Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1960, chiphunzitso ndi praxis of social ecology zathandizira kutsogolera zoyesayesa kufotokoza malingaliro okhwima, otsutsana ndi chilengedwe ndi cholinga chosintha ubale wa anthu kuti ukhale wosakhala waumunthu. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri azachilengedwe akhala akufotokoza za kudzudzula kofunikira kwa chilengedwe cha capitalism ndi boma, ndipo adapereka lingaliro lina la magulu amphamvu a anthu omwe adapangidwa mogwirizana kuti akwaniritse ubale wogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chonse.
Zachilengedwe za chikhalidwe cha anthu zidathandizira kukonza kayendedwe ka New Left ndi anti-nyukiliya mu 1960s ndi 1970s, kuwonekera kwa ndale za Green m'maiko ambiri, kusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi chakumapeto kwa 1990s ndi koyambirira kwa 2000s, ndipo posachedwa kwambiri kumenyera ufulu wa demokalase ndi Kurdish. madera aku Turkey ndi Syria, komanso kuyambikanso kwa kayendetsedwe katsopano ka masepala padziko lonse lapansi - kuchokera ku Barcelona en Comรบ kupita ku Cooperation Jackson ku Mississippi.
Masomphenya a filosofi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Murray Bookchin pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, ndipo adafotokozedwanso ndi anzake ndi ena ambiri. Ndiko kuphatikizika kwapadera kwa kutsutsa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kafukufuku wa mbiri yakale ndi anthropological, filosofi ya dialectical ndi njira zandale. Zachilengedwe za chikhalidwe cha anthu zitha kuwonedwa ngati kuwululidwa kwa magawo angapo omvetsetsa ndi kuzindikira, kutengera magawo onsewa ndi zina zambiri. Zimayamba ndi kuzindikira kuti vuto la chilengedwe ndilofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi ndale m'chilengedwe, ndipo zimachokera ku mbiri yakale ya ulamuliro ndi maudindo a anthu.
Capitalism ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo
Bookchin anali m'gulu la anthu oganiza bwino ku West omwe adazindikira kukula kofunikira kwa dongosolo la capitalist ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu pachitetezo chazamoyo, ndipo nthawi zonse ankanena kuti nkhawa za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachilengedwe sizimasiyanitsidwa, ndikukayikira njira zomwe ambiri amathandizira. akatswiri azachilengedwe kuti athane ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Kwa ochita zanyengo masiku ano, izi zimalimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kuti njira yabwino yothanirana ndi vuto la nyengo imafuna kuwona mwadongosolo kufunikira kwa kuyaka kwamafuta oyambira kale mpaka kuyambika ndikupitilira kulimba kwa capitalism. Zowonadi, capitalism monga tikudziwira kuti ndi yosatheka popanda kukula kwamphamvu kwakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu - komanso kufalikira kwa mphamvu m'malo mwantchito - zomwe malasha, mafuta ndi gasi zathandizira. Monga momwe gulu lofufuzira la Corner House lochokera ku UK lidafotokozera mu pepala la 2014:
Dongosolo lonse lamasiku ano lopangira phindu pogwira ntchito lidadalira kotheratu pamafuta otsika mtengo a carbon [ndicho chifukwa chake] palibe cholowa m'malo chotsika mtengo kapena chotheka ndi ndale chamafuta oyaka mafuta m'magulu atatu amafuta opangira mafuta opangira mafuta - injini zotentha-ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimathandizira mitengo yapano ya kusonkhanitsa ndalama.
Malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu amatilola kuwona kuti mafuta oyaka mafuta akhala apakati pa capitalist. mythos kukula kosatha. Iwo apititsa patsogolo kukwera kwachuma m'magawo ambiri azachuma, ndipo apititsa patsogolo kukhazikika komanso kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito za anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Mu Fossil Capital, Andreas Malm akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe akatswiri oyambirira a mafakitale a ku Britain anasankha kusintha kuchoka ku mphamvu zambiri zamadzi kupita ku injini za nthunzi zoyaka malasha kuti aziyendetsa mphero zawo, ngakhale kuti ndalama zinawonjezeka komanso kudalirika kosatsimikizika. Kukhoza kulamulira ntchito kunali kofunika kwambiri pa chosankha chawo, popeza osauka a mโtauni anadziลตika kukhala okhoza kuphunzitsidwa mโmafakitale kuposa okhala mโmidzi odzidalira kwambiri amene ankakhala mโmphepete mwa mitsinje yoyenda mofulumira ya Britain. Zaka zana pambuyo pake, kupezedwa kwakukulu kwa mafuta atsopano ku Middle East ndi kwina kulikonse kukachititsa chiwonjezeko chosaneneka cha zokolola za anthu ndi kuyambitsa moyo watsopano mu nthano ya capitalist yakukula kopanda malire kwachuma.
