โLabeiki ya Zaynab,โ anaimba motero asilikali a Shia a ku Iraq pamene anali kugwedezeka, akuvina ndi mfuti zawo pamaso pa makamera a nkhani za pa TV mu Baghdad pa June 13. Zikuoneka kuti anali kukonzekera nkhondo yovuta imene inali kutsogolo. Kwa iwo, zinkawoneka kuti nyimbo yankhondo yoyenera idzakhala ikuyankha kuitana kwa Zaynab, mwana wamkazi wa Imam Ali, Khalifa wamkulu wachisilamu yemwe ankakhala ku Madina zaka 14 zapitazo. Imeneyo inali nthawi imene gulu lachi Shia linatulukira pangโonopangโono, lozikidwa pa mkangano wa ndale umene zotulukapo zake zidakalipobe mpaka lero.
Mphamvu Zamdima za Mipatuko
Nyimboyi yokha ndi yokwanira kusonyeza kuipa kwa nkhondo ya Iraq, yomwe yafika pachimake kwambiri masiku ano. Ochepera omenyera 1,000 ochokera ku Islamic State of Iraq ndi Levant (ISIL) idapitilira mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Iraq wa Mosul