshevik-seizure-power-inaugurate-socialist-revolution-marxian-inquiry-paresh-chatt
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[xliii]Brinton, M. 1970. Ma Bolsheviks ndi Ogwira Ntchito. Mabuku a Black Rose: Canada
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