John Bailie, MRPYC
International Institute for Restorative Practices (IIRP), Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
Chitetezo cha kusukulu ndi momwe mungakwaniritsire chakhala chofunikira kwambiri kwa aphunzitsi ndi anthu okhudzidwa kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi. Kuchokera ku mliri wachiwawa wa m'ma 80 mpaka kupha koopsa kwa masukulu a m'ma 90 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21, vuto la chitetezo cha sukulu tsopano lakhudza miyoyo ya anthu onse a ku America. Mpaka posachedwapa, njira zothetsera mavuto zakhala zikudalira zilango zowawa kwambiri chifukwa cha umbanda ndi khalidwe loipa. Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kupambana kwa njira zoterezi kwakhala kosafunika kwenikweni komanso kosagwirizana kwambiri. Njira zomwe zikubwera zomwe zimayang'ana pakupanga maubwenzi olimba, zikhalidwe zabwino zakusukulu komanso mayendedwe olakwika monga momwe zimapwetekera maubwenzi zikuwonetsa malonjezano ochulukirapo. Ngakhale njira zothetsera vutoli zingakhale zovuta komanso kugwira ntchito kwake nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta kuyeza mwachidziwitso, cholinga chake chakhala chomveka bwino; kuchepa kwa ziwawa komanso malingaliro apamwamba achitetezo.
Mawu akuti "zero kulolerana" adadziwika koyamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa 1990. Poyambirira mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza zilango zatsopano zokhwima zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa ophwanya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, lingaliro la "kulekerera ziro" linafalikira mofulumira kumadera ambiri a ndondomeko za boma. ( Skiba, 2000 ) Pofika chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1990 zachiwawa m’sukulu zinali zofala kwambiri kwa aphunzitsi ndi andale. Polimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro odziwika a "kukhala olimba paupandu", lingaliro loyesera laupandu lachigawenga lidadumphira kusukulu pomwe Purezidenti Clinton adasaina Gun-Free Schools Act ya 1994. Lamulo latsopanoli tsopano lidapanga kukhala lamulo ladziko kuti wophunzira aliyense wogwidwa ndi mfuti. mfuti kusukulu amayenera kuchotsedwa ntchito chaka chimodzi ndikutumizidwa ku bungwe loona zamilandu. (Skiba, 2000) Njira imeneyi pambuyo pake inakula m’madera akumaloko n’kuphatikizirapo kuyimitsidwa kolamulidwa ndi kuthamangitsa anthu ambiri a makhalidwe oipa kwambiri. Ponseponse, lingaliro linali loti aphunzitsi ndi mabungwe omwe amawayimira amayenera kutumiza uthenga womveka kwa ophunzira kuti makhalidwe ena sadzaloledwanso komanso kuti chilango cha khalidwe lotere chidzakhala chachangu, chosapeŵeka komanso chankhanza. Palibenso masewera. Zikumveka zabwino. Kodi zikugwira ntchito? N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti si choncho. Ena amati zachititsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire.
Popeza chida chofala kwambiri cha olimbikitsa kulekerera kulekerera kwakhala kuyimitsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ophunzira, munthu angayembekezere kuti zilango zikagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndiye kuti sukulu yoteroyo ikhala yotetezeka. Lingaliro ili lakhala losavuta kuwona chifukwa masukulu ambiri amatsata kale chidziwitso chamtunduwu. Tsoka ilo, chotsatira chokhacho chokhazikika cha ophunzira omwe alandila zilango izi chapezeka kuti ndi zilango zokulirapo mtsogolomu. (Skiba, 2000) Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kudalira kwambiri njira zimenezi n’kumene kungayambitse khalidwe loipa m’tsogolo. Choyipa chachikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito zilango izi kwawonetsedwa kuti ndikokondera kwambiri kwa ophunzira omwe ali otsika pazachuma komanso ochepa, makamaka aku Africa America. (Skiba, Michael, & Nardo, 2000)
Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kulekerera ndi kuwonjezereka kwa umboni wakuti sizinagwire ntchito, n'zodabwitsa kuti mabungwe akuluakulu a maphunziro a dziko akuwonekabe akuchirikiza kapena akutsutsa za malo ake mu maphunziro. (Boylan & Weiser, 2002) Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a boma akuthandizirabe mfundozi, zikuwoneka kuti pali malingaliro okulirapo akuti njira zina zachitetezo cha sukulu ndizofunika. Malo atsopano a ndondomeko, monga a American Association of School Administrators ndi National Association of School Psychologists amatchula malingaliro monga kukonza "nyengo ya sukulu" ndi "zithandizo zamakhalidwe abwino." (Boylan & Weiser, 2002)
Ngati kuwunika mozama pakuchita bwino kwa mfundo zololera kulibe kwakhala kosavuta koma kokhumudwitsa, kuwunika momwe malingaliro atsopano monga "nyengo yakusukulu" ndi kulumikizana kwakhala kovuta koma kolimbikitsa. Kumene kusalolera kudali kokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwongolera mabungwe ndi zilango, njira zatsopanozi zimayang'ana pa ubale wapakati pa anthu, kukakamizana kwabwino ndi kubwezeretsedwa pambuyo pa ngozi.
