Kutengera pa Marichi 18, 2011, ulaliki ku Stony Brook University msonkhano “Kufotokozera Tsogolo la Maphunziro Apamwamba a Anthu”
M'dziko lonselo, anthu olemera kwambiri akugwiritsa ntchito mavuto a zachuma m'boma pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zothandizira anthu monga maphunziro ndi kusokoneza mphamvu zandale zomwe zatsala za ogwira ntchito. Ndili ndi zolinga zitatu pano: kuwonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lingaliro la Naomi Klein la "Shock Doctrine" pankhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku New York State (ndiponso, mayiko ena ambiri), kuti athandizire owerenga ndi zina mwazidziwitso zowathandiza kufotokozera nkhani yotsutsa, ndikupereka mfundo zisanu zoyankhulirana zomwe ndikuganiza kuti tikuyenera kutsindika kupita patsogolo.
Chimodzi mwazotsutsana zanga ndikuti ngakhale pali kampeni yayikulu yotsutsana ndi mabungwe ndi demokalase ya anthu, anthu aku US "ali okonzeka" kumva uthenga wamphamvu. Malingaliro a anthu m'miyezi yaposachedwa - komanso zisankho zomwe zachitika zaka makumi ambiri zapitazo - zikuwonetsa kuti kampeni yophunzitsa yomwe imayambitsa mkangano motsatira zomwe tafotokoza m'chigawo chachiwiri pansipa ipeza yankho labwino pakati pa anthu onse. M’chenicheni, nthaŵi ya ndale yamakono mwina ndiyo yabwino kwambiri yolinganiza gulu lopita patsogolo kuposa nthaŵi ina iliyonse m’zaka makumi aposachedwapa.
The Shock Doctrine Imabwera ku New York
Milton Friedman, ngwazi ya makampani olemera padziko lonse, ananenapo kuti “vuto lokha, lenileni kapena lolingaliridwa, limabweretsa kusintha kwenikweni. Vutoli likachitika, zomwe zimachitika zimatengera malingaliro omwe ali pamenepo. ” Friedman anali mpainiya wamkulu wa chimene Naomi Klein amachitcha “chiphunzitso chododometsa.” Buku la Klein la 2007 likuwonetsa mbiri yanzeru zakukonzanso zandale mu Dziko Lachitatu kuyambira 1970s, kuwonetsa momwe mayiko olemera, mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi monga World Bank ndi IMF, ndi Third World osankhika adapezerapo mwayi pamavuto azachuma, "zenizeni kapena zowoneka," kuti azikakamiza. Mapologalamu ankhanza a “kusintha kamangidwe” m’maiko a Third World, kuyambira ku Chile m’chaka cha 1975. Mapologalamu ameneŵa achititsa kuti chuma chaboma chikhale pawekha, kuchepetsa ndalama zimene boma limagwiritsa ntchito pothandiza anthu, zachititsa kuti misika ya m’dzikomo igulitsidwe zotsika mtengo zochokera kunja, ndiponso kuletsa mabizinesi akuluakulu ndi ndalama. Zoterezi n’zosemphana kwambiri ndi mfundo zimene mayiko otukuka masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito pofuna kutukula chuma chawo, koma chitukuko cha zachuma si cholinga chenicheni ndipo chimachitika mwangozi ngati n’komwe; omwe akuyembekezeka kupindula ndi osunga ndalama ndi mabungwe akunja ndi kapu kakang'ono ka anthu osankhika akunyumba [1].
Owonera ambiri awona zomwe zikuchitika kuno ku United States kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970: pomwe malipiro enieni adayimilira kapena kugwa ndipo maboma otsatizana pamlingo uliwonse adachotsa ukonde wachitetezo cha anthu, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo komanso phindu lamakampani zakwera kwambiri, zomwe zikubweretsa chiwonjezeko chokulirapo. kusalingana kwachuma. United States idalowa nawo kale mumwambi wakuti "mpikisano wopita pansi," njira yoyipa yomwe madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi "amapikisana" kuti apereke nyengo zabwino zabizinesi [2]. Ngakhale maulamuliro onse ndi Congress kuyambira 1970s zathandizira izi, nthawi zomwe zikuwoneka kuti pali vuto lazachuma zimapereka mwayi kwa iwo omwe akufuna kubweza demokalase kupitilira apo. Ma Republican ndi Democrat onse akhala madotolo odabwitsa. A Reaganites atapeza chiwongola dzanja choyamba cha feduro kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko I popereka misonkho yayikulu kwa olemera ndikuwonjezera ndalama za Pentagon, a Clintonite adayang'ana zachitukuko ngati gwero lalikulu la kuchepako ndipo adagwira ntchito kuti athetse "ubwino monga tikudziwira. ” Pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa Clinton- ndi Bush-era, nkhondo, ndi kuchepetsa msonkho kwa olemera kunabweretsa mavuto omwe alipo, olamulira a Obama tsopano alowa nawo Congress podzudzula "osalamulira" ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu - pamene akufuna kukweza bajeti ya Pentagon ndi 3. -5 peresenti kuti achepetse misonkho yatsopano komanso yowonjezereka ya nthawi ya Bush yomwe idzawononge mazana a mabiliyoni a madola [3]. Kuti njira yazachuma ya Obama ndiyocheperako pang'ono komanso yosagwirizana ndi momwe aku Republican 'sikutsutsa kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wapawiri.
Njira yodziwika bwino ndiyosavuta, ndipo ikuwonetsa zomwe akatswiri azachuma a Edward Herman ndi Robin Hahnel adatcha moyenerera kuti "ndondomeko yoyendetsera bajeti": kupereka zopumira zamisonkho zochulukirapo komanso zothandizira anthu olemera kwambiri ndikuwononga theka la bajeti ya feduro pankhondo ndi asitikali. , kenaka akuimba mlandu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa maphunziro a anthu, Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security, mabungwe a boma, thandizo kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa, ndi zina zotero, akuumirira kuti zonsezi ziyenera "kukhazikika" m'malo mwa zofuna za dziko. kupulumuka. (Kutsutsa kopanda nzeru kumeneku kumayendera limodzi ndi wina: lingaliro lakuti kuchepetsa kuchepa kuyenera kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Monga momwe akatswiri ambiri azachuma achenjezera, ndipo monga momwe Kupsinjika Kwakukulu kwasonyezera kalekale, kugwiritsira ntchito molimba mtima kwa federal stimulus ndalama - molimba mtima kwambiri kuposa Obama. Kulimbikitsana kwa 2009-kuthandiza chuma kuti chibwererenso.Kuwonjezera kuperewera kwa nthawi yochepa n'kofunika, ndipo sikungawononge kwambiri monga momwe akatswiri ambiri amanenera kuti boma la US likhoza kupeza chiwongoladzanja chochepa m'mbiri yakale [onani gawo lotsatira, mfundo. #4] [4].)
