Wolemba mabulogu wa NACLA Peter Watt akufunsa John M. Ackerman, pulofesa ku Institute for Legal Research pa National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mkonzi Wamkulu wa Mexican Law Review, ndi wolemba nkhani wa magazini ya Proceso ndi nyuzipepala ya La Jornada.
Peter Watt: Zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene mgwirizano wa North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) unayamba kugwira ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka pulezidenti wa Mexico Enrique Peรฑa Nieto akufulumizitsa ndondomeko yosavomerezeka kwambiri yokonzanso neoliberal. Kodi kubwerera kwa Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ku Mexico kumayimira njira yodutsa maphwando ndi malire a mgwirizano wa ndale ndi zachuma ndipo mukuwona bwanji kuyambiranso kwaposachedwapa kwa PRI?
John Ackerman: Chodabwitsa chokhudza kusamutsidwa kwa mphamvu kuchokera ku National Action Party (PAN) kupita ku PRI mu 2012 ndi kusowa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa kusintha kwenikweni mu ndondomeko ya nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Siziyenera kukhala zodabwitsa chifukwa sitinakhale ndi kusintha kwa boma kapena ngakhale kusintha kwa demokalase ku Mexico. Pamene PAN inatenga mphamvu mu 2000 kunali kupitirizabe ndondomeko za neoliberal PRI za 1980s ndi 1990s.
Pamlingo wa PR ndi zolankhula zapagulu, Peรฑa Nieto adati abweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pamalamulo. M'njira zambiri nkhani yake inagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana ndi omwe amatsutsa nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo ya pulezidenti wakale Felipe Calderรณn.
Ambiri mu Palibe Mรกs Sangre Gulu la (No More Blood), lomwe limatsutsana ndi njira yowopsa yankhondo, lidatsindika kuti mfundo zachitetezo cha anthu zikuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri anthu aku Mexico, pamtendere, komanso kuchepetsa kuvulaza komanso kuti sikuyenera kukhala kukulitsa kwa oyang'anira malire aku US komanso kuyenera kuyimilira. Zokonda zamalonda zaku U.S.
Ulamuliro waku Mexico uyenera kukhala wokhudza moyo wa anthu ndipo olimbikitsa malamulo ayenera kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa izi. Zogwirizana ndi izi ndi nkhani yonse yankhondo. Felipe Calderรณn adathamangitsira asitikali m'misewu koyambirira kwa utsogoleri wake ndi a Operativo Conjunto Michoacรกn (Operation Michoacรกn), zomwe ndizodabwitsa chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika kumeneko lero.
Peรฑa Nieto atabwera, akuti amayankha zodzudzula za umbanda komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Vuto ndilakuti ndi kuvala kwazenera chabe. Ndale zakhala zofanana ndendende - sanachotse asilikali m'misewu, koma awonjezera kupezeka kwa asilikali. Sanachepetse mgwirizano ndi boma la US, koma adawonjezera. Palibe chatsopano, mwachitsanzo, chokhudza ma drones akuwuluka pamlengalenga waku Mexico popanda chilolezo cha Congress. Chosiyana ndi utsogoleriwu ndikuti umachita zomwe Calderรณn adachita koma mowonekeratu, kutsutsa miyambo yachikhalidwe-komanso yopita patsogolo-kuganizira za ulamuliro ndi chitukuko cha dziko ku Mexico.
PW: Kodi mukuganiza kuti pali zifukwa zotani zomwe zathandizira US pazovuta zomwe zikuchitika?
