MWEZI WATHA pakati pa mkangano wokhudza Iraq chinali chiyambi cha chaka chasukulu. Ndipo mkangano womwe tikuyenera kukhala nawo wokhudza nkhani zapakhomo —maphunziro a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha—sikuchitika. Meyi watha, chakumapeto kwa chaka cha sukulu, olamulira a Bush adaganiza zopereka ndalama zaboma kuti akhazikitse masukulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Makamaka, Bush akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito $385 miliyoni kuchokera ku No Child Left Behind Act ya 2001, kusintha kwa masukulu aboma mdziko muno komwe kumafuna kusankha kochulukirapo kwa makolo komanso kuyankha kwa aphunzitsi / ophunzira pamaphunziro, kuti apange sukulu za anyamata ndi masukulu atsikana. Osadandaula kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zaboma pabizinesi yotere sikuloledwa pansi pa Mutu IX wa 1972, lamulo la feduro loletsa kusankhana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pamaphunziro lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa, modabwitsa, kuletsa kusagwirizana pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamaphunziro ku federal pa jenda pa zina. (Mutu IX lamulo 34 CFR 106.34 umalamula kuti palibe sukulu yolandira ndalama za boma "idzapereka maphunziro aliwonse kapena kuchita chilichonse cha maphunziro ake kapena zochitika padera pokhudzana ndi kugonana," kupatulapo zochepa pamakalasi ophunzitsa thupi okhudzana ndi masewera ochezera. , makalasi okhudza kugonana, ndi ” kukonza kapena kutsimikizira.” Lamuloli linali ndi zotsatirapo zaposachedwa kwambiri pa nkhani zamasewera za akazi zomwe sizinalipilidwe m’mbiri, koma zinakhudzanso mbali zina za maphunziro.) m'nthawi ya mayeso ovomerezeka ndi chidani kwa ophunzira omwe satha kulankhula Chingerezi, kukankhira kumanga sukulu za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumawoneka ngati kodabwitsa. Ayi, chomwe chiri chodabwitsa kwambiri ponena za kukakamiza kwa Bush kwa maphunziro a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe adalengezedwa mwalamulo May 8 ndi Mlembi wa Maphunziro Rod Paige, ndikuti akuwonetsa vuto la kugonana - osati maphunziro - ndipo akuneneratu. pamalingaliro akale, onyoza, komanso owononga jenda.
Chiwerengero chilichonse cha kafukufuku chikuwonetsa kuti maphunziro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi opindulitsa kwa amayi azaka zaku koleji. Koma ntchito yomwe yachitika mpaka pano yophunzirira nkhani ya ophunzira kusukulu ya mkaka mpaka giredi 12 ndiyowoneka bwino komanso yosagwirizana. Nthawi zambiri, phindu la sukulu zachinsinsi komanso zokonda zachiwerewere sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'masukulu aboma, popeza masukulu aboma komanso osalankhula amavomereza ophunzira ochita bwino kwambiri kapena odzisankha okha mwa kuthamangitsa ophunzira osachita bwino kapena olakwa. Mmodzi mwa maphunziro akuluakulu ochepa a sukulu za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha — ” Single Gender Public Schooling As a New Form of School Choice, ” yolembedwa ndi Amanda L. Datnow ndi Lea A. Hubbard, mothandizidwa ndi a Ford and Spencer Foundations — anamaliza. kuti kuyesa kwa mutu wa California mu 1997 kukonza sukulu zosiyana za anyamata ndi atsikana kunali, patatha zaka zitatu, kulephera. Kafukufuku wokhudza maphunziro angapo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudzana ndi maphunziro a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyambira kusukulu ya ana mpaka giredi 12 lofalitsidwa ndi bungwe la Educational Resources Information Center’s Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education linasonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti panali kusiyana kwina pa mmene atsikana ndi anyamata amachitira, pafupifupi onse anali. kufotokozedwa ndi zinthu zina osati jenda, monga kukula kwa kalasi, kusiyana kwachuma, ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe. Ndipo chifukwa chakuti pali mbiri yochepa ya makalasi a sukulu za anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku United States - tsopano pali masukulu 10 otere m'dzikoli, ndi zina ziwiri kuti zitsegule kugwa uku - umboni wochuluka kwambiri wa phindu lawo. alipo. Mwachitsanzo, Young Women's Leadership School ya East Harlem, yachita bwino kwambiri potumiza pafupifupi onse omaliza maphunziro awo ku koleji. Sukuluyi imasankhanso kwambiri omwe imavomereza, ili ndi masukulu ocheperako kuposa avareji ya New York City (chiwerengero cha ophunzira atatu ndi m'modzi kwa mphunzitsi, kunena zachindunji), ndipo ndi ndalama zambiri. Koma zonsezi ndizochitika chifukwa kulimbikitsana kokhazikika kwa sukulu za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunakhazikitsidwe pakuchita bwino pamaphunziro. M'malo mwake, ndi nkhani yodera nkhawa za kugonana kwa achinyamata.