Maboma m'dziko lonselo tsopano akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yawo ya Shock Doctrine. M'gawo laposachedwa lamutu wakuti "Shock Doctrine, USA," katswiri wazachuma yemwe adalandira mphotho ya Nobel Paul Krugman. anati kuti zochita za Republican ku Wisconsin "ndizolanda mphamvu-kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mavuto azachuma kuti awononge chopinga chachikulu chomaliza ku mphamvu zandale zamakampani ndi olemera." Kuphatikiza apo, a Krugman akuti, "kulanda mphamvu kumapitilira kusokoneza mgwirizano": malamulowa amalolanso Bwanamkubwa ndi omwe amamuika kuti achepetse ntchito zachipatala kwa mabanja omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa ndikukhazikitsa zinthu zachinsinsi pogwiritsa ntchito mapangano osatsatsa [5].
Ngakhale otsutsa za kuukira panopa pa boma nthawi zambiri tanthawuzani kuti "abwanamkubwa aku Republican" ndi okhawo olakwa [6], ma Democrat ambiri akutsata zomwezo. Palibe paliponse pomwe mgwirizano wa demokalase umawonekera kwambiri kuposa ku New York, komwe Bwanamkubwa wosankhidwa kumene Andrew Cuomo akufuna kuchepetsa maphunziro a anthu, ntchito zachipatala, komanso malipiro a mabungwe aboma pomwe akulonjeza kutsitsa misonkho kwa olemera asanu mwa anthu XNUMX aliwonse aku New York. . Cuomo akufuna kudula maphunziro apamwamba aboma (SUNY ndi CUNY) ndi zoposa $305 miliyoni, pulayimale ndi sekondale thandizo la sukulu ndi $ 1.5 biliyoni, Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ndi $200 miliyoni, ndi Medicaid pomwe ana 4 mwa 10 amadalira $7.4 miliyoni pazaka ziwiri [7]. Ndipo amachita mopanda mantha, popanda kupepesa: mu Novembala New York Times inanena Cuomo "adalimbikitsanso atsogoleri abizinesi kuti azichita zinthu zotsutsana ndi mabungwe, ndikuwalimbikitsa kuti, pazinthu zonse, azilemba ganyu olimbikitsa anthu ambiri" [8]. Meya wa mzinda wa New York a Michael Bloomberg akutsatira ndondomeko yofananira, kuwopseza kuti aphunzitsi 4,700 achotsedwa ntchito komanso kudula kwakukulu kuti asamalire ana, okalamba, ndi osowa pokhala [9]. Monga momwe owonera ozindikira adanenera, kuwukira kumeneku kwa mabungwe ndi mabungwe aboma kukuwonetsa chisankho chadala m'malo mofuna chuma (onani pansipa).
Zolungamitsa ndizodziwikanso, ndipo zimafanana kwambiri ndi Milton Friedman: diatribes against "zokonda zapadera" (kutanthauza ntchito, ana asukulu opeza ndalama zochepa, olandira Medicaid, ndi zina zotero), nkhani zolemekezeka za “nsembe yogawana,” madandaulo okwiya ponena za momwe mabungwe ogwira ntchito akuwonongera chuma chaboma, ndi zina zotero—zonsezo zikufikitsa ku lingaliro lomvetsa chisoni koma losapeŵeka lakuti “palibe njira ina” yochepetsera ufulu wadziko. Kugonjetsa zabodza izi ndikupambana pankhondo yamalingaliro kumafuna kukonzanso kofunikira kwa mkangano ndi iwo omwe akufuna kuyimitsa Cuomo, oyimira malamulo, ndi othandizira awo olemera ndi opindula kuti asayendetse New York kubwerera ku dystopia yazaka za m'ma XNUMX.
Kukonzanso Mkanganowo: Zotsutsa Zisanu Zotsutsa
Ndikufuna kunena mfundo zisanu zoyankhulirana zomwe ndikukhulupirira kuti ziyenera kukhala zofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa masomphenya ena a New York ndi dziko lonse. Nkhani yotsutsa iyi siyenera kukhala, kapenanso kukhala yodzitchinjiriza mu kamvekedwe ndi khalidwe; ngakhale tikudzitchinjiriza pakuwukiridwa pompopompo pagulu la anthu, tiyenera kufotokoza masomphenya okhazikika a momwe zinthu ziliri. ayenera kukhala.
Potsatira chimango chilichonse ndimafotokoza mfundo ndi ziwerengero zomwe owerenga angagwiritse ntchito pochichirikiza.
- Apo is ndalama, ndi apo ndi njira zina; popeza anthu olemera kwambiri ku New York ali ndi ndalama, kuyang'ana mabungwe aboma osati olemera ndi chisankho chandale komanso chamakhalidwe.
- Kudula ntchito kuti muchepetse misonkho kwa olemera ndikopha ntchito; Kukhometsa msonkho kwa anthu olemera kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama za boma ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera ntchito komanso kulimbikitsa chuma kusiyana ndi kuchepetsa misonkho kwa olemera.
- Asitikali aku US akulepheretsa kuyambiranso kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.
- Kuchita kwa boma kokha sikukwanira; kuwononga ndalama ku federal deficit ndikofunikira kuti zithandizire kuyambiranso kwachuma.
- Kumenyedwa kwa mabungwe aboma ndikuwukira demokalase ndi mfundo yopatsa mwayi wofanana
#1:
PALI ndalama, ndipo pali njira zambiri zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito anthu; kulunjika kwa ogwira ntchito, ophunzira, ndi mabungwe aboma osati olemera ndi chisankho chandale ndi chikhalidwe
Malingaliro akuti "New York State yasweka" kapena kuti "kulibe ndalama" alibe maziko enieni. New York ili ndi ndalama zambiri komanso likulu, koma zili choncho zolimbitsa kumlingo womwe sunawonekere kuyambira M'badwo Wokhazikika. Anthu asanu olemera kwambiri amalandira 49 peresenti ya ndalama zonse, kuchokera pa 31 peresenti zaka makumi awiri zapitazo. Ndipo ngakhale 49 peresenti imeneyo imakhazikika kwambiri m'manja mwa olemera kwambiri chimodzi peresenti, amene amalandira 35 peresenti ya ndalama zonse, kuchokera pa 17 peresenti mu 1990 ndi 10 peresenti mu 1980. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, 50 peresenti ya otsika amalandira 9 peresenti yokha ya ndalama m’boma, kutsika kuchokera pa 14 peresenti mu 1990. New York ndiyo yopambana koposa. dziko losafanana mu fuko, ndi New York City mzinda waukulu kwambiri wosafanana [10].
Ambiri mwa aphunzitsi ndi ogwira ntchito m'boma omwe amanyozedwa ndi zolankhula za Shock Doctrine amagwera pansi pa 50 peresenti; malipiro oyambira a aphunzitsi ambiri ku United States ndi okhawo $39,000. Ndipo ku Wisconsin, komwe "penshoni zopakidwa golide" za ogwira ntchito m'boma akuti ndi omwe amayambitsa vuto lazachuma m'boma, penshoni yapakatikati ndiyomwe imayambitsa mavuto azachuma. Zosakwana $ 23,000. Kafukufuku wambiri wawonetsanso kuti malipiro ndi zopindulitsa za ogwira ntchito m'boma sizabwino kuposa za ogwira ntchito m'maboma [11]. Koma even ngati ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe nthawi zina amasangalala ndi zabwino kapena zopindulitsa zomwe anzawo omwe sali ogwirizana, azigawo zing'onozing'ono alibe, njira yothetsera vutoli sikutenga ndalama kuchokera kwa omwe kale anali akugwira ntchito koma kugwirizanitsa ndi kulimbikitsa omalizawo (ndalama ndi zopindulitsa zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe nthawi zambiri. bwererani kwa olemera, mulimonse).