Kuti tithane ndi kukula kwazovuta zanyengo ndikukhalabe ndi dziko lokhalamo anthu am'tsogolo tiyenera kuphwanya nthano imeneyo kwamuyaya. Masiku ano ukulu wa ndale wa zokometsera zamafuta akuposa kukula kwa zopereka zawo za kampeni kapena mapindu awo akanthawi kochepa. Zimachokera ku gawo lawo lopitilira patsogolo pakupititsa patsogolo dongosolo lomwe adathandizira kupanga. Tiyenera kugubuduza zonse zamafuta oyambira pansi komanso kukula kwachuma, ndipo izi zidzafunika kuwunikiranso malingaliro ambiri omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi madera amasiku ano. Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka dongosolo la izi.
Philosophy of Social Ecology
Mwamwayi, pankhaniyi, zolinga za chikhalidwe cha anthu zapitirizabe kusintha kupitirira muyeso wotsutsa. Mโzaka za mโma 1970, Bookchin anachita kafukufuku wozama pa za kusinthika kwa ubale pakati pa magulu a anthu ndi chikhalidwe chimene si cha anthu. Zolemba zake zinatsutsa lingaliro lofala la Azungu lakuti anthu mwachibadwa amafuna kulamulira chilengedwe, akumatsimikizira kuti ulamuliro wa chilengedwe ndi nthano yozikidwa pa maubale a ulamuliro pakati pa anthu amene anachokera ku kusokonekera kwa magulu akale a mafuko ku Ulaya ndi ku Middle East.
Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimaunikira mfundo zachiyanjano zomwe zikhalidwe zambiri zachikhalidwe - zakale ndi zamakono - zakhala zikufanana, ndipo zakweza izi ngati zitsogozo za chikhalidwe chatsopano: malingaliro monga kudalirana, kuyanjana, umodzi-kusiyana komanso chikhalidwe chogwirizana. , ndiko kuti, kulinganiza maudindo pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu pobwezera mwachangu kusiyana pakati pa anthu. M'mawu ake akuluakulu, Ecology ya Ufulu, Bookchin anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mikangano imene ikuchitika pakati pa mfundo zotsogola zimenezi ndi zija za magulu a anthu otsatizana kwambiri, ndi mmene zimenezi zathandizira kuti pakhale ulamuliro wotsutsana ndi ufulu mโmbiri yonse ya anthu.
Kupitilira izi, kafukufuku wamafilosofi a chikhalidwe cha anthu amawunika momwe chidziwitso chamunthu chimayambira mkati mwa njira zakusinthika kwachilengedwe. Kubwerera ku mizu ya malingaliro a dialectical, kuchokera ku Aristotle kupita ku Hegel, Bookchin adapititsa patsogolo njira yapadera yafilosofi yachilengedwe, ndikugogomezera kuthekera komwe kuli kobisika mkati mwa kusinthika kwachilengedwe ndi zochitika zapagulu pomwe amakondwerera zapadera za luso laumunthu komanso kudziwunikira. . Ecology imayang'ana momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira ngati chinthu chofunikira, m'malo mwake chimawona chilengedwe ngati kuyesetsa, mwanjira ina, kukwaniritsa mwachisinthiko kuthekera kwachidziwitso, kulenga ndi ufulu.
Kwa Bookchin, kaonedwe ka mbiri yakale ka anthu kamatikakamiza kukana zomwe zili chabe ndi kutsatira kuthekera komwe kulipo m'chisinthiko kupita ku lingaliro lokulitsa la zomwe zingakhale, ndipo pamapeto pake zomwe ziyenera kukhala. Ngakhale kukwaniritsidwa kwaufulu, chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe sikungapeลตeke - ndipo kungawoneke ngati sikungatheke poyang'anizana ndi chipwirikiti cha nyengo - mwinamwake ndi zotsatira zomveka bwino za zaka mabiliyoni anayi za chisinthiko cha chilengedwe.
