Malipoti okhudza mkwiyo wa Washington wopita kwa Edward Snowden yemwe anali wolozera milandu akuwonetsa chowonadi chokhudza mphamvu. Noam Chomsky wanena kuti ndivuto lalikulu la demokalase yeniyeni, ngakhale m'magulu otchedwa 'aulere':
'Kumbukirani, dziko lililonse, aliyense boma, lili ndi mdani wamkulu: anthu ake omwe.' (Noam Chomsky, Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu, lolembedwa ndi Peter R. Mitchell ndi John Schoeffel, The New Press, 2002, p. 70.)
Aliyense amene atuluka pamzere, makamaka ngati akunyoza zoyesayesa zaulamuliro zowagwira, amakhala pachiwopsezo cha chilango choopsa. Makamaka chifukwa ndikofunika kulanga olakwa poyera, kuopera kuti chiwopsezo cha chitsanzo 'choyipa' chingathe kufalikira m'madera onse.
Snowden adadzudzulidwa ndi a Dick Cheney, wachiwiri kwa prezidenti wakale waku US, ngati 'wompereka'ndi a zotheka kazitape China. Senator Dianne Feinsten, wapampando wa komiti yazamalamulo ya Senate ku US, adauza atolankhani kuti Snowden adachitapo kanthu. 'kuchita chiwembu'. Panali 'undisguised fury' pakati pa andale ambiri aku US pomwe Snowden adachoka ku Hong Kong ndikufika pa eyapoti ya Moscow komwe adapitilizabe kupeลตa kuzindikiridwa. General Keith Alexander, mkulu wa National Security Agency, adandaula kuti Snowden 'mwachiwonekere ndi munthu yemwe wapereka chikhulupiliro ndi chidaliro chomwe tinali nacho mwa iye. Uyu ndi munthu amene sakuchita, m'malingaliro mwanga, ndi cholinga chabwino.'
Popeza gwero la milandu yotereyi - makamaka akuluakulu akuluakulu m'maboma apano komanso am'mbuyomu aku US - owonera sangasangalale. Monga Norman Solomon molondola akunena:
'Mkhalidwe wa kuyang'anira ndi nkhondo yosatha ndi imodzi. Lingaliro la boma la United States la kuwombera kofala ndi "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga," dziko lankhondo pansi pa dzina lililonse.'
Solomo akupereka chenjezo:
'Nkhani yayikulu ndi kuchepa kwathu kwa demokalase. Kodi tingakhale bwanji ndi chivomerezo chenicheni cha olamuliridwa pamene boma lazikika mobisa monyanyira, kuyang'anira ndi kunyozetsa chinsinsi?'
Washington ndi ogwirizana nawo, omwe amagulitsidwa kwa anthu ndi atolankhani monga 'gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi', amadziwa bwino zomwe zikuchitika. Chiwerengero cha anthu onse chikuyenera kugonjetsedwa ndikusungidwa m'malo mwake. Obama ndi akuluakulu ake m'boma, komanso gulu lazanzeru zaku US, akuyenera kunena mwamphamvu kuti kuwonetsa kwa Snowden za pulogalamu yayikulu yowunika mwachinsinsi ku US kumathandizira ndikulimbikitsa 'mdani', ndikuwononga ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zovumbulutsa za Snowden zidawululidwa ndi mtolankhani waku US Glenn Greenwald mu Guardian. Iye molondola adatchulidwa kuti kampeni kuchita ziwanda angayese kupotoza chidwi cha zomwe Snowden adavumbulutsa, ndikuyang'ana kwambiri mbiri ya Snowden ndi zolakwika zilizonse zomwe amaganiziridwa. Zowonadi, malipoti oyambilira adafotokozera Snowden ngati 'kusiya sekondale' kapena kuyang'ana pa 'wosweka mtima' ndi 'wosiyidwa' 'mtsikana wa dancer'. Pa June 24, kope loyamba la Independent linatchulidwa 'wothawathawa Snowden' pamutu wankhani ya Shaun Walker ndi David Usborne. BBC 'yopanda tsankho' idatchulanso Snowden ngati a 'wothawa', pamene 'woimba mluzu' angakhale wolondola kwambiri, komanso wosadzaza. Ngakhale Guardian watero kutchulidwa kangapo kuti Snowden monga 'wothawa'.