Mfundo za boma zalimbikitsa mchitidwewu kuti ukhale wochulukirachulukira wa ndalama ndi chuma. Ku New York State, monganso kwina, mitengo ya misonkho ndi ndalama zogawira ndalama zimasonyeza mmene anthu olemera ndi otchuka amalandira ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma pamene akuluakulu a boma amadula ntchito kwa antchito, ophunzira, ndiponso anthu wamba. kutanthauza kuti “mabanja olemera 1 peresenti amalipira gawo laling’ono kwambiri la ndalama zimene amapeza m’maboma ndi m’malo awo amisonkho kusiyana ndi anthu ena onse a ku New York, ngakhale ndi kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho kwakanthaŵi” kunachitika mu 2009. za zomwe amapeza, chiŵerengero chomwe chidzatsikira pa 8.4 peresenti ngati Cuomo aloledwa kulola kukwera kwa msonkho kwakanthawi kuthe. Mabanja omwe amapanga pakati pa $7.2 ndi $33,000 amalipira ndalama zambiri kuposa aliyense m'boma (56,000 peresenti). Ngakhale anthu osauka kwambiri a ku New York—omwe amapeza ndalama zosakwana $11.6—amapereka gawo lalikulu la ndalama zawo pamisonkho (33,000 ndi 9.6 peresenti) kuposa olemera 10 peresenti [12].
Boma la New York State limaperekanso thandizo lachindunji kwa makampani ndi olemera—zimene ena amati “zopeza chuma”—m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo chimodzi chowoneka bwino ndi cha boma Brownfield Cleanup Program, zomwe malinga ndi Albany Times-Mgwirizano "Zachititsa kuti madola mamiliyoni ambiri alowe m'mapulojekiti akuluakulu amtengo wapatali okhala ndi mini-cleanups" m'zaka zitatu zapitazi. Opindulawo ndi opanga mabizinesi akuluakulu, omwe amapezerapo mwayi pamisonkho yapaboma pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito (kuyambira 2009) pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya ndalama zothandizira pakuyeretsa kwenikweni. Mu 2008, woyang'anira boma Tom DiNapoli ananeneratu kuti mtengo wonse wa pulogalamuyi ukhoza kupitirira $3 biliyoni. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa Fiscal Policy Institute, boma likhoza mosavuta sungani pafupifupi $300 miliyoni mwa kukonzanso dongosolo; kupita patsogolo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama zothandizira boma zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyeretsa kwenikweni, kungapulumutse mazana mamiliyoni ambiri [13].
Anthu olemera kwambiri a ku New York, makamaka ogwira ntchito ku mabanki ku Wall Street ndi akuluakulu a makampani, akusangalala ndi mapindu ochuluka powononga anthu wamba; iwo akhoza ndipo ayenera kunyamula ndalama zobwezera. Mitundu yambiri ya ndondomeko ya zachuma ikupezeka pa mlingo wa boma. Mfundo ziwiri zodziwika bwino zitha kukhala 1) kukulitsa msonkho wosakhalitsa ("Msonkho wa Miliyoni") womwe udachitika mu 2009 ndipo uyenera kutha kumapeto kwa chaka chino (Cuomo adalumbira kuti utha ntchito), ndi 2) kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkho wotumiza katundu. Yoyamba ikugwira ntchito kwa anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zoposa $200,000 ndi mabanja omwe amapanga ndalama zoposa $300,000-pafupifupi asanu olemera kwambiri a New Yorkers. Kutalikitsa kwa zaka ziwiri zokha kungakweze $ Biliyoni 6 muzowonjezera - pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya kuchepa kwa bajeti ya boma, komanso kuchulukitsa katatu kuchuluka komwe Cuomo angachotsere maphunziro aboma ku pulaimale, sekondale, ndi sekondale [14]. Msonkho wochepetsetsa pazochitika zamalonda ndi zongoyerekeza - yankho analimbikitsa ndi akatswiri azachuma a Nobel monga Paul Krugman ndi ena ambiri omwe sangayenerere kukhala otsalira monyanyira— kupanga $3.2 biliyoni [15].
Njira zina zowonjezera ndi zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakukambirana za NY State kukambirana zamitengo yotsika ya mankhwala, kutseka misonkho yamakampani, kutha kwa mabungwe akuluakulu, kubwezeretsa ndalama zogulira zamalamulo ku Albany: izi zitha kukulitsa ndalama za boma ndi mazana mamiliyoni a madola chaka chilichonse [16. ].
#2:
Kudula ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu podula misonkho kwa olemera kumapha ntchito; Kukhometsa msonkho kwa olemera kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama za boma ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera ntchito komanso kulimbikitsa chuma kusiyana ndi kuchepetsa misonkho kwa olemera.
Yankho la Shock Doctor pa mfundo yoti tiyenera misonkho kwa olemera ndikuti kutero kumalepheretsa chitukuko cha zachuma ndi kulenga ntchito; Pokhapokha podula misonkho yamabungwe ndi olemera kwambiri, iwo akuumirira kuti, tingathe kulimbana ndi ulova ndi kubwezeretsa chuma panjira. Nthano imeneyi ili ndi mfundo yoona—kudula misonkho kwa anthu olemera nditero kutsogolera ku chilengedwe cha ena ntchito. Koma funso lofunika ndiloti adzalenga Zambiri ntchito kuposa njira zina monga kuonjezera phindu la ulova, kuonjezera ndalama za masukulu aboma, kapena kuchepetsa misonkho kwa ogwira ntchito ndi apakatikati ndi ndalama zofanana. Yankho la funso ili, lokhazikitsidwa ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro ambiri azachuma pazaka zambiri, ndi NO. Chifukwa chachikulu n’chakuti anthu ogwira ntchito amapezerapo mwayi wochuluka wa ndalama zimene amapeza m’zachuma, motero kumapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azifuna ntchito zambiri kuposa olemera, amene amakonda kusunga kapena kusunga ndalama zawo zambiri. Chotero chiŵerengero cha $800 biliyoni chimene kuwonjezereka kwa kuchepetsa misonkho kwa m’nthaŵi ya Bush kudzawonongetsa boma la feduro kukanapanga ntchito zina zambiri ngati zitagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa mapologalamu a anthu; momwemonso m'maboma ndi m'madera.