Lingaliro lamakono ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa masukulu a anthu omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zaka zosakwana khumi. Mwachitsanzo, Young Women’s Leadership School of East Harlem, mwachitsanzo, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1996. Mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 20, masukulu ambiri aboma anali olekanitsidwa pogonana, makamaka chifukwa chakuti atsikana sankaonedwa kuti ndi oyenerera maphunziro oyenerera. Komanso, kuyenerera kwa Victorian kunkaona kuti n'koopsa kuti atsikana ndi amuna azikhala m'kalasi imodzi —Zinkamveka kuti akazi amayenera kutetezedwa ku khalidwe lankhanza la amuna. Kumlingo wakutiwakuti, uku ndi kukambitsirana komweku kwaperekedwa lerolino: akazi ayenera kutetezedwa kwa amuna. Ndipo ndizowona kuti kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti amayi azaka zaku koleji amachita bwino mkalasi muzochitika zogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, makamaka chifukwa abambo nthawi zambiri amatenga nthawi yochulukirapo m'kalasi ndi malo, zomwe zimasiya akazi m'chipinda chovuta.
Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri â€â€”ndi chowawa kwambiriâ€â€”pamkangano wapano wochirikiza maphunziro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chakuti umatembenuza kulungamitsidwa kwa Victoria pamutu pake: ndi amuna, osati akazi, omwe akuyenera kutetezedwa. amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Masiku ano anthu olimbikitsa maphunziro a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amati anyamata amaphunzira bwino popanda atsikana. Chifukwa chiyani? Chabwino, chifukwa atsikana ndi zosokoneza kugonana. Mwezi watha, pulezidenti wa yunivesite ya Boston, John Silber, analankhula mosapita m’mbali za kufunika kwa sukulu yake kuti ichepetse chiwerengero cha amayi chifukwa chakuti gulu la ophunzira lasintha kukhala pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya amayi ndi 40 peresenti ya amuna. Vutolo? Ndi akazi ochuluka chozungulira, ophunzira achimuna ku BU amasiya kukhala njonda. (Lingaliro losamvetseka paziwerengero zambiri — chaching'ono chomwe chiri chakuti BU ili ndi mbiri yamaphwando ang'onoang'ono, mabasi amowa, ndi chipwirikiti chozungulira chomwe chimayambitsa kusalinganizana kulikonse mu chiŵerengero cha kugonana.)