Nick Cohen, wofalitsa nkhani zankhondo pa laputopu yemwe sakudziwika 'Achangu ndi aukali'-makhalidwe a ngwazi, molosera wopaka Snowden ngati 'wamantha':
'Ukathamanga, ukuoneka ngati wamantha. Nโkutheka kuti muli ndi zifukwa zomveka zochitira amantha. Nโkutheka kuti wina aliyense amene ali pa udindo wanu angathamangire kutali komanso mofulumira monga mmene mukuchitira. Palibe cholakwika ndi kutenga njira yamantha, pokhapokha ngati Edward Snowden, mukunena kuti mukuchita kusamvera anthu.'
Zomwe Snowden adachita, zinali zolimba mtima kwambiri ndipo mtolankhani wamakhalidwe abwino amalandila zomwe anachita komanso kulimba mtima kwake. Solomoni Ikani Cohen ndi amzake kuti achite manyazi:
'Zomwe zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri ndizophatikiza kusachita zachiwawa komanso malingaliro abwino zomwe zakhala zofunikira pakuyimba mluzu molimba mtima kwa Edward Snowden ndi Bradley Manning. Pakali pano, mmodzi ali paulendo woopsa padziko lonse lapansi kufunafuna chitetezo cha ndale, pamene winayo anatsekeredwa m'ndende ndipo akungozengedwa mlandu wankhondo, osaphatikizapo za anthu.'
Guardian wosiririka Mkonzi adatetezanso Snowden, nati:
'Omwe atulutsa zidziwitso zaboma nthawi zambiri amadzudzulidwa, kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuyimitsidwa. Kuchucha kuchulukira koopsa, ndiko kulondolako koopsa, ndi chilango chachikulu.'
Zowonjezereka, izi zimagwira ntchito kwa aliyense amene amatsutsa mphamvu mogwira. Chodabwitsa, Guardian akufotokoza ndendende chimene chinachita ku Noam Chomsky mu 2005.
Mkonzi anawonjezera:
'mkangano umatheka chifukwa cha mfundo zimene zaikidwa poyera, osati ndi boma koma ndi woulutsira mluzu ndi atolankhani omasuka.'
Zoona, ngakhale kuti mawu opita ku 'osindikiza akadali omasuka', omwe m'mbuyomu akadakhala 'osindikiza aulere', ndi lingaliro lochititsa chidwi lomwe akonzi amavomereza kuti anthu ambiri adaziwona. propaganda system.
Mosapeweka, zoyesayesa tsopano zikupangidwanso chopaka Greenwald, ndi New York Daily News ndi New York Times akuyesera kuwononga mtolankhani. Mu a ad hominem chidutswa chokhudza Greenwald chofalitsidwa pa webusaiti ya BuzzFeed, ndipo chikuwonetsedwa ndi zithunzi zooneka ngati zonyansa, mtolankhaniyo adaponyedwa ngati 'chiwerengero chomwe chimawonedwa kwa nthawi yaitali ngakhale ndi ambiri kumanzere monga zovuta zovuta.' Nkhaniyi inali ndi mawu ochokera kwa munthu wina yemwe anati Greenwald anali:
'zowopsya - koma kenako ndinazindikira mwamsanga kuti kuopsa kwake kunali kokhudzana ndi tsitsi lalifupi komanso kuyang'anitsitsa kwake kwambiri.'
Mu kanema wawayilesi kuyankhulana, Greenwald adafunsidwa ngakhale ndi wolemba NBC News David Gregory:
'Kufikira momwe mwathandizira ndikuthandizira Snowden, ngakhale m'mayendedwe ake amakono, bwanji inu, Bambo Greenwald, simukuyenera kuimbidwa mlandu?'
Greenwald anayankha molimba mtima:
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti aliyense amene angadzitcha mtolankhani angayese poyera ngati atolankhani ena ayenera kuimbidwa milandu kapena ayi. Lingaliro mufunso lanu, David, liribe umboni wopanda umboni, lingaliro loti ndamuthandiza ndikumuthandizira mwanjira iliyonse. [โฆ] Ngati mukufuna kuvomereza chiphunzitsocho, zikutanthauza kuti mtolankhani aliyense wofufuza milandu ku United States yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi magwero ake, yemwe amalandila zidziwitso zachinsinsi, ndi chigawenga. Ndipo ndendende malingaliro amenewo komanso nyengo yomwe yakhala yowopsa kwambiri ku United States. Ndicho chifukwa chake Jane Mayer wa New Yorker anati, "Malipoti ofufuza aima," mawu ake, chifukwa cha ziphunzitso zomwe mwangotchula kumene.'
Greenwald malipoti kuti nyumba yake idabedwa ndipo, chodabwitsa, ndi laputopu yokha yomwe idabedwa. Monga mtolankhani mwiniwake akunena:
'Ndingadabwe ngati boma la United States silikuyesera kupeza zidziwitso pa kompyuta yanga.'