Kwa ofufuza omwe akuwunika njirazi, kusankha momwe angayesere malingaliro achilengedwe monga "nyengo" kapena "kulumikizana" kungakhale kovuta. Ngakhale kuti maphunziro ambiri ayamba ndi kukambirana za tanthauzo la mawuwa, pali mgwirizano wokulirapo wakuti "nyengo ya kusukulu" imaphatikizapo zinthu monga kuona chilungamo pa mwambo, kulemekezana komanso kuganizira za chitetezo. (Wilson, 2004) Palinso mgwirizano wamba kuti "kulumikizana" kumaphatikizapo kudzimva kwa wophunzira kukhala wofunika, kudzipereka ndi kusamalidwa ndi anzawo ndi antchito. (Wilson, 2004) Kuyeza kwazinthu izi kwadalira kwambiri kafukufuku wopangidwa kuti adziwe momwe amaonera komanso momwe amaonera sukulu ndi anzawo. Othandizira njira zomwe zimadalira kwambiri pazifukwa izi amaganiza kuti kupanga nyengo zabwino kwambiri ndi maubwenzi olimba ndi kugwirizana kudzatsogolera khalidwe labwino, thanzi ndi zotsatira zina kwa ophunzira. Kafukufuku wakhala akuthandizira lingaliro ili.
Nyengo ya sukulu ikubwera ngati kusintha kwakukulu pakupanga masukulu otetezeka. Miyezo monga kuona chilungamo, kudzimva kukhala wotetezeka komanso kuthandizidwa m'maganizo zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana bwino ndi kukhutira kwa ophunzira ndi sukulu. (Samdal, Nutbeam, Wold, & Kannas, 1998) Miyezo ina ya zotsatira za nyengo yabwino ya kusukulu yapeza kuti ndi kulosera za kupambana kwakukulu kwamaphunziro. (Bulach, Malone, & Castleman, 1995) Ponena za ngati nyengo yokhayo imaneneratu za chitetezo kapena chiwawa ubalewu sunadziwikebe. (Wilson, 2004)
Kulumikizana kwapezeka kuti ndikowonetseratu kolimba kwambiri kwa chitetezo. Kafukufuku wapeza kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana komwe kumapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo chochepa cha ziwawa ndi nkhanza. (Wilson, 2004) Komanso, kulumikizana kumawoneka kuti kumakhudzanso thanzi. Deta yochokera ku Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health yodziwika bwino ikuwonetsa kuti kulumikizana kwakukulu kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mowa ndi ndudu komanso kuchita bwino pamaphunziro komanso kutenga nawo gawo pazochita zakunja. (Bonny, Britto, Klosterman, Hornung, & Slap) Ngakhale kuti kugwirizana kwake sikudziwika bwino, kufufuza kwamtsogolo kungachite bwino kupitiriza kuyang'ana pa chinthu chomwe chingakhale champhamvu choterocho.
Gawo lomaliza la kafukufuku layang'ana kwambiri mayankho a khalidwe loipa ndi mikangano monga makamaka ubale osati nkhani za mabungwe. "Chilungamo chobwezeretsa" chawonjezeranso njira iyi potchula omwe akukhudzidwa nawo pamlandu uliwonse kapena chochitika ngati wozunzidwa, wolakwira komanso abale ndi abwenzi. (McCold & Wachtel, 2002) McCold ndi Wachtel adapezanso kuti ambiri mwa atatuwa adaphatikizidwa m'njira zomwe zimawalola kuti azilumikizana mwachindunji, m'pamenenso ntchitoyo idakhala yokhutiritsa komanso mwachilungamo. Kukhutitsidwa ndi chilungamo kumachulukirachulukira kuposa njira zachikhalidwe pomwe kuyanjana kwapakati pa okhudzidwawa kumakhala kocheperako komanso kolunjika. (McCold, 2003) Ngakhale kuti kafukufukuyu anali ndi chilungamo chaupandu osati zambiri zapasukulu, zomwe zapezedwa zimathandizira malingaliro onse a kulumikizana kwa masukulu ndi kafukufuku wanyengo. Zikutanthauzanso kuwukira kwachindunji pa zomwe zikuganiziridwa kuti ndizothandiza pakupatula ndi kusankha anthu omwe akuchita zachiwembu kapena olakwa. Sukulu zoyesera za Community Service Foundation ku Southeastern Pennsylvania zimagwira ntchito motsatira mfundozi ndipo zimatchedwa "kubwezeretsa zinthu." Achinyamata omwe akhazikika m'malo oterowo kwa miyezi yopitilira 3 apezeka kuti sangathenso kukhumudwitsanso komanso akuwonetsa kuwonjezereka kwa malingaliro okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kudzidalira. (McCold, 2002) Kafukufuku wina akuwunika mapulogalamu abwino omwe amaphunzitsa luso la ophunzira monga njira zogwirira ntchito polimbana ndi anzawo. (Roberts, White, & Yeomans, 2004)
Njira zopezera chitetezo kusukulu ndi ziwawa zomwe zimadalira nyengo, kulumikizana ndi maubale zimakhala ndi chiyembekezo. Ndi ochepa amene angatsutse kuti zinthu zimenezo si zabwino ngakhale zathanzi mwa izo zokha. Zokhudza ngati zingawoneke ngati zolowa m'malo mwa mfundo zovomerezeka zoletsa kulekerera ziro, tsogolo silidziwika. Gawo lotsatira la kafukufuku m'derali ndikukhazikitsa kulumikizana komveka bwino pakati pa njira zatsopanozi ndi kuchepa kwa nkhanza zapasukulu. Khama ili likhoza kukhala ndi moyo kapena kufa pa kuthekera kwa otsutsa kuti afotokoze momveka bwino mawu ndi kuwongolera njira. Ngakhale kusalolera ziro kukuwoneka kuti sikulephera pa ntchito yake, ndikosavuta mochititsa chidwi m'mawu ake ndi kukhazikitsa. Njira iliyonse yomwe imayang'ana pazifukwa zambiri monga nyengo ya mabungwe ndi maubwenzi zidzaphatikizapo zovuta kwambiri. Komabe, kuthekera kosokoneza njira kukhala malingaliro osavuta ogayidwa sikuyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Maphunzirowa akupitirizabe kudalira kulekerera konse ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa ndi umboni wa zimenezi.