Nkhawa zotere za mmene kupezeka kwa atsikana m’kalasi kumakhudzira anyamata kumaloŵetsamo m’mabuku ambiri opangidwa ndi ochirikiza maphunziro a anthu a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Bungwe la National Association for Single Sex Public Education (NASSPE) linagwira mawu katswiri wosamala za chikhalidwe cha anthu George Gilder pawebusaiti yake: “Chinthu chokha chokhudza m’kalasi chofunika kwambiri kwa anyamata achichepere kusiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa atsikana ndicho kukhala ndi moto kapena ayi. ” Webusaitiyi ikupitiriza kuti: ” Anyamata adzasokonezedwa ndi atsikana ngakhale atsikanawo atavala mathalauza ooneka bwino komanso maovololo akumutu ndi kumapazi. Anyamata ambiri amatha kudodometsedwa kwa ola limodzi ndi khutu lakumanzere la mtsikana yemwe wakhala patsogolo pake. Ngati simukudziwa izi, simudziwa mokwanira za anyamata. Anyamata ena, n’zoona, amatha kuika maganizo pa ntchito yawo ngakhale mtsikana atakhala pampando kutsogolo kwawo. KOMA: ngati msungwana ameneyo wavala zovala zowonetsera kapena zowoneka bwino, ndiye kuti ngakhale mnyamata wokonda kuphunzira adzasokonezedwa. ” Tsambali limagwiranso mawu wotsutsa zachikhalidwe Kate Zernike ponena za vuto loboola lachikazi: ” Masiku omwe ma jeans ong'ambika adayesa malire tsopano ndi chikumbukiro chosangalatsa. Masiku ano, masukulu akuona kufunika kokumbutsa ana asukulu kuti zovala zongoyang’ana basi n’zosayenera. ”
M'dziko lamakono la zofalitsa zofalitsa za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, atsikana achoka ku madamu a Victorian omwe ali m'mavuto mpaka pakati pa Eve the temptress ndi Jennifer Lopez.
Koma tsamba lawebusayiti la NASSPE lili ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa â€"komanso zowopsa—. Woyambitsa ndi mkulu wake, Leonard Sax, dokotala wa ana wa ku Poolesville, Maryland, akulemba mozama za zifukwa zachibadwa zimene atsikana ndi anyamata ayenera kulekanitsidwa m’kalasi:
Anyamata amakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa atsikana. Ndizowona pamlingo uliwonse wa kusanthula: chitukuko cha neuroanatomical (monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi MRI scan), chitukuko cha neurophysiological (monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi maphunziro akuyenda kwa magazi muubongo ndi ma EEG), kukula kwa chidziwitso, ndi magwiridwe antchito asukulu…. Anyamata ambiri samvetsera mwachidwi, sakhala chete kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kusiyana ndi atsikana a msinkhu wofanana. Ngati Jack ali pano akunjenjemera ndipo sangathe kulemba, pomwe Jill kumeneko alibe vuto lililonse, sipanatenge nthawi kuti aphunzitsi a Jack ayambe kukayikira ngati Jack angakhale ndi vuto losazindikira. . Posakhalitsa Jack adzatengedwa kupita ku ofesi ya dokotala ndi makolo ake, ndi mawu ochokera kwa aphunzitsi osonyeza kuti ayesedwe mlandu wa Ritalin (kapena Adderall, ndi zina zotero).
Kumbali ina, atsikana amachita bwino ndi ubongo womwe ali nawo:
Njira zabwino zophunzitsira masamu zimasiyana kwambiri kwa atsikana ndi anyamata. Kumbukirani zomwe mudaphunzira pagawo loyang'ana la "tsamba laubongo" : ntchito zapanyanja zimayendetsedwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana aubongo mwa atsikana ndi anyamata. Kwa atsikana, ntchito zapanyanja zimaperekedwa ku cerebral cortex, gawo lomwelo la ubongo lomwe limayang'anira chilankhulo. Kwa anyamata, ntchito zomwezo zimagwiridwa ndi hippocampus, phata lakale lokwiriridwa mkati mwa ubongo, lopanda kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi kotekisi.