JA: Mexico ndi dziko lokhalamo kale m'njira zina. Tikulowetsedwa ndikulowetsedwa ndi zida zanzeru zaku US ndi zida zankhondo. Othandizira mankhwala osokoneza bongo aku US ndi asitikali ali ndi zida kudera la Mexico (zomwe siziloledwa). Ali ndi malo anzeru m'dziko lonselo ndipo amawulutsa ma drones. Mexico ikuphatikizidwa kwathunthu mu njira yankhondo yaku North America ndikutsata kwathunthu kwa akuluakulu aku Mexico. Kugwidwa kwa El Chapo Guzmรกn kunali ntchito yogwirizana, ngati si ntchito ya US ndi thandizo la Mexico. Ndipo 100,000 omwe adafa ndipo 24,000 adasowa ndizotsatira zachindunji. Izi sizinthu zomwe zimangochitika, ngakhale m'dziko lomwe lili ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Mfundo za US komanso kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwachuma ndi ndale kwa akuluakulu a ku Mexico kumatanthauza kuti chiwawa chili kumwera kwa malire. Dziko la United States silikufuna kuti chiwawachi chisefukire ndipo njira yabwino yomwe apeza kuti aziwongolera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zangokhala ku Mexico.
Adafananizidwa ndi "nkhondo yonyansaโ motsutsana ndi omenyera ufulu, zigawenga, magulu a anthu wamba, magulu achikhalidwe, Marxists, ndi socialists a 1960s ndi 1970s. Koma ndikuwukiranso malingaliro a Revolution ya Mexico yazaka 100 zapitazo. Constitution, yomwe idalembedwa mu 1917, ndiyabwino kwambiri ndipo inali yoyamba padziko lapansi kukhazikitsa maufulu ambiri. Zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, Ndime 123, yomwe imatsimikizira ufulu wogwira ntchito zolemekezeka komanso zothandiza anthu komanso ntchito ya maola asanu ndi atatu. Tili ndi ufulu wopeza mafuta. Chochititsa chidwi ndi Revolution ya Mexican ndikuti ndizodabwitsa zamakono komanso zopita patsogolo. Zimazikidwa pa kulekana pakati pa Tchalitchi ndi Boma ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, ufulu wa maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndipo lero zasinthidwa kuti ziphatikizepo kupereka malo abwino ndi mwayi wodziwa zambiri. Ndi chikalata chodabwitsa, chomwe sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma ndi chiwonetsero chosangalatsa cha mzimu wopita patsogolo wa chikhalidwe cha Mexico.
Komabe tsopano tikuwona kuwukira mwadongosolo cholowa cha Revolution ya Mexico. Revolution si chinthu chakale, chomwe sichilinso chofunikira lero. Tili ndi gulu la anthu ambiri ndipo tikadali nkhani yoteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, yomwe idakalipobe ngakhale pali ma TV awiri odabwitsa a Televisa ndi TV Azteca.
Chifukwa chake pali chowopsa pazokonda ku Washington waku Mexico kutembenukira ku South America. South America pakali pano ndi malo a demokalase padziko lonse lapansi. Palibe kontinenti ina yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zikuchitika malinga ndi kupita patsogolo kwa Constitutionalism ndi mayendedwe.
PW: Mudanena kuti akuluakulu aku US ndi Mexico akuwopa kuti zatsopano za demokalase zomwe zikuchitika pansi pa maboma akumanzere ku South America zitha kufalikira. Kusunga Colombia ndi Mexico ngati ogwirizana kwambiri kukuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira pakuthana ndi izi.
JA: Zoonadi. Ku Latin America, Mexico ndi Colombia ndizosiyana zazikulu kumayendedwe akumanzere, omwe azikidwa pa kulephera kotheratu kwa neoliberalism kubweretsa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, ndale, ndi zachuma kuderali. Ndicho chimene NAFTA chinali, ndicho chimene Msonkhano wa Tres Amigos masabata angapo apitawo unali.
Misonkhanoyi ndi yabodza kwambiri chifukwa ndi yophiphiritsa. Palibe chomwe chikukambidwa chifukwa zokonda zamagulu onse ndizofanana. Palibe chomwe chikuchitika-kapena m'malo mwake, zonse zikuchitika, koma osati pamsonkhano.
PW: Zina mwa zomwe zachitika posachedwa zakhala zikuwuka kwa magulu odzitchinjiriza m'chigawo cha Michoacรกn. Pali magulu ambiri amphamvu komanso olimba mtima m'dziko lonselo koma adakali ogawanika. Akanati agwirizane, kodi tingawone mtundu wa Mexican Spring ukukula?