Izi zasiya kukhala zatsopano kapena zotsutsana pakati pa akatswiri azachuma omwe adalandira mphotho ya Nobel monga a Joseph Stiglitz ndi a Paul Krugman, omwe sanakayikire kufotokoza zomwe zili zomveka pakati pa akatswiri azachuma odziyimira pawokha: kuti kusonkhetsa msonkho olemera kuti athandizire kusungitsa ndalama ndikwabwino kwambiri. njira zothandizira kukonzanso chuma chonse (kuwonjezera pa kusankha koyenera). Stiglitz ngakhale analemba kalata yaumwini kwa akuluakulu a boma la New York kuwalimbikitsa kuti athandizire kuwonjezeka kwa msonkho kwa 2009 pa anthu olemera asanu peresenti ya New Yorkers monga njira yabwino kwambiri pazachuma. Mu Disembala 2008, akatswiri azachuma ku New York opitilira 100 adasaina a kalata kwa Kazembe wakale Patterson yemwe adafotokozanso malingaliro omwewo: "Kwezani Misonkho Yapamwamba Kwambiri Kuti Muthandize Kutseka Mipata Ya Bajeti" [17].
Zomwe akatswiri azachuma amatcha "kukula motsogozedwa ndi malipiro" - kukweza malipiro a antchito kuti alimbikitse chuma - sikuti ndi chilungamo chokha, komanso njira yabwino kwambiri yopititsira patsogolo kukula kuposa njira zopumira zomwe zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwambiri. zaka 35 zapitazi [18]. Kupitilira apo kwa ndondomeko yazachuma yotsika pang'onopang'ono ikuyembekezeka kubweretsa kukula kwachuma pang'ono, pazifukwa izi.
#3:
Asitikali aku US akulepheretsa kwambiri kusintha kwachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu pano kunyumba, kuphatikiza kuvulaza anthu padziko lonse lapansi
Zida za US zimapha anthu akunja tsiku ndi tsiku - ku Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Colombia, Mexico, Egypt, ndi mayiko ena ambiri omwe amasangalala ndi thandizo lalikulu lankhondo ndi zida zankhondo ndi United States. Ichi ndiye chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chomwe tonsefe tiyenera kulimbana kuti tithe kumenya nkhondo ku US.
Koma zankhondo zaku US zimalepheretsanso kuyambiranso kwachuma komanso thanzi la anthu kuno kwathu. Pafupifupi theka (panopa peresenti 48) ya US pachaka discretionary ndalama, kapena $1.37 thililiyoni, amapita ku nkhondo ndi asilikali [19]. Poikanso ndalamazo ku madera ena omwe amathandiza zosowa za anthu, boma likhoza kupereka zosowa za anthu onse ku United States mosavuta (ndi kukhala ndi zambiri zotsalira za thandizo lakunja). Kuyika chiwerengerocho m'malo ambiri, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe boma la US limagwiritsa ntchito pa usilikali mphindi iliyonse angapereke maphunziro a SUNY kwa ophunzira asanu ndi awiri. A mwa maola khumi ndi asanu ndi anai za ndalama zankhondo zitha kupatsa ophunzira onse a 465,000 SUNY maphunziro aulere.
Kuyikanso ndalamazo kungathetserenso vuto la kusowa kwa ntchito komanso kuthandiza United States panjira yopita ku tsogolo labwino lazachuma. Mofanana ndi kuchepetsa misonkho kwa anthu olemera, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo ndi njira yochepa yolimbikitsira ntchito komanso kukula kwachuma poyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito pa zomangamanga, maphunziro a boma, ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Akatswiri azachuma a Robert Pollin ndi a Heidi Garrett-Peltier a Political Economy Research Institute apenda mwatsatanetsatane zotsatira za ntchito za zisankho zosiyanasiyana zamalamulo azachuma, kupeza kuti
mabiliyoni aliwonse a ndalama za boma zomwe zimaperekedwa kuti zichepetse misonkho pazakudya zaumwini zimapanga ntchito pafupifupi 15,000. Kuyika ndalama zomwezo kunkhondo kumapanga ntchito pafupifupi 12,000. Kapenanso, kuika ndalama biliyoni imodzi m’zaumoyo kumapereka ntchito pafupifupi 18,000; pamaphunziro pafupifupi 25,000 ntchito; paulendo wambiri, ntchito 27,700; ndi pomanga nyengo yanyumba ndi zomangamanga, ntchito 18,000. Chifukwa chake, kuchulukitsa kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumapangidwa ndi ndalama zofananira pamaphunziro ndi zoyendera zambiri monga zankhondo. [20]
Chifukwa chake, pazifukwa zachuma, dziko la United States silingathe kuwononga theka la bajeti yake yapachaka pazankhondo ndikuperekabe zofunikira za anthu ake. Mkangano uwu pawokha umakhala pachiwopsezo chotanthauza kuti kusagwira ntchito bwino kwachuma komanso kuvulaza zofuna zathu ndizovuta zokhazokha zankhondo zaku US, pomwe anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuvulazidwa mwachindunji ndi zankhondo, ndipo mabiliyoni ena akukhudzidwa. kuvulazidwa mwanjira ina. Ngakhale kumenya nkhondo kukanakhala kwanzeru pazachuma, kukanakhalabe koipa. Koma kubweretsa zankhondo zaku US pazokambirana kumapereka mwayi wotsutsa zachiwerewere komanso kusakwanira kwankhondo zaku US: monga ndondomeko yazachuma, militarism ndi zonse zachiwerewere ndi zopanda ntchito. Awo amene salabadira mkangano wa makhalidwe abwino ayenera kusonkhezeredwa ndi mkangano wodzikonda—koma kudzutsa nkhani zamakhalidwe ndi zamalamulo kudzakakamiza anthuwo kuganiza za izo.
Bungwe la ogwira ntchito ku US, lomwe lakhala likuthandizira asilikali a US ndi imperialism (kuthandizira "mfuti" posinthanitsa ndi "mafuta"), ali ndi udindo wofulumira kwambiri wotsutsa usilikali chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito komanso chiwerewere. Magawo ang'onoang'ono a ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo - makamaka, US Labor Against the War - akhala akuchita izi kwa nthawi yayitali, koma utsogoleri wodziwika bwino wantchito mpaka pano walephera kulowa nawo.
#4:
Kuchita kwa boma kokha sikukwanira; kuwononga ndalama ku federal deficit ndikofunikira kuti zithandizire kuyambiranso kwachuma
Zochita za boma zokha sizokwanira. Boma la feduro lili ndi ndalama zomwe maboma a maboma ndi maboma alibe. Chofunika kwambiri, imatha kubwereka ndalama zambiri ndipo sichifunikira kuti ipereke bajeti yoyenera chaka chilichonse. Munthawi yakugwa kwachuma, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti boma la federal ligwiritse ntchito ndalama zolimbikitsira, kuphatikiza kupereka thandizo lazachuma ku maboma, kuti chuma chibwererenso. Kugogomezera kwaposachedwa kwa ndale ndi akatswiri pankhani yofunikira “kuchepetsa chipereŵero” —ndipo kutanthauza kuti kuchita zimenezo kudzabweretsa chivundikiro chachuma—ndi chinyengo chenicheni, ndipo kusaona mtima kwadala n’kutheka. Bili yolimbikitsa ya 2009 ya Obama idachepetsanso zotsatira za kuchepa kwachuma, koma monga a Joseph Stiglitz. akunena, inali yaing’ono kwambiri moti ingatsimikizire kuti chuma chiyambiranso. Monga Paul Krugman adatchulidwa posachedwa:
Boma silikuvutikira kukweza ndalama, ndipo mtengo wa ndalamazo - chiwongola dzanja cha ngongole ya federal - ndi yotsika kwambiri malinga ndi mbiri yakale. Chifukwa chake palibe chifukwa chothamangira kuti muchepetse kuwononga ndalama tsopano; titha ndipo tiyenera kukhala okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito tsopano ngati zidzabweretsa ndalama pakapita nthawi.