Kusiyana kwa katulidwe kameneka kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pophunzitsa mitu ya masamu, makamaka geometry, algebra, ndi chiphunzitso cha manambala. Kwa atsikana, mukufuna kusunga zenizeni ndikuzisunga. Manambala a Fibonacci ndi njira yabwino yodziwitsira chiphunzitso cha manambala kwa atsikana, mwachitsanzo. Kumbukirani kuti mndandanda wa Fibonacci umapangidwa powonjezera manambala awiri kuti apereke nambala yachitatu. Mndandanda wodziwika bwino wa Fibonacci ndi: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 ... Funsani atsikana anu kuti abweretse chilichonse mwa izi: artichokes, mpendadzuwa, nanazi, pinecones, delphiniums. , ma susan a maso akuda, field daisies, African daisies, ndi Michaelmas daisies. Yambani ndi maluwa. Werengani chiwerengero cha petals. Mudzapeza kuti chiwerengero cha ma petals nthawi zonse chimakhala nambala mu mndandanda wa Fibonacci: ma petals 8 a delphiniums, 13 a delphiniums awiri, 21 a susans amaso akuda, 34 a daisies akumunda, 55 a daisies aku Africa ndi Michaelmas daisies.
Choncho masamu si ovuta, makamaka kwa atsikana. Amangofunikira kuphunzitsidwa ndi maluwa, zipatso, ndi ndiwo zamasamba.
KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO SAX kwa sayansi iyi pazachikhalidwe cha anthu ndikokayikitsa kwambiri. Ndizovuta kupeza chitsimikiziro chake - ndipo zambiri zimayamba kumveka ngati zachipongwe, komanso mwina zowopsa, monga maphunziro akuwonetsa kusasinthika kwa "ubongo wa Negro" komwe Stephen Jay Gould adavumbulutsa bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha iwo. kupusa mu Kulakwitsa kwa Munthu (Norton, 1981). Ndipo ngakhale dipatimenti ya zamaphunziro kapena No Child Left Behind Act sichitchulapo za Sax ndi National Association for Single Sex Public Education (yomwe yafupikitsa dzina lake posachedwa kuchokera ku National Association for the Advancement of Single Sex Public Education), the gulu mwamsanga likukhala wosewera wamkulu mkangano wapoyera pa tsankho la kugonana m'maphunziro a anthu.
Nzosadabwitsa kuti magulu a amayi monga Feminist Majority ndi American Association of University Women ndi magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu monga Urban League, NAACP, ndi American Civil Liberties Union alankhula motsutsa maphunziro a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. m’sukulu zaboma. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mutu IX kunali, kwenikweni, Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro kwa atsikana ndi amayi: inanena kuti amuna ndi akazi amayenera kuchitidwa mofanana, ndipo ngakhale kuti sangapikisane pamodzi nthawi zonse (monga masewera), sikuyenera kukhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakugawidwa kwa ndalama. Chiwopsezo chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi masukulu ndi makalasi a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikuwonongeka kofulumira kwa zotsatira za Mutu IX. Kuopa kumeneku sikuli kopanda maziko; Pali kale kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa mapiko akumanja kumasuliranso ndikumasuliranso Mutu IX pazifukwa zomwe zimasankha masewera aamuna pofuna kuti pakhale ndalama zofanana pamasewera a amuna ndi akazi. , ngakhale amuna ambiri kuposa akazi amayesa matimu.
Popeza idasainidwa kukhala lamulo ndi Purezidenti Nixon, Mutu IX wakhala ukuwukiridwa nthawi zonse. Mu 1984, Khothi Lalikulu linagamula kuti silinagwiritse ntchito mapulogalamu omwe sanalandire thandizo la federal, motero amachotsa masewera othamanga. Congress inasintha izi podutsa (kuposa veto ya Reagan) Civil Rights Restoration Act mu 1984. Komabe, kuyambira 1996, milandu yambiri ya Brown University, California State, ndipo posachedwapa mgwirizano wa makochi wotsogoleredwa ndi National Wrestling. Coaches Association yayesera kumasuliranso Mutu IX kuti ndalama zambiri ziperekedwe kwa amuna kuposa masewera aakazi. Izi zatengedwa m'mabuku odziwika bwino, osamala kwambiri monga Jessica Gavora's Kupendekera Malo Osewerera: Sukulu, Masewera, Kugonana, ndi Mutu IX (Encounter Books, 2002), yomwe imatsutsa kuti Mutu IX ” wapanga gulu latsopano la ozunzidwa " â othamanga achimuna.