JA: Mphamvu zodzitetezera ku Michoacรกn ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Pali mafunso awiri oti muwaganizire apa. Yoyamba ndi njira yodzilamulira yokha yomwe idapangidwa kuti iteteze anthu kumagulu aupandu. Amatengera miyambo yayitali yolinganiza momwe madera ambiri amasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi policรญas comunitarios (apolisi ammudzi). Anthu sanachedwe kuwawona ngati madera omwe akupandukira boma lachinyengo ndi apolisi, chowonjezera cha policรญas comunitarios.
Kumbali ina, lingaliro lina ndikuti akuchititsa nkhondo yamtundu wina yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi magulu ankhondo koma yochokera ku Washington, mtundu wa Colombianization ya nkhondo yamankhwala yaku Mexico.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti autodefensas ndikuti sizikugwirizana ndi chimodzi mwa zilembozo. Sikuti ndi anthu a mโmidzi ndipo sianthu a mโmayiko ena okhaโamagwirizana ndi malonda, ndi alimi olemera a mapeyala ndi laimu. Ali ndi ubale wachilendo ndi boma, koma posachedwa izi zasintha kukhala mgwirizano wowonekera komanso womveka bwino. M'masabata angapo apitawa akhala akutsatiridwa ndi apolisi a m'deralo ndi a federal. Momwe zidzaseweredwe posachedwa ndizovuta kunena chifukwa sitidziwa yemwe akulankhula komanso liti. Mphindi imodzi autodefensas idzatsutsa kwambiri ziphuphu za apolisi ndi boma ndipo komabe mphindi yotsatira wolankhulira akutuluka ndikunena kuti ali okondwa kwambiri kukhala ndi chithandizo chawo. Chifukwa chake izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kukayikira kuti iwowo ndi chilengedwe cha Washington.
Koma chofunika kukumbukira nโchakuti ngakhale kuti pali kugwirizana kwambiri pakati pa kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zigawenga za kumanzere ku Colombia, ku Mexico mmene zinthu zilili panopa. The narcosku Mexico ali kumbali ya boma. Ndipo palibe mgwirizano pakati pa ma narcos ndi mayendedwe a anthu ku Mexico. Chinthu chinanso chosiyana ndi chakuti autodefensas ali ndi chithandizo chakuya ku Mexico, pamene ku Colombia anali magulu ankhondo ankhondo. Ndicho chimene chimapangitsa munthu kuganiza kuti pamapeto pake atenga Peรฑa Nieto ndi Washington modzidzimutsa. Mfundo yakuti iwo ndi ankhondo okhala ndi zida, kuti ali ndi ubale umenewu ndi madera awo komanso kuti ma narcos ali kumbali ina amasonyeza kuti pali kuthekera kowononga autodefensas ena ofanana kwina.
The Congreso Popular, omwe ndi gulu la atolankhani otsogola, aluntha, ndi mabungwe a anthu okhwima komanso omwe ndikukhudzidwa nawo, amagwiritsa ntchito fanizo la "autodefensa ya dziko." Lingaliro ili likugwira ntchito m'dziko lonselo, koma vuto nthawi zonse ndi njira ya boma yogawanitsa ndikulamulira. Tawonapo ziwonetsero zazikulu mzaka zingapo zapitazi, kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri wakale Andrรฉs Manuel Lรณpez Obrador, kupita ku Yo Soy 132 gulu la ophunzira, ku gulu la No Mรกs Sangre lotsogozedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo Javier Sicilia, ku gulu la aphunzitsi chaka chatha. Anthu aku Mexico ndi okangalika kwambiri ndipo ndikuganiza kuti ndi nthawi yayitali asanagwirizane.
Tikukankhira kukonzanso demokalase. Anthu aku Mexico sakhala ndi Peรฑa Nieto kapena gulu la ndale. Ngakhale mavoti, omwe nthawi zambiri amamvera chisoni pulezidenti, amavomereza kuti palibe amene amatsatira Peรฑa Nieto. Gulu la ndale likuwoneka kuti likuganiza kuti ndi chifukwa chakuti chuma sichinakule, koma chimapitirira kuposa pamenepo. Anthu aku Mexico samapusitsidwa mosavuta - si kusasamala kwapang'onopang'ono koma m'malo mwake ndi malingaliro opanda mphamvu.