Akatswiri ena azachuma amavomereza. Malinga ndi Robin Hahnel, “Njira yokhayo yochepetsera ulova pakali pano ndi yakuti boma la feduro litulutse chisonkhezero chachikulu chandalama. Izi zikutanthauza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa bajeti m'zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi ”(kuti mufotokoze mwachidule komanso zomveka bwino za magwero amavuto omwe alipo, onani magawo atatu a Hahnel. kuyankhulana ndi New Left Project mu 2010) [21]. Uthenga wofunikira uwu—woti tiyenera kuonjezera chiwongola dzanja m’kanthawi kochepa kapena kudzetsa chiwopsezo chokulirapo—uyenera kutsagana ndi kuyitanitsa njira zopititsira patsogolo zachuma monga kukhometsa msonkho olemera.
#5:
Kumenyedwa kwa mabungwe aboma ndikuwukira demokalase ndi mfundo yopatsa mwayi wofanana
Othirira ndemanga osiyanasiyana atero moyenerera anafotokoza kuti nkhanza zomwe zikuchitika panopa, zowononga mabungwe, ndalama zothandizira anthu, ndi ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ndizowononga demokalase yokha [22]. Ngati demokalase imatanthauza zambiri kuposa kungololedwa kuvota zaka zinayi zilizonse, ngati zikutanthawuza kuti anthu ali ndi mwayi wokwaniritsa zosowa zawo zofunika komanso kukhala ndi ndemanga pazosankha zomwe zimakhudza ntchito yawo ndi moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndiye kuti nkhondo ya anthu. gawo ndi nkhondo ya demokalase. Anthu ochokera ku Egypt kupita ku Wisconsin akuwoneka kuti akumvetsetsa kulumikizana uku, zikuwonekeratu ndi mawu odabwitsa a mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ku Wisconsin akuchokera. Egypt, Afghanistan, ndi kwina m'masabata aposachedwa [23].
Lingaliro lakuti anthu onse ogwira ntchito molimbika amakhala ndi mwayi wofanana wokhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso wotukuka ndilofunika kwambiri mu nthano za dziko lathu, ngakhale ziwerengero za kusalinganizana ndi kalasi kuyenda (ndipo kwenikweni, malingaliro a msika wokha) amatsutsa mosavuta. Kuyambira m'ma 1960 kapena m'ma 1970 kusalingana kwakhala kukukulirakulira, pomwe kusayenda kwamagulu kwakhala kukucheperachepera [24]. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwerengero za ndalama zomwe zimapeza komanso chuma chonse zikuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu ndi jenda. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2010 lipoti ndi Insight Center for Community Economic Development anapeza kuti “chuma chapakati cha akazi akuda osakwatiwa ndi $100 okha; kwa akazi osakwatiwa a ku Spain, $120. Izi zikufanizira ndi $41,000 ya akazi oyera osakwatiwa" [25].
Koma pali mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa anthu kuti pali ziyenera kukhala "mwayi wofanana" kwa aliyense mu demokalase yaufulu. Kuwonetsa momwe dongosolo lathu lamakono la ndondomeko za boma ndi ulamuliro wamakampani zimalephera kukwaniritsa lonjezo lofunika kwambiri la nthano za dziko kungakhale njira yabwino yokopa anthu wamba a mikwingwirima yonse ya ndale omwe amakakamirabe ku lingaliro la "American Dream". Kuchepetsa ntchito za boma monga maphunziro ndi zaumoyo sikungowonjezera chuma chochuluka ku gawo lolemera kwambiri la anthu, komanso kumachepetsanso lonjezo la mwayi wofanana.
(Pachidule cha masamba 2 cha mfundo zolankhulidwa pamwambapa zomwe zingagawidwe ngati chopereka, onani https://znetwork.org/fighting-back-and-looking-forward-by-organization-for-a-free-society).
Anthu Omvera
Kuti tipambane pankhondo yovomerezeka, tiyenera kufotokoza mauthengawa momveka bwino komanso mobwerezabwereza mpaka atakhala kugunda kwa mtima wokhazikika pakulankhula kwa anthu onse, mpaka pamene akukhala omveka bwino pakati pa anthu onse. Mwamwayi, tili ndi mwayi waukulu wa anthu omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ademokalase ndipo amakhulupirira kuti zinthu monga maphunziro, chithandizo chamankhwala, zakudya, ndi nyumba zonse ndi ufulu waumunthu ndipo ziyenera kukhala patsogolo pa ndondomeko ya boma.
Choyamba, anthu sagawana nawo chipwirikiti chifukwa cha kuchepa komwe kumawononga ndale zambiri pamagulu a federal ndi boma. M’mwezi wa October wapitawu, atapenda zisankho zambirimbiri, Christopher Howard ndi Rick Valelly anapeza “kuti anthu akukhudzidwa makamaka ndi kukonzanso chuma ndi ntchito. Kuchepetsa kuchepaku kumakhala kotsika pakati pa zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa. ” Njirayi imakhala yowona kudzera mu CBS/New York Times zofufuzira idachitika mkatikati mwa Januware, pomwe omwe adawayankha adakonda kwambiri Congress kuti akhazikitse ntchito m'malo mochepetsa kuchepa [26]. Malingaliro awa amakhala ngakhale pakati pa ambiri omwe amagwirizana ndi Tea Party. Mwachitsanzo, Howard ndi Valelly amanena kuti CBS/Times kafukufuku wa Epulo watha "adapeza kuti ngakhale pakati pa othandizira a Tea Party, kuyang'ana kwambiri pazachuma / ntchito (44 peresenti) kunali kofunika kwambiri kuposa kuyang'ana pa kuchepa kapena ngongole (10 peresenti)" [27].
China chaposachedwa zofufuzira lolembedwa ndi bungwe lolemekezeka la WorldPublicOpinion.org likusonyeza kuti amene amagwirizana ndi Tea Party—pafupifupi theka la anthu onse a ku United States—amachita zimenezi osati chifukwa choopa “boma lalikulu,” koma chifukwa choganiza kuti boma “silitsatira zofuna za anthu” ( ndi zakuthambo 81 peresenti ya anthu aku US akuganiza kuti boma lawo "likuyendetsedwa ndi zofuna zazikulu zochepa") [28] .Past kafukufuku zasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amaopa “boma lalikulu” pokhapokha ngati boma likuchita zinthu zosemphana ndi zofuna zawo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amathandizira mwamphamvu malamulo pa mabizinesi akuluakulu pakafunika kutero pofuna kupewa kuwononga chilengedwe kapena kuteteza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, ndikuganiza kuti boma liyenera kuonetsetsa kuti anthu onse akupezeka zofunika zofunika monga chisamaliro chaumoyo, chakudya, ndi maphunziro [29].