Ntchito Yoyambirira ya Boma
Monga momwe mavumbulutsidwe a Edward Snowden alili ofunikira, chithunzi chachikulu ndikuyendetsa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu za boma kutsata njira zake, kulimbikitsa zofuna zamakampani ndi zachuma zomwe zikugwirizana nazo, ndikudziteteza ku chiwopsezo chilichonse kuchokera ku anthu wamba kuti boma ligwire ntchito yothandiza anthu.
Mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha Jonathan Cook akunenanso zomwezi (kudzera Facebook, June 26, 2013) kuti ichi ndicho tanthauzo lenileni la mavumbulutso odabwitsa aposachedwa okhudza kuunika:
'Ndakhala ndikunena kuyambira pomwe Snowden adavumbulutsa za NSA kuti cholinga cha kuyang'anitsitsa uku sikulepheretsa uchigawenga; ndikuletsa zovuta zonse, kapena kuyesetsa kuyankha, akuluakulu amakampani omwe akubera madera athu ndi dziko lapansi kuti alemere.'
Cook mawu ochokera ku Guardian nkhani zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti apolisi aku UK otchedwa National Domestic Extremism Unit akuyang'anira omenyera ndale 9,000:
'M'zaka zaposachedwa gululi limadziwika kuti lidayika chuma chake paukazitape kwa anthu ochita kampeni yazachilengedwe, makamaka omwe akuchita zinthu zachindunji komanso kusamvera anthu potsutsa kusintha kwanyengo.'
Cook akumaliza kuti:
'Kujambula mafoni athu ndi ntchito zapaintaneti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zofanana ndendende: kuonetsetsa kuti tikukhalabe odekha kapena kuchita mantha pamene akuluakulu athu a ndale ndi azachuma akuchulukirachulukira pakuipa kwawo ndi ziphuphu.'
Wolemba mbiri Mark Curtis, yemwe adasanthula mozama mbiri yakale yachinsinsi ya boma kuti achite zambiri mabuku, wanena kuti ntchito yaikulu ya dziko la Britain, 'pafupifupi raison d'รชtre kwa zaka mazana angapo - ndiyo kuthandiza makampani a ku Britain kuti agwiritse ntchito chuma cha mayiko ena.' Mabungwe achitetezo aku Britain ali ndi gawo lofunikira pothandizira 'zokonda dziko':
'Monga Lord Mackay, ndiye Lord Chancellor, adawululira chapakati pa 1990s, udindo wa MI6 ndikuteteza "ubwino wachuma" waku Britain poyang'ana "diso lapadera pakupeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri ku Britain, monga mafuta kapena zitsulo [ndi] phindu lazambiri zamabizinesi aku Britain".' (Mark Curtis, Webusaiti Yachinyengo: Udindo Weniweni Wa Britain Padziko Lapansi, Vintage, 2003, masamba 210-211.)
Chithunzi chofananacho chikhoza kujambulidwa cha 'mademokalase' onse akuluakulu, osati United States.
Mkhalidwe wodabwitsa wa katangale wa demokalase wochitidwa ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu ndi ogwirizana nawo pazandale udalibe pazankhani zamakampani. Ndipo atolankhani olembedwa ntchito ndi olemba ndemanga adziwa luso la kusapanga malumikizano opweteka; zowawa pa zofuna zamphamvu, ndiko. Nzosadabwitsanso kuti zipani zathu zazikulu zandale sizipereka chisankho chenicheni: zonse zimayimira zofuna zomwezo zomwe zikuphwanya chilichonse chofuna kutenga nawo mbali pazandale pokonza mfundo.
Kupangitsa Dziko Lapansi Kukhala Losatha Kukhalamo
Mโmawu oyamba a bukhu latsopano, Kuwongolera Demokalase, Kuwongolera Kusagwirizana, Rebecca Fisher akufotokoza momwe mphamvu zamabizinesi, kuphatikizira gawo lawo lofalitsa nkhani komanso zomwe akuchita nawo ndale, zili ndi demokalase. Fisher, wogwirizira ndi Corporate Watch, akulemba kuti:
'Njira zathu zamalamulo zoikira oyimira athu kuti aziyankha, kapena kuwakopa kuti amvere zomwe tikufuna, zimangochitika kudzera m'magulu okakamiza kapena kusokoneza komanso ziwonetsero zopanda phindu pazifukwa zinazake. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti dongosolo la chikapitalist likhoza kututa chiwonongeko choopsa pa anthu ophunzitsidwa ndi chilengedwe, ngakhale kufika pamlingo wowopseza kukhala kwa dziko lapansi, pamene otsalira, ochuluka, otetezedwa ku zovuta za anthu.' (Rebecca Fisher, mkonzi, Kuwongolera Demokalase, Kuwongolera Kusagwirizana: Capitalism, Democracy ndi Organisation of Consent, Corporate Watch, London, 2013, p. 2)
Dongosolo la capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi - mabungwe omwe akulamulira, mfundo zake ndi machitidwe ake - zimangotengedwa mopepuka muzofalitsa zamakampani. Robert McChesney, wophunzira wamaphunziro atolankhani, akulozera ku 'kusafuna kosalekeza' kwa olemba ndemanga kuti 'asawuzenso zoletsa' za capitalism. Amapanga fanizo lowulula kuti afotokoze zopusa izi:
'Katswiri wina wamaphunziro a Soviet Union sangachepetse kulamulira kwamphamvu pazachuma ndi ndale komwe kunali ndi chipani cha Komyunizimu ndi boma ndiyeno kumangoyang'ana zinthu zina. Chuma cha ndale chingakhale chofunikira pakuwunika kulikonse kodalirika, kapena wophunzirayo anganenedwe ngati wonyenga. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi maphunziro aliwonse a maphunziro a chikhalidwe chilichonse chakale.' (Robert McChesney, Digital Disconnect: Momwe Capitalism Imasinthira Intaneti Kutsutsana ndi Demokalase, The New Press, New York, 2013, p. 17)
Koma nthawi zina pamene dongosolo is anafunsidwa, akutero McChesney, ngakhale olemba otsutsa amamva kuti ali ndi udindo wopereka 'lumbiro lokhulupirika' ku capitalism:
'Nthawi zonse akatswiri akafufuza za madera awo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoletsedwa kutsutsa ufulu ndi mwayi wa iwo omwe ali pamwamba pa izi ndikupindula ndi momwe zilili, ngakhale mu demokalase ya ndale. Izi zikhoza kukhala zofanana ndi za United States monga momwe zinalili ku Soviet Union yakale.' (Ibid., p. 17)
Zowona za McChesney za 'akatswiri' zimafikira akatswiri atolankhani, monga akufotokozera m'buku lake. Monga tanenera nthawi zambiri, munthu sangayembekezere kuti kampani yofalitsa nkhani inene moona mtima kapena molondola zamakampani.
Fisher molondola Imachenjeza kuti dongosolo lamakampani 'sangakhaleko limodzi ndi demokalase yeniyeni', ndikuwonjezera kuti:
'Kuwonekera ndi kutsogola kwabungwe kwathandizira kuwonekera kwa mtundu wa demokalase - ufulu wa demokalase - womwe, mwa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendetsedwe kake kamakhala kotetezeka kuti mabungwe azilamulira anthu, komanso kuti dongosolo la capitalist liwononge chiwonongeko chachikulu cha anthu ndi chilengedwe. '
M'mawu ena, zomwe zimatchedwa 'demokalase yaufulu' yasanduka chishango chakupha chomwe chimateteza ukapitalizimu ku chiwopsezo cha demokalase yoyenera yozikidwa pakutengapo gawo koyenera kwa anthu. Monga tafotokozera zambiri mabuku ndi zidziwitso zapa media, mphamvu zamabungwe kwa zaka zambiri zakhala zikuchita kampeni yayikulu yofalitsa zabodza - zotchedwa 'mayanjano ndi anthu' - komanso kukakamiza ndale kuti apange chinyengo cha 'kuvomerezana' kofunikira kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo zodzikonda.
Mwamwayi, pali kufooka kwachibadwa pano, chifukwa dongosololi limasungidwa pokhapokha ngati pali kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa anthu za momwe zilili. Noam Chomsky akufotokoza bwino pamene akunena kuti:
'Ngakhale njira zofalitsa zabodza zogwira mtima kwambiri sizitha kukhalabe ndi malingaliro oyenera pakati pa anthu kwa nthawi yayitali. [โฆ] Mavuto akulu azachuma ndi azachuma sangathetsedwe mpaka kalekale.' (Noam Chomsky, Kuletsa Demokalase, Vintage, 1993, masamba 134-135)
Choncho pali zambiri zoti zinene zokhuza kukhala pansi pa dongosolo lalikulu loyang'aniridwa ndi boma. Osayembekeza kuti ma media azachuma afufuze zonse zomwe zikutanthauza.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama