CUIABÁ, Brazil - Mitsinje ingapo kumadzulo kwa dziko la Brazil ku Mato Grosso ikuyenera kukhala malo osungiramo madzi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono (SHP), nthawi zina okhala ndi malo opangira magetsi akulu pakati.
Mtsinje wa Jaurú kumadzulo kwa chigawochi uyenera kukhala ndi zomera zisanu ndi chimodzi zomangidwa pamtunda wa makilomita 80, adatero Dorival Gonçalves Junior, pulofesa wa zamagetsi pa yunivesite ya Federal ya Mato Grosso.
Malinga ndi National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), boma lili ndi SHP 49 yogwira ntchito, komanso 11 yomwe ikumangidwa ndi 18 yomwe yaloledwa. Koma padzangopita zaka zingapo.
M'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Upper Paraguay wokha, womwe umaphatikizapo mtsinje wa Jaurú, chaka chatha panali 76 SHP panthawi yovomerezeka kapena kuganiziridwa, komanso zomera zogwirira ntchito za 16 ndi 10 zomwe zikumangidwa, malinga ndi Pantanal Research Center. Onse analipo 116, kuphatikiza masiteshoni akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi.
Ku Brazil, malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi okwana pakati pa 30 ndi XNUMX MW ndi malo osungiramo madzi osakwana masikweya kilomita atatu m'derali amatchedwa SHP, pomwe omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu amatchedwa "usinas hidrelétricas" (UHE) - malo opangira magetsi - ndipo ang'onoang'ono otchedwa "centrais geradoras hidrelétricas" (CGH) kapena majenereta a hydroelectric.
Kuchuluka kwa madamu, komanso kusokoneza kubereka kwa nsomba, kumayambitsa chiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwamadzi kwapachaka ku Pantanal, komwe kuli kofunikira kwambiri pazamoyo zosiyanasiyana za madambo omwe ali kumadzulo kwa Brazil (kuphatikiza Mato Grosso), kum'mawa kwa Bolivia ndi kumpoto. Paraguay, ndipo yalembedwa ngati World Natural Heritage site.
Kufalikira kwa SHP ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ali ndi mphamvu yochepa ya chilengedwe. Koma nthawi zambiri izi sizili choncho, ndipo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri pamene SHP zingapo zimamangidwa pamtsinje womwewo.
Pambuyo pa kuzimitsa kwa magetsi kwa 2001 ku Brazil, kutsatiridwa ndi miyezi ya 10 ya mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, boma linatsitsimula malamulo ake omwe anali osinthika kale pa zomangamanga za SHP pofuna kulimbikitsa "magwero a magetsi omwe amati ndi oyera," anatero Adriana Ramos, mlembi wamkulu wa Socio-Environmental Institute ( ISA).
Popanda "kuwunika mwadongosolo" pamtsinje wamtsinje, m'malo mokhala ndi polojekiti yokhayokha, monga mwachizolowezi, kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe sikungawunikenso, adatero.
ISA ikugwira ntchito kwambiri kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mato Grosso, moyandikana ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Xingú, omwe adakhazikitsidwa zaka 50 zapitazo, komwe kumakhala anthu opitilira 6,000 ochokera m'mitundu 16, ozunguliridwa ndi malo owetera ng'ombe ndi ulimi wamtundu umodzi komanso kuwonongeka kwamitengo komwe kumayambitsa, komanso. opangidwa ndi SHP omwe adayikidwa kumtunda, ndikuwopseza kupezeka kwa nsomba, gwero lawo lalikulu la mapuloteni anyama.
Kumadzulo kwa Mato Grosso, anthu amtundu wa Enawené-Nawé adachita zachiwawa motsutsana ndi SHP mu October 2008. Pafupifupi mamembala a 120 a fuko, omwe amati SHP inachititsa kuti nsomba ziwonongeke kwambiri mumtsinje wa Juruena, zinaukira ntchito. , kuyatsa magalimoto ndi kuwononga zomangamanga ndi zipangizo za polojekiti.
Malinga ndi ISA, panthawiyo mapulojekiti opangira magetsi a 77 anali kumangidwa, ovomerezeka kapena akuganiziridwa pa mtsinje wa Juruena, womwe uli pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Jaurú ngakhale uli mbali ya mtsinje wa Amazon.
Consortium imodzi yokha, yotsogozedwa ndi Blairo Maggi, yemwe kale anali bwanamkubwa wa Mato Grosso, adalandira chilolezo ku 2002 kuti amange SHP eyiti, imodzi mwazomwe zidamenyedwa ndi Enawené-Nawé.
Mato Grosso ndi mtsinje wamadzi, womwe umagawaniza mitsinje yomwe imalowera kumwera, imayenda mumtsinje wa Paraguay womwe umadutsa dziko la dzina lomwelo ndikupita ku Pantanal, mbali zonse za mtsinje wa Río de la Plata, kuchokera ku mitsinje ina yomwe imadutsa kumpoto kupanga. mabeseni akuluakulu anayi, atatu mwa iwo mtsinje wa Amazon.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mapiri ndi mapiri amene amamera m’chigawo chapakati ndipo alunjika kumpoto cha ku Amazon, kumene kumagwa mvula yambiri m’miyezi yapakati pa chaka. Mitsinje yaing'ono m'malo otsetsereka kapena osweka ndi malo abwino kwa SHP.
SHP ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa, yothandizidwa ndi zolimbikitsa za boma monga makontrakitala a "kugulitsa kotsimikizika pamitengo yabwino yosachepera 70 peresenti" yamagetsi opangidwa, komanso kupereka ndalama mowolowa manja pachiwongola dzanja chotsika kwambiri pamsika, adatero Gonçalves Junior.
Otsatsa malonda m'malo opangira magetsi amadzi ku Brazil apezanso ndalama zawo zoyambira zaka 3.5 - zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zokulirapo pankhani ya malo akuluakulu amagetsi - ndipo kuvomereza kumatenga zaka 35, kuphatikiza zaka zisanu zomwe zidamangidwa, adatero.
Mphamvu ya Hydropower, yomwe imathandizira magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa ndi Brazil, imadziwika kuti ndiyo mphamvu yotsika mtengo kwambiri yopangira, koma mtengo kwa ogula am'deralo amagetsi omwe amapanga ndi m'gulu lapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Ochita bizinesi m'mafakitale amati izi ndizovuta zamisonkho za 45 peresenti, koma Gonçalves Junior akugogomezera kuti gawoli ndi lopindulitsa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti pali "zosakwanira" m'dongosolo, zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zipindule ndi magulu azachuma komanso ndale kapena bizinesi.
Gawo lamagetsi mdziko muno, monga migodi, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi kupanga ethanol kuchokera ku nzimbe, "ndizopindulitsa kwambiri" komanso zopindulitsa kwambiri kotero kuti makampani apadziko lonse lapansi amapikisana kuti achite nawo, makamaka popeza mayiko otukuka akugwa, adawonjezera.
Chifukwa chake zomwe zikuchitika ndikuti kuchuluka kwa SHP ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi kupitirirebe, ngakhale okonda zachilengedwe komanso madera akumidzi akukana.
Nthawi zina, magulu ambiri okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akukhudzidwa ndi zotsutsana ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi. Bungwe la State Congress la Mato Grosso lidakhazikitsa bungwe lofufuza lomwe lidalimbikitsa kuyimitsa zilolezo zomanga za SHP zinayi pamtsinje wa Prata, poyankha ziwonetsero zomwe zidachitika mumzinda wa Juscimeira.
Tawuni iyi ya anthu 11,500, kumwera kwa Mato Grosso, sakufuna kutaya mathithi omwe ndi okopa alendo komanso oyendetsa chuma cham'deralo, monga zachitikira ndi SHP ena atatu omwe adamangidwa kale pamitsinje ina mumzindawu.
Chimodzi mwa zimenezi chinawononganso malo ena okopa alendo, Sete Quedas (Mathithi Asanu ndi Awiri) pamtsinje wa Guairá, ndipo nyanja yosungiramo madzi ina imafika kuwirikiza kasanu malo ololedwa.
Kuti tiphe nsomba pamtsinje wa Lourenço "tsopano tikuyenera kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 150," chifukwa kulibe nsomba pafupi ndi madamu, anadandaula Manoel Atanazio Brasileiro, wojambula m'nyumba, ndi wogulitsa m'sitolo Adaír Facco, asodzi achangu ochokera kufupi. mzinda wa Jaciara.
Anzake awiriwa ankakonda kusodza nthawi zonse pamalo omwe anali pamtunda wa makilomita 30, komwe adamanganso malo awo ogona kuti "asamalipire lendi."
Tsoka loipa kwambiri lidagwera Aripuanã, tawuni kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mato Grosso, komwe malo opangira magetsi a 250 MW awononga kukongola kwa mathithi a Dardanelos, amodzi mwa "kukongola kwapadera," adatero Gonçalves. "Hydropower imatsutsana ndi kukongola," adatero.
"Nyengo ya mphamvu imalamulira" Brazil, makamaka Mato Grosso, komwe imayikidwa patsogolo pa ntchito zina zamadzi, kuphatikizapo ulimi wothirira m'madera omwe ulimi uli waukulu kwambiri ndipo pali nyengo yayitali yowuma, ndi zoyendera mtsinje, anadandaula Luiz Henrique Noquelli, woyang'anira. za madzi ku Secretariat ya Environmental m’bomalo.
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