Mosiyana kwambiri ndi zimenezi, anthu amaganiza kuti mabungwe ndi anthu olemera sayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu pa boma. Amatsutsa "boma lalikulu" lomwe limakondera magawo omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri powonongera wina aliyense. Njira ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zomwe boma la US limathandizira olemera—ndalama zazikulu za Pentagon ndi misonkho yotsika-akwiyitsa anthu ngakhale atadzudzulidwa pang'ono (ndipo nthawi zambiri amatamandidwa) kuchokera kwa atolankhani omwe amathandizidwa ndi ndalama ndi makampani [30].
Umboni wa kukana kwa anthu nthawi zina umawonekera, komabe, ngakhale m'manyuzipepala amakampani. Pamene posachedwa zofufuzira by 60 Mphindi ndi zachabechabe Fair anapatsa oyankha mndandanda wa zosankha zochepetsera chipereŵerocho, ochuluka kwambiri adanena kuti ayamba "kuwonjezera msonkho kwa olemera" (61 peresenti) kapena "kuchepetsa ndalama zotetezera" (20 peresenti) monga sitepe yoyamba; 4 peresenti yokha ikanadula Medicare, ndipo 3 peresenti idzadula Social Security [31]. Mavoti ena ambiri, atsatanetsatane atsimikizira izi: a zofufuzira ndi Programme for Public Consultation and Knowledge Networks yomwe idatulutsidwa mwezi wa February wapitawu idapeza kuti omwe adafunsidwa achepetsa ndalama zomwe amawononga pachaka pankhondo ndi "chitetezo" ndi avareji ya $ 122 biliyoni. Mosiyana ndi izi, mapulogalamu apamwamba omwe ofunsidwa angawonjezere ndalama zomwe amagwiritsira ntchito anali maphunziro a ntchito, maphunziro apamwamba, kusamalira ndi mphamvu zowonjezera, komanso ndalama za sukulu za pulayimale ndi sekondale [32].
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wokhudza kuchepa kwa bajeti ya boma ndi mabungwe amagulu a anthu apeza zotsatira zofanana. A New York Times/ Nkhani za CBS zofufuzira mwezi watha adapeza kuti "misonkho yomwe idasankhidwa ikukwera kuposa kuchepetsedwa kwa phindu la ogwira ntchito m'boma pafupifupi awiri kapena m'modzi." Atapatsidwa mndandanda wa zosankha zochepetsera kupereŵera kwa bajeti ya boma, “40 peresenti anati adzawonjezera misonkho” (chisankho chotchuka kwambiri), pamene “3 peresenti yokha ananena kuti adzachepetsa ndalama za maphunziro.” Ndipo "61 peresenti ya omwe adafunsidwa - kuphatikiza theka la aku Republican - adati amaganiza kuti malipiro ndi zopindulitsa za ogwira ntchito m'boma ambiri zinali 'zabwino' kapena 'zotsika kwambiri' pantchito yomwe amagwira" [33]. Ofunsidwa mdziko lonse thandizo Mgwirizano wa Wisconsin pa Governor Walker, ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa Walker mkati mwa Wisconsin adagwa kwambiri m'mwezi watha, mpaka 43 peresenti [34]. Malingaliro a anthu aku New York amakonda kuwonetsa zofunika kwambiri. Oyankha m'mavoti adziko lonse mwamphamvu anathandiza Misonkho ya Miliyoniya pomwe idaperekedwa mu 2009, pafupifupi awiri mwa magawo atatu thandizirani kukonzanso kwake chaka chino [35].
Zomwe zapeza zonsezi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha zofalitsa zotsutsana ndi mgwirizano, zotsutsana ndi anthu, za Shock-Doctrine zomwe anthu omwe amafunsidwa omwe amawerenga mapepala kapena kuonera TV amachitidwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Lingaliro la anthu ku New York, monga momwe zimakhalira, sizotsutsana, ndipo lili ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe gulu lomwe likupita patsogolo liyenera kuthana nalo (mwachitsanzo, kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, kusakonda dziko, komanso kuchitira chifundo kwa Bwanamkubwa Cuomo ngakhale sanagwirizane nawo. zisankho zamalamulo azachuma [36]). Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti pali maziko olimba kwambiri a mfundo zomwe mungamangirepo.
Ndemanga:
[1] Klein, The Shock Doctrine: Kukwera kwa Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan, 2007), 6 (Friedman quote); pa Chile, onani tsamba 70-87, kuphatikizapo Greg Grandin, Msonkhano wa Empire: Latin America, United States, ndi Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan, 2006), 163-75. Pa mbiri yodalirika ya mayiko otukuka pakuchitapo kanthu kwa boma, onani Ha-Joon Chang, Asamariya Oyipa: Nthano Yamalonda Yaulere ndi Mbiri Yachinsinsi Ya Capitalism (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), ndi Kuthamangitsa Makwerero: Njira Yachitukuko mu Mbiri Yakale (London: Anthem Press, 2002), ndi Noam Chomsky, Chaka 501: Kugonjetsa Kukupitiriza (Boston: South End Press, 1993), 99-117.
[2] Jack Rasmus, Nkhondo Kunyumba: Zokhumudwitsa za Corporate kuchokera kwa Ronald Reagan kupita ku George W. Bush (San Ramon, CA: Kyklos, 2006); James Parrott, "Momwe Ndalama Zikukulirakulira, New York Imakulirakulira," Gotham Gazette (January 2011).
[3] United States imawononga 48 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za federal pankhondo ndi zankhondo, pafupifupi monga momwe dziko lonse lapansi limaphatikizidwira: onani "Pie Chart" yamtengo wapatali yopangidwa chaka chilichonse ndi War Resisters League, pa www.warresisters.org/federalpiechart. Baibulo laposachedwa, lomwe linatulutsidwa mu February 2011, limachokera ku ndondomeko ya bajeti ya Obama ya FY 2012. Othirira ndemanga ambiri amatsutsa "boma lalikulu" nthawi zonse amasankha kwambiri; kokha pamene kuloŵerera kwa boma kumathandiza anthu wamba m’pamene kumadzetsa chidzudzulo. Kulowererapo kwakukulu kwa boma m'malo mwa anthu olemera ndi amphamvu monga kuchotsera misonkho, ndalama zothandizira, mapangano okonda malonda akunja, kuwongolera kusamuka, ndi njira zina zambiri zimadutsa popanda ndemanga.
[4] Monga momwe Hahnel akunenera, "Bajeti yolinganiza ndale kuchokera ku Republican ndi Democratic Party tsopano ikudziika mu chikwangwani chokonda dziko lawo chochepetsa kuchepa." Haneli, The ABCs of Political Economy: Njira Yamakono (London: Pluto, 2002), 155, akutchula nkhani ya Edward S. Herman ya February 1996 mu Z Magazine; cf. Herman, "Economics of the Rich," Z Magazine (Julayi 1997).