Political Strategy of Social Ecology
Kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale ndi filosofiyi kumapereka chitsogozo cha ndondomeko yosinthira ndale za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zakhala zikukambidwa kale mu Magazini ya ROAR ndi anzawo angapo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Njira iyi nthawi zambiri imafotokozedwa ngati ufulu wa libertarian kapena confederal municipalism, kapena mophweka monga communalism, yochokera ku cholowa cha Paris Commune cha 1871.
Monga ma communards, Bookchin adatsutsa mizinda yomasulidwa, matauni ndi madera olamulidwa ndi misonkhano yodziwika bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti mgwirizano wamatauni omasulidwawo ukhoza kuthana ndi malire a zochita zakomweko, kulola mizinda, matauni ndi madera oyandikana nawo kuti akhazikitse mphamvu zotsutsana ndi demokalase kumabungwe apakati m'boma, uku akugonjetsa kusagwirizana, kulimbikitsa kudalirana komanso kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko chachikulu. ajenda yaufulu. Komanso, adanena kuti kulepheretsa kusadziwika kwa msika wa capitalist kungalowe m'malo ndi chuma cha makhalidwe abwino momwe maubwenzi a zachuma ndi ndale amatsogoleredwa ndi chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano ndi kuyanjana.
Akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhulupirira kuti pamene mabungwe a capitalism ndi maboma amakulitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito magawano pakati pa anthu, magulu ena ozikidwa mu demokalase yeniyeni angathandize kufotokoza chidwi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. โIli mโtauni,โ analemba motero Bookchin Kukhazikika Kwamatauni Popanda Mizinda, "kuti anthu adzipanganso kukhala andale akutali ndikukhala ndi ndale zandale ndikupanga moyo wofunikiraโฆ
Anthu omwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi lingaliro ili abweretsa ziwonetsero za demokalase mwachindunji kudzera m'misonkhano yodziwika bwino m'magulu ambiri achikhalidwe ku US, Europe ndi kupitirira apo, kuyambira pazochitika zodziwika bwino zolimbana ndi mphamvu zanyukiliya kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka kusintha kwaposachedwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kayendedwe ka Occupy Wall Street. . Mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira a kayendetsedwe kameneka - kuyembekezera ndi kukhazikitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za anthu omasulidwa - alimbikitsa otenga nawo mbali kuti atsutse momwe zinthu zilili pamene akupita patsogolo masomphenya osintha amtsogolo. Mutu womaliza wa bukhu langa laposachedwapa, Kutengera Chilungamo Chanyengo (New Compass 2014) imalongosola zochitikazi mwatsatanetsatane, ndikuganizira za kayendetsedwe ka nyukiliya, ndale zobiriwira, ecofeminism ndi zina zomwe zimayambira kale ndi zamakono.
Zothandizira ku Contemporary Movements
Masiku ano, akatswiri azachilengedwe akugwira nawo ntchito yapadziko lonse yowona za chilungamo chanyengo, yomwe imagwirizanitsa mafunde osinthika kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana, makamaka amwenye ndi anthu ena ochokera kumayiko ena ochokera ku Global South, olimbikitsa chilungamo cha chilengedwe ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Kumpoto, ndi mayendedwe opitilirabe kuchokera ku chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi kapena kusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi zaka khumi zapitazo. Ndikoyenera kuganiziranso zina mwazothandizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu pagulu lazachilungamo lazanyengo mwatsatanetsatane.
Choyamba, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka malingaliro osagwirizana ndi chilengedwe omwe amatsutsa mphamvu zozikika za capitalism ndi dziko-boma. Gulu lomwe limalephera kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kusokonezeka kwa nyengo, limatha kuthana ndi mavutowo mwachiphamaso. Omenyera chilungamo pazanyengo nthawi zambiri amamvetsetsa, mwachitsanzo, kuti njira zabodza zanyengo monga misika ya carbon, geoengineering ndi kulimbikitsa gasi wachilengedwe wotengedwa kuchokera ku fracking ngati "mafuta a mlatho" panjira yopita ku mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ndizomwe zimafunikira dongosolo kuti lipitirire kukula. Kuti athetseretu zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa nyengo zimafuna kuti ochita masewerawa akweze zofuna zautali, zosintha zomwe machitidwe akuluakulu azachuma ndi ndale angatsimikizire kuti sangathe kuzikwaniritsa.