Maulalo a kafukufuku wina:
Kafukufuku wokhazikika pakuchita bwino kwa machitidwe obwezeretsa m'masukulu ena omwe amayendetsedwa ndi CSF Buxmont, pulogalamu yowonetsera ya IIRP. Sukulu izi zimagwira ntchito zonse zobwezeretsa. Onani lipoti pa:
http://www.realjustice.org/library/erm.html
Kutsatira kafukufuku pamwambapa omwe adatsata ophunzira zaka zingapo
http://www.realjustice.org/library/erm2.html
Nkhani ya momwe masukulu atatu oyeserera adayambira
http://www.iirp.org/library/ssspilots.html
Zosintha pambuyo pa masukulu ena ambiri atenga njira zobwezeretsa.
http://www.safersanerschools.org/library/sssupdate.html
Lipoti lachidule la machitidwe obwezeretsa mu kafukufuku wa masukulu, gawo I:
http://www.safersanerschools.org/library/schoolresearch1.html
Lipoti lachidule la machitidwe obwezeretsa mu kafukufuku wa masukulu, gawo II:
http://www.safersanerschools.org/library/schoolresearch2.html
Kodi Restorative Practices ndi Chiyani?
http://www.iirp.org/whatisrp.php
NDONDOMEKO YOLAMBIRA
Bonny, A., Britto, M., Klosterman, B., Hornung, R., & Slap, G. (2005). Kusalumikizana kusukulu: Kuzindikira achinyamata omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Matenda. Inabweretsanso May 20, 2005, kuchokera http://scholar.google.com/url?sa=U&q=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/106/5/1017%3Fck%3Dnck
Boylan, EM, & Weiser, J. (2002). Kufufuza kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi chachikulu pamaphunziro pa zero
Education Law Center.
Bulach, CR, Malone, B., & Castleman, C. (1995). Kufufuza kosiyanasiyana kokhudzana ndi kupambana kwa ophunzira. Wofufuza za Maphunziro a Mid-Western, 8(2), 23-29.
McCold, P. (2003). Kafukufuku wa kafukufuku wowunika pa mkhalapakati ndi misonkhano. Mu L. Walgrave (Mkonzi.). Kukhazikitsanso chilungamo chobwezeretsa (tsamba 67-120). Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
McCold, P. & Wachtel, T. (2002). Chitsimikizo cha Restorative Justice theory. Mu E. Weitekamp ndi HJ. Kerner (Eds.). Chilungamo chobwezeretsa: Maziko ongoyerekeza (pp.110-142). Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
Roberts, L., White, G., & Yeomans, P. (2004). Kupanga malingaliro ndi kuwunika kwa Project Win. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(4), 460-483.
Samdal, O., Nutbeam, D., Wold, B., & Kannas, L. (1998). Kukwaniritsa zolinga zaumoyo ndi maphunziro kudzera m'masukulu - kuphunzira kufunikira kwa nyengo ya sukulu komanso kukhutira kwa wophunzira ndi sukulu. Kafukufuku wa Zaumoyo, 13(3), 383-397.
Skiba, RJ (2000). Kulekerera ziro, umboni wa zero: Kusanthula kwa chilango cha sukulu
Skiba, RJ, Michael, RS, & Nardo, AC (2000). Mtundu wa chilango: Magwero a kusiyana kwa mafuko ndi amuna kapena akazi pa chilango cha sukulu (Policy Research Report No. SRS1). Bloomington, IN: Indiana Education Policy Center.
Wilson, D. (2004). Mawonekedwe a nyengo yakusukulu ndi kulumikizana ndi maubwenzi ndi nkhanza komanso kuzunzidwa. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 293-299.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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