Kudzudzula vuto lomwe liripo pazachuma komanso migwirizano yamagulu aboma ndizosasangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa magwero avutoli amadziwika bwino: mothandizidwa ndi chipwirikiti cha kusokoneza boma m'zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990, mabanki adapanga ngongole zowopsa mamiliyoni ambiri kuti akwaniritse. phindu lakanthawi kochepa-makamaka mu gawo la nyumba, zomwe zimatsogolera ku "kuwira" kwamitengo yanyumba yokwera kwambiri yomwe idaphulika mu 2008, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhalidwe zapanyumba zizitsika. Mabanki atakumana ndi kugwa, ambiri adatulutsidwa ndi ndalama za okhometsa msonkho (pomwe eni eni nyumba analibe mwayi).
Mizu yanthawi yayitali yavutoli ikuphatikizanso kukwera kwakukulu kwa kusalingana, komwe kwadzetsa kutsika kwa kufunikira kwa ogula m'zaka zaposachedwa (onani Robin Hahnel wofunsidwa ndi Alex Dougherty, “Kalozera pamavuto azachuma” (Gawo 1), Ntchito Yatsopano Yakumanzere, February 16, 2010). Monga momwe Hahnel akunenera, "Zomwe zidayambitsa 'mkuntho wabwino kwambiri wachuma' womwe unayamba kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2008 zinali (1) kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusalingana kwachuma komwe kunapangitsa kuti dongosololi lisakhale lokhazikika komanso lopanda chilungamo, komanso (2) osasamala. kuchepetsa kayendetsedwe kazachuma. Zochitika zonsezi zidayamba mwachangu ndi Purezidenti Reagan mu 1980, zidapitilira pansi pa Bush I ndi Clinton, ndipo zidachulukira munthawi ya Bush II. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamakampani, komanso mphamvu zamabizinesi akuluakulu azachuma makamaka, komanso kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito, ogula, ndi maboma. cf. Gawo 2 ndi 3 la zokambirana za Hahnel, "Mavuto a Economic ndi Kulephera kwa Obama" (February 23, 2010) ndi “Mavuto Azachuma ndi Kumanzere” (Marichi 1, 2010).
[5] New York Times, February 25, 2011, A27.
[6] Onani kusanthula (kukapanda kutero) kwa John Nichols mu "Governor wa Wisconsin Ayambitsa Attack on Public Sector Employees and Unions; Akuwopseza Kutumiza Alonda a National Guard kuti Athetse Ziwonetsero Zantchito, "Demokarase Tsopano!, February 15, 2011, kapena Krugman, “Shock Doctrine, USA”
[7] "Nkhani yochokera ku Fiscal Policy Institute pa Budget Yoyang'anira Ntchito: Budget Austerity Sidzabwezeretsa New Yorkers Kuntchito," February 1, 2011; Teri Weaver, "Yang'anani Choyamba pa Bajeti Yomwe Akufunsidwa ndi Cuomo Ikuwonetsa Kudulidwa, Kuphatikiza," Post-Standard (Syracuse), February 1, 2011; Michael Gormley, "Cuomo Budget Ikupangira Mabala Owawa, Kuchotsedwa Kwa 10,000," Huffington Post, February 1, 2011; AP, "Kwa Makoleji a SUNY, Palibe Kukwera kwa Maphunziro, Zowawa Zina," February 2, 2011; "Medicaid ndi NY Budget: Sensible Cuts, ndi Little Political Flak" (zolemba), New York Times, March 13, 2011, WK9; Frank Mauro ndi James Parrott, "Budget ya Cuomo's Austerity Budget Idzapha Ntchito za NY: Bwanji Osapereka Misonkho Yapamwamba 5% M'malo Modula Ntchito?" Daily News (New York), February 24, 2011.
[8] Michael Barbaro, "Cuomo pa Collision Course ndi Mgwirizano," Novembara 3, 2010, P10.
[9] Javier C. Hernández, “Budget ya Bloomberg Yophatikiza Kuchotsedwa kwa Aphunzitsi,” NYT, February 17, 2011, A26; Hernández, "Bloomberg Ikupereka 'Uthenga Wabwino' pa Bajeti ya New York," NYT, February 18, 2011, A1.
[10] James Parrott ndi Frank Mauro, "FPI Imayankhira Kumgwirizano Waku New York City: Kodi New York Ingadalire 'Msonkho Wa Miliyoni' Kuti Athetse Mavuto A Bajeti?" (Fiscal Policy Institute, zolemba zasinthidwa February 14, 2011), 3. Ziwerengero zomwe zilipo panopa zikuchokera ku 2007; Ziwerengero zamisonkho zomwe zili pansipa zikuchokera mu 2009, ndipo zikuwonetsa zotsatira za msonkho wosakhalitsa wa msonkho ("Misonkho ya Miliyoni") yomwe idaperekedwa mu 2009. Pachiwerengero cha 1980 ndikuyerekeza New York ndi dziko lonse onani Parrott, "As Incomes". Gap Widens, New York Ikukula Mosiyana. "
[11] Malipiro ambiri aboma ndi okwera mwaukadaulo, koma kufananiza kuwongolera kwamaphunziro kumakhala kofanana: onani Tom Juravich, "Kubwezeretsa kwa US Kungafune Mabungwe Amagulu Amagulu," Sabata la Amalonda, February 27, 2011. Chiwerengero cha malipiro a aphunzitsi olembedwa mu Nicholas D. Kristof, “Pay Teachers More,” NYT, March 12, 2011, WK10.
[12] Parrott ndi Mauro, "FPI Responds," 4. Ku Wisconsin, Bwanamkubwa Scott Walker asanapereke lingaliro lake lodana ndi mgwirizano, adakankhira $ 117 miliyoni. misonkho yamakampani-kuwonetsa momwe Walker ndi ena ake aliri wowona mtima pazachuma. Onani Juravich, "Kubwezeretsanso kwa US Kungafunike Mgwirizano Wamagulu Amagulu."
[13] Brian Nearing, "State 'Konzani' Kutaya Ngongole," Times-Mgwirizano, February 7, 2011; Fiscal Policy Institute, "Njira Zokweza Ndalama ndi Kusunga Mtengo," February 22, 2010, p. 1.
[14] Parrott ndi Mauro, "FPI Imayankha," 2.
[15] Krugman, "Taxing the Speculators," NYT, November 26, 2009. Misonkho yotumiza katundu wakhala m’mabuku kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, koma kuyambira 1981 wathetsedwa ndi kuchotsera kwachindunji kwa 100 peresenti kwa olipirawo. Chiwerengero cha $ 3.2 biliyoni chimachokera ku kuchepetsedwa (kochepa kwambiri) kwa kubwezeredwa kwa 80 peresenti (FPI, "Revenue-Raising and Cost-Saving Options," 2).
[16] Kuti mupeze mndandanda wautali wa njira zina zomwe zidapangidwa chaka chatha onani FPI, "Zosankha Zokweza Ndalama ndi Zopulumutsa."
[17] Stiglitz kwa Gov. David Patterson, Mtsogoleri wa Senate Majority Joseph Bruno, ndi Sipikala wa Msonkhano Sheldon Silver, Marichi 27, 2008. Kalata yophatikizidwa yochokera pa Disembala 13, 2008. Cf. Peter Orszag ndi wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel Joseph Stiglitz, "Kutsika kwa Bajeti Poyerekeza ndi Kuwonjezeka kwa Misonkho Pagawo la Boma: Kodi Imodzi Ndi Yopanda Phindu Kuposa Inayo panthawi ya Chuma?" Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, November 6, 2001. Onaninso zaposachedwa za Krugman. New York Times ndime: mwachitsanzo, “Kusiya Ana,” February 27, 2011; “Mmene Mungaphere Kuchira,” March 3, 2011; ndi “Dumbing Deficits Down,” March 10, 2011.