Chachiwiri, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka chithunzithunzi chomvetsetsa bwino zoyambira ndi kuyambika kwa mbiri yakale yazachilengedwe, kuchokera kumayendedwe oyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi koyambirira kwa 1960 mpaka pano. Zachilengedwe za chikhalidwe cha anthu zidatenga gawo lalikulu potsutsa malingaliro odana ndi chilengedwe omwe ambiri azaka za m'ma XNUMX a Marxism-Leninism, ndipo motero amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyesetsa kwapano kuti atengenso cholowa cha Marx. Ngakhale kumvetsetsa kwa zolemba zakale zomwe Marx sananyalanyazidwe, zotsogozedwa ndi olemba monga John Bellamy Foster ndi Kohei Saito, ndizofunika kwambiri pamwambo wakumanzere wa eco-kumanzere, momwemonso mikangano yandale ndi zidziwitso zamalingaliro zomwe zidachitika zaka zambiri zofunika kwambiri pomwe Marxist. kumanzere nthawi zambiri sankachita chidwi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
Chachitatu, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka chithandizo chokwanira kwambiri cha chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa anthu ndi ubale wake wakale ndi kuzunzidwa kwa chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi. Ecology ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ikuwonetsa magwero a chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe mu ubale waulamuliro, mosiyana ndi malingaliro wamba omwe akuwonetsa kuti zikhumbo zolamulira chilengedwe chomwe sichamunthu ndi chotulukapo chofunikira chambiri. Kuti tithane ndi vuto la nyengo pafunika kugwetsa ziwonetsero zambiri za mbiri yakale yaulamuliro, ndi gulu lodutsana lomwe cholinga chake ndi kutsutsa utsogoleri wa anthu ambiri.
Chachinayi, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka maziko omveka bwino a mbiri yakale komanso njira zokwaniritsira lonjezo la demokalase yeniyeni. Akatswiri azachilengedwe ayesetsa kubweretsa praxis ya demokalase yachindunji m'magulu otchuka kuyambira 1970s, ndipo zolemba za Bookchin zimapereka mbiri yofunikira komanso yongopeka pazokambirana zomwe zikupitilizabe. Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka malingaliro omveka bwino omwe samayang'ana kupyola ntchito ya misonkhano yodziwika ngati njira yowonetsera anthu komanso kukwiyitsidwa, kuyang'ana kudzipanga nokha, chitaganya komanso zovuta zosinthira mabungwe okhazikika okhazikika.
Pomaliza, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimatsimikizira kusagawanika kwa ndale zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi masomphenya okonzanso a tsogolo la chilengedwe. Bookchin adawona zolemba zodziwika bwino zotsutsa ngati zosakwanira, kuyang'ana kwambiri kutsutsa ndi kusanthula popanda kuperekanso njira yolumikizirana. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri azachilengedwe alankhula motsutsana ndi malo okhala m'mabungwe ambiri - kuphatikiza ma cooperatives omwe kale anali ankhanza komanso magulu - kuti awononge mbiri ya capitalist.
Kulumikizana kwa zochitika zotsutsa ndi zomanganso ndizofunikira kwambiri ku gulu la ndale lomwe pamapeto pake lingathe kupikisana ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu zandale. Izi zimachitika mkati mwa kayendetsedwe ka nyengo padziko lonse lapansi popanga malo atsopano andale omwe ali ndi mfundo za "blockadia" ndi "alternatiba." Mawu akale, odziwika bwino ndi a Naomi Klein, adapangidwa koyamba ndi omenyera ufulu wa Tar Sands Blockade ku Texas, omwe adachita zinthu zambiri zopanda chiwawa kuti aletse ntchito yomanga mapaipi amafuta a Keystone XL. Liwu lomalizali ndi liwu lachi French Basque, lomwe lidatengedwa ngati mutu waulendo wanjinga womwe unazungulira France m'chilimwe cha 2015 ndikuwunikira ntchito zambiri zomanga m'malo. Kulimbikitsa kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika za chilengedwe kumatithandiza kuona momwe tingasinthire madera athu, pamene tikuchiritsa ndi kubwezeretsa zofunikira zachilengedwe kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamakono, zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
Global Inertia, Mayankho a Municipal