PW: Kumangidwa kwa mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo la Sinaloa, El Chapo Guzmรกn, ndichigonjetso chofunikira cha PR m'boma, ndipo akuyesera kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti asokoneze chidwi pakusintha kwamafuta, nkhani zachitetezo, komanso umphawi. Kodi kumangidwa kwake kumasinthadi zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo yamankhwala osokoneza bongo?
JA: Nyuzipepala El Universal posachedwapa adagwiritsa ntchito zikalata za khothi la US kusonyeza kuti sanali Calderรณn yekha yemwe anali wogwirizana ndi El Chapo Guzmรกn. Inali njira yogwirizana pakati pa Obama ndi Calderรณn kuti akomere cartel ya Sinaloa ndipo inali yogwirizana kwathunthu ndi njira ya Calderรณn kuyambira pachiyambi kuti amangirire malamulo onse okhudza malamulo ku United States.
Sitiyenera kulowa mu ziphunzitso zachiwembu kuti timvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika. Kuchokera pakuwona kwawo pakufunika kuyendetsa nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Palibe amene akuganiza kuti atha kuthetsa kutulutsa kwamankhwala kuchokera ku Mexico kupita ku United States. Njira iliyonse yomwe boma limapanga idzakhala imodzi yomwe imapangidwira kuthetsa chiwawa ndi kuyendetsa phindu. Mgwirizanowu unali woti ungoyang'ana mzera wachifumu wa El Chapo kuti aukire magulu omwe amawaona kuti ndi achiwawa komanso okhetsa magazi. The Zetas.
Chomwe chinayambitsa chinali kuphulika kodabwitsa kwamphamvu zamagulu ena. Mwanjira ina boma lidaona kufunika kochepetsa kuchepa kwa El Chapo kuti athe kuyendetsa bizinesi yopindulitsa kwambiri koma yachiwawayi. Tsopano El Chapo yapita, ina capo (bwana wa cartel) adzadzaza malo ake. Ndilo "bizinesi monga mwachizolowezi" ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa njira, kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, kapena kusintha komwe kumalimbikitsa mtendere kapena chitetezo cha anthu a ku Mexico.
Peรฑa Nieto ndiwothandiza kwambiri pazokonda za anthu omwe ali kumbuyo kwa boma la US. Ndizodabwitsa, mwachitsanzo, kuti palibe amene adanenapo kanthu za akazitape a NSA pomwe zidapezeka kuti adazonda Purezidenti wakale Calderรณn ndikuwerenga mameseji a Peรฑa Nieto.
Atangosankhidwa, Peรฑa Nieto adasindikiza Op Mkonzi in The Washington Post za momwe Mexico idayendera ku North America kuphatikizika konsekonse ndi mawonekedwe: ndale, zankhondo, mphamvu, ndi zachuma. Imeneyi ndi ntchito ya gulu lolamulira ku Mexico.
Chiyembekezo changa nโchakuti anthu a ku Mexicoโanthu pafupifupi 120 miliyoni, ambiri a iwo ali ku United Statesโatengere chidziลตitso chopandukacho, chodzilamulira, cha ku Latin America ndi kufotokoza momveka bwino mbali zonse za malirewo. Ziyenera kuchitikadi kuti muyike malire pa njira yolumikizirana makampani. Gulu lathu liyenera kukhala loteteza ulamuliro wa Mexico ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wamalumikizidwe omwe alipo kale m'maiko onsewa kuti apange ndale zopita patsogolo. Ngati titachita bwino zingakhale zopindulitsa kwambiri ku Mexico ndi United States.
Peter Watt amaphunzitsa Latin American Studies ku yunivesite ya Sheffield. Iye ndi wolemba nawo bukuli, Nkhondo ya Mankhwala ku Mexico: Ndale, Chiwawa ndi Neoliberalism mu New Narcoeconomy (Zed Books 2012).
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