[18] Onani Hahnel, Ma ABC a Political Economy, 142-47, 152-59, 231-41.
[19] Onani ndemanga 3 pamwambapa.
[20] "Zokhudza Ntchito Zosankha Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zankhondo ndi Zapakhomo ku US," Security Spending Primer Zolemba Zenizeni #10 (2009), based on their paper “The U.S. Employment Effects of Military and Domestic Spending Priorities,” International Journal of Health Services 39, ayi. 3 (2009): 443-60.
[21] Joseph Stiglitz adafunsidwa mu "Nobel Economist Joseph Stiglitz pa Ndondomeko Yotsitsimula ya Obama, Ngongole, Kusintha kwa Nyengo, ndi 'Freefall: America, Free Markets, ndi Kumira kwa Economy ya Padziko Lonse,'"Demokarase Tsopano! February 18, 2010; Krugman, "Zosowa Zolankhula Pansi"; Hahnel, "Masankho a Redux: Kuphunzira Kuchokera ku Zisankho Zapakati pa 2010, Gawo 2: Zophunzira Zakumanzere," ZNet, November 8, 2010; cf. Mark Weisbrot, "Kulephera Kuchita Zolimbikitsa Kwakukulu Kunali Kulakwitsa Kwambiri," Njuchi ya Sacramento, November 4, 2010. Onani zokambirana za Hahnel za zigawo zitatu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, onani 3.
[22] Mwachitsanzo, Noam Chomsky, "The Cairo-Madison Connection," Wopanda, March 9, 2011.
[23] "'Tiyima Nanu Pamene Munayima Nafe': Mawu kwa Ogwira Ntchito ku Wisconsin ndi Kamal Abbas wa ku Egypt Center for Trade Unions and Workers Services, February 20, 2011;Afghan Youth Peace Volunteers, "Ife Afghans Ndife Bouazizi," February 24, 2011.
[24] Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, ndi Jae Song, "Kuvumbulutsa Maloto a America: Kusafanana ndi Kuyenda mu Social Security Earnings Data kuyambira 1937," September 15, 2007 (yolembedwa pa Columbia University webusaiti); "Zopinga Zolepheretsa Kuyenda Kwa Anthu Zimafooketsa Mipata Yofanana ndi Kukula kwa Chuma, Likutero OECD Study,"Bungwe la Economic Cooperation and Development, February 10, 2010; 2005 New York Times mndandanda "Zinthu za Class," yoyendetsedwa ndi David Leonhardt; Ofesi ya bajeti ya DRM, "Zomwe Zachitika Pakusiyanasiyana Kwamapindu Pazaka 25 Zapita," April 17, 2007; G. William Domhoff, “Kodi Akulamulira America Ndani? Chuma, Ndalama, ndi Mphamvu” (Sociology Dept., UC-Santa Cruz, September 2005 [kusinthidwa January 2011]); Rasmus, Nkhondo Kunyumba. Chifukwa chiyani malingaliro amsika nthawi zambiri amabweretsa kusalingana onani Hahnel, Ma ABC a Political Economy, 45-70.
[25] Wotchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa kuyankhulana ndi Mariko Lin Chang ndi C. Nicole Mason, "Phunziro: Chuma Chapakatikati cha Akazi Osakwatiwa Akuda: $100, Azimayi Osakwatiwa a ku Puerto Rico: $120, Akazi Oyera Okha: $41,000," Demokarase Tsopano!March 12, 2010.
[26] Megan Thee Brenan, "Poll: Kuyikira Kwambiri kwa Congress Kuyenera Kupanga Ntchito," NYT (blog), Januware 20, 2011.
[27] "Kusokonekera-Kusazindikira: Zomwe Ovota Amaganizadi Zokhudza Zoperewera, Ngongole, ndi Kubwezeretsa Pachuma," American Prospect (Okutobala 11, 2010).
[28] Stephen Kull, “Boma Lalikulu Si Nkhani,” WorldPublicOpinion.org, Ogasiti 19, 2010.
[29] Onani kusonkhanitsidwa kwa zotsatira za kafukufuku zomwe zatchulidwa mu my "'Kukulitsa' Nucleus Yathanzi ': Malingaliro a Momwe Mungagwirizanitse ndi Gulu Loyera Logwira Ntchito," Z blog, Januware 22, 2010.
[30] Ibid.
[31] Stephanie Condon, "Poll: Kuchepetsa Kuperewera, Anthu Ambiri Aku America Amati Amisonkho Olemera Kwambiri," Nkhani za CBS (pa intaneti), Januware 3, 2011.
[32] Steven Kull, Clay Ramsay, Evan Lewis, ndi Stefan Subias, Momwe Anthu Aku America Akanathana ndi Kusokonekera kwa Bajeti, February 3, 2011, masamba 7-8. Kuti mumve zambiri za momwe mawu ndi nkhani zaposachedwa zimakhudzira zotsatira, onani Carl Conetta ndi Charles Knight, "Kodi Takonzeka Kuchepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chitetezo? Zomwe Mavoti Amanena," Huffington Post, February 8, 2011. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti ofunsidwa akudziwitsidwa kapena ayi za ndalama zomwe boma la US limagwiritsa ntchito pa usilikali asanayankhe (makamaka kunyalanyaza chiwerengero chenichenicho). cf. Rasmussen Reports, "Ovota Akuchepetsa Ndalama Zomwe US Amawononga Pachitetezo," February 1, 2011.
[33] Michael Cooper ndi Megan Thee-Brenan, "Ambiri mu Poll Back Ogwira Ntchito M'mabungwe a Public Sector," NYT, Marichi 1, 2011, A1.
[34] Pew Research Center, "Zambiri Mbali ndi Wisconsin Unions kuposa Bwanamkubwa," February 28, 2011; Rasmussen Malipoti, "Wisconsin Governor Walker: 43% Approval Rating," March 4, 2011.
[35] Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, "Gov. Paterson wa New York Akukwera Pamavuto a Bajeti, Kufufuza kwa Yunivesite ya Quinnipiac; Ovota Kubwerera Miliyoni Msonkho 4-1,” August 6, 2008; Bobby Cuza, "Poll Yapeza Anthu Ambiri Aku New York Akuthandizira 'Misonkho Ya Miliyoni,' Kazembe," NY1, February 1, 2011 [kutengera kafukufuku wa NY1/Marist].
[36] Onani Cuza, "Poll Yapeza Anthu Ambiri Aku New York Akuthandizira 'Misonkho Ya Miliyoni,' Kazembe." Kusagwirizanaku kukhoza kutheka chifukwa chakulephera kudziwa zambiri pazantchito zenizeni za Bwanamkubwa kapena njira zina zomwe angasankhe, makamaka popeza zisankho zidachitika lisanatulutse lingaliro lake la bajeti pa February 1.
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