Palibe kukayikira kuti kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha patsogolo ndi liwiro lililonse, tanthauzo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Mutu IX ziyenera kufotokozedwanso, monga momwe Paige adanena. Koma ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti olamulira a Bush ali ndi chidwi ndi maphunziro abwino. Poganizira kusowa kwa umboni uliwonse wovuta, wokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wa chifukwa chake masukulu aboma omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha angakhale abwino kwa atsikana ndi anyamata, komanso kupatsidwa zopinga zolimba zomwe zili kale pamwambo wotero womwe udaphatikizidwa muzowerenga zachikhalidwe za Mutu IX, ndi zikuwonekeratu kuti olamulira a Bush ali ndi chidwi ndi masukulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pazifukwa zopanda maphunziro: kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zake pazovuta zakugonana. "Vuto" lomwe lakambirana kale ndi makampeni osiyanasiyana omwe amapangidwa kuti akhudze malingaliro ogonana ndi machitidwe a ophunzira, kuyambira kuthandizira kudziletsa -kugonana kokha mpaka kukakamiza zosefera pa intaneti pamakompyuta m'masukulu aboma.
Inde, zambiri mwa zoyesayesazi zalephera — zodabwitsa! — chifukwa amaganiza kuti achinyamata safuna kugonana. Koma ophunzira akadali ndi malingaliro ogonana, amakhalabe ndi zilakolako zogonana, ndipo amakhalabe — mochulukirachulukira - kugonana. Ndipo kukhazikitsa ndi kuthandizira masukulu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga kuyesetsa komaliza kuthana ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata kungathenso kulephera.
Pamene John Silber analankhula za kukhalapo kwa akazi ochuluka kwambiri pa yunivesite ya Boston (ndi zotsatira zake zoipa pa khalidwe laulemu la amuna), iye anapereka chithunzithunzi champhamvu cha mmene anthu amasiku ano amakhudzidwira ndi kugonana: amene anaphedwa —anavala ngati hule ali ndi zaka zisanu. ” Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti chithunzithunzi cha hule la mtsikana chimakhudza maganizo ake olakwika okhudza akazi ndi maphunziro. Chidziwitso cha Silber chokhudza chiŵerengero cha akazi kwa amuna ku BU — komanso kuti Boston University Academy ithetse mgwirizano wake wa Gay-Straight — ikuwonetseratu lingaliro lokhazikika loti kugonana konse, kaya hetero kapena homo, ndi koopsa ndipo kuyenera. kukhala micro-woyendetsedwa. Sikokwanira ” kuwongolera ” — kapena kuthetsa - kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; tsopano kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuchepetsanso.
Chimodzi mwa zododometsa kwambiri pa zonsezi ndi chakuti njira zothetsera masukulu achiwerewere zidzabweretsa —masukulu abwino, achiwerewere. Sukulu za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyambira ku Oxford kupita ku Eaton ndi Smith mpaka ku Mount Holyoke m'mbiri yakale zakhala malo okonda kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa chosowa mawu abwinoko. Ngati Bush amasamala za maphunziro, sakanangoyang'ana ma voucha, masukulu a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kuyesa kokhazikika komanso zina zambiri pakuwonjezera ndalama zamasukulu aboma. Koma zimenezo sizingagwire maganizo a Chipani cha Republican chamakono, chipani chimene chingalole kuthera nthaŵi kulinganiza zochitika kuti alamulire achinyamata m’malo mopereka malingaliro owonjezera maphunziro.
Michael Bronski ndiye wolemba Mfundo Yosangalatsa: Kugonana, Kubwereranso kumbuyo, ndi Kulimbana ndi Ufulu Wama Gay (St. Martin’s, 1998). Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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