Kutsatira kutha kosangalatsa koma kokhumudwitsa kwa msonkhano wanyengo wa 2015 wa UN ku Paris, olimbikitsa zanyengo ambiri avomereza kubwerera kwawoko. Ngakhale kuti Pangano la Paris limayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi anthu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi - ndipo omenyera ufulu wawo adadzudzula olamulira a US Trump omwe adalengeza kuti asiya - mgwirizanowu uli ndi cholakwika chachikulu chomwe chimalepheretsa kutheka kwake kuthetseratu nyengo. Izi zikubwereranso ku zomwe a Barack Obama ndi a Hillary Clinton adachita pamsonkhano wa 2009 ku Copenhagen, womwe udasintha chidwi cha zokambirana zanyengo kuchokera ku 1997 Kyoto Protocol yochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya kumayendedwe odzifunira, kapena "Zopereka Zotsimikizika Padziko Lonse," zomwe tsopano zikupanga. maziko a chimango cha Paris. Kukwanilitsa ndi kukwanilitsa panganoli kuli kokha ku zimene lemba la Paris limafotokoza kuti ndi komiti yapadziko lonse ya โakatswiriโ imene imapangidwa kuti ikhale โyowonekera, yosakhala ya mdani komanso yosalanga.โ
Zachidziwikire kuti boma la Kyoto linalibenso njira zolimbikitsira, ndipo mayiko monga Canada ndi Australia adapitilira nthawi zonse zomwe a Kyoto adalamula. Kyoto Protocol idayambitsanso "njira zosinthika" zochepetsera kutulutsa mpweya, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchulukirachulukira kwamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi, njira zokayikitsa, ndi njira zina zotsogozedwa ndi capitalist zomwe zapindulira kwambiri zachuma popanda phindu lenileni kunyengo. Ngakhale kuti 1992 UN Climate Convention yoyambirira idakhazikitsa mfundo zosiyanasiyana zothana ndi kusalingana pakati pa mayiko, zokambirana zanyengo zotsatizana nthawi zambiri zimafanana ndi mtundu wodetsa nkhawa mpaka pansi.
Komabe, pali zizindikiro zina za chiyembekezo. Poyankha zomwe zalengezedwa ku US ku Paris, mgwirizano wa mizinda yopitilira 200 yaku US idalengeza cholinga chawo chotsatira mosamala zomwe akuluakulu a Obama adabweretsa ku Paris. Padziko lonse lapansi, mizinda yopitilira 2,500 kuchokera ku Oslo kupita ku Sydney yapereka mapulani ku United Nations kuti achepetse kutulutsa kwawo mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, nthawi zina motsutsana ndi zomwe maboma awo akulonjeza mochenjera kwambiri. Awiri am'deralo otchuka mafunso ku Columbia adaganiza zokana kugwiritsa ntchito mchere ndi mafuta m'madera awo, nthawi ina adagwirizanitsa tawuni yawo ndi gulu la "Slow Cities" lochokera ku Italy - gulu lodziwika bwino la Slow Food lomwe lathandizira kukweza chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chakudya cham'deralo. opanga ku Italy ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Mawu a mfundo za Slow Cities akusonyeza kuti โpogwira ntchito yofuna kukhazikika, kuteteza chilengedwe komanso kuchepetsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa chilengedwe,โ madera โakudzipereka โฆ teknoloji yatsopano.โ
Kuthekera kwa kayendetsedwe ka ma municipalities kotereku kuti apange chithandizo ndi kukakamiza kusintha kwa mabungwe ndikofunika kwambiri pazandale panthawi yomwe kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilengedwe kwayimitsidwa m'mayiko ambiri. Zochita zoyambika kuchokera pansi zitha kukhalanso ndi mphamvu zotsalira kuposa zomwe zalamulidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Iwo ali okonzeka kwambiri kukhala opangidwa mwademokalase ndikuyankha kwa anthu omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira. Amathandiza kumanga maubwenzi pakati pa anansi ndi kulimbikitsa luso lodzidalira. Zimatipangitsa kuona kuti mabungwe omwe tsopano akulamulira miyoyo yathu ndi osafunika kwenikweni kuti tipeze chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku kuposa momwe timakhulupirira nthawi zambiri. Ndipo, mwina chofunikira kwambiri, zoyeserera zamatauni zotere zitha kutsutsa njira zopumira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba, komanso mfundo zamayiko zomwe zimakomera makampani opangira mafuta oyaka mafuta ndi zokonda zachuma.
Kwa mbali zambiri, zoyeserera zaposachedwa zamatauni ku US ndi kupitirira apo zapita patsogolo. Mizinda ndi zigawo zopitilira 160 zaku US zadzitcha "malo opatulika" motsutsana ndi kulimbikitsa kwamphamvu kwa a Trump pamalamulo osamukira ku US - chitukuko chofunikira kwambiri poganizira kusamuka kwamtsogolo komwe kudzabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Nkhondo zandale ndi zamalamulo zomwe zikuchitikazi paufulu wa matauni motsutsana ndi maboma zimalankhula za kuthekera kokulirapo kwa njira zopititsira patsogolo chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe zomwe zikutuluka pansi.
Omenyera chilungamo pazachikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe ku US akutsutsanso momwe anthu amapambana zisankho pothamanga ndi kupambana molimba mtima pamaudindo osiyanasiyana amtawuni. Mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kampeni yopambana ya 2017 ya Chokwe Antar Lumumba, yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala meya wa Jackson, Mississippi, mkati mwa Deep South, ndi pulogalamu yokhudzana ndi ufulu wa anthu, demokalase ya m'deralo komanso kukonzanso zachuma ndi zachilengedwe. Lumumba adathamanga ngati liwu la gulu lomwe limadziwika kuti Cooperation Jackson, lomwe lidatengera kudzoza kwake kuchokera ku miyambo yaku Black America ndi Global South, kuphatikiza kulimbana kwa anthu omwe anali akapolo ku Africa isanayambe komanso itatha nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya US, gulu la Zapatista kumwera kwa Mexico, ndi zipolowe zomwe zachitika posachedwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Cooperation Jackson yapereka malingaliro ambiri omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikiza misonkhano yolimbikitsa anthu oyandikana nawo, chuma chamgwirizano komanso njira zandale zamphamvu ziwiri. Ena omwe akuyesetsa kukana zomwe zachitika komanso kumanga mphamvu zakomweko akukonza misonkhano ya demokalase kuchokera ku New York City kupita ku Pacific Northwest, ndikupanga network yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo njira zamatauni, monga momwe Eleanor Finley adafotokozera m'nkhani yake ya "New Municipal Movements"Mkati Magazini ya ROARNkhani #6.
Masomphenya a Tsogolo
Sizikudziwikabe ngati zoyesayesa zakomweko monga izi zingathandize kubweretsa gulu logwirizana komanso logwirizana logwirizana ndi "mzinda wa zigawenga" padziko lonse lapansi. Kusuntha kotereku kudzakhala kofunikira kuti zoyeserera zakomweko zikwezeke ndikupangitsa kusintha kwapadziko lonse komwe kuli kofunikira kuthana ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chikubwera chakuwonongeka kwathunthu kwanyengo zapadziko lapansi.
Zowonadi, zoyerekeza za sayansi yanyengo zimawonetsa nthawi zonse zovuta zakusintha madera athu ndi chuma chathu mwachangu kuti tipewe kutsika kwanyengo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma sayansi imatsimikiziranso kuti zomwe tikuchita lero zitha kutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa nyengo yamtsogolo yomwe ili yosokoneza komanso yovuta, komanso yomwe imatsikira mwachangu kuzinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri. Ngakhale tikuyenera kukhala ozindikira bwino za zotsatira zowononga zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa nyengo, gulu losintha zinthu liyenera kukhala lokhazikika pamalingaliro amtsogolo a moyo wabwino wa anthu ambiri padziko lapansi mtsogolomo atamasulidwa ku mafuta oyaka. kudalira.
Njira zapang'ono sizokwanira, ndipo njira zopangira mphamvu zowonjezera zomwe zimangotengera mawonekedwe a capitalist zitha kukhala zopanda pake. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa zamatauni zolimbana ndi zokonda zozikika ndikukwaniritsa njira zina zokhalira moyo - kuphatikiza masomphenya osinthika osinthika, bungwe ndi njira zothandizira anthu osinthika kwambiri - zitha kukhala zokwanira kuletsa tsogolo la dystopian la kulandidwa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza.
Zoyeserera za ma municipalities ogwirizana ndi demokalase ndi chiyembekezo chathu chabwino kwambiri chokonzanso tsogolo la anthu padziko lapansi. Mwina chiwopsezo cha chipwirikiti cha nyengo, kuphatikiza chidziwitso chathu chakuya cha kuthekera kwa tsogolo labwino kwambiri komanso logwirizana ndi chilengedwe, zitha kuthandizadi kulimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kuli kofunikira kuti anthu ndi Dziko Lapansi zipitilize kuyenda bwino.
Brian Tokar ndi wotsutsa komanso wolemba, Mphunzitsi wa Maphunziro a Zachilengedwe pa yunivesite ya Vermont, ndi membala wa bungwe la Institute for Social Ecology ndi 350Vermont. Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Kutengera Chilungamo cha Nyengo: Malingaliro pa Vuto la Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu (New Compass Press, 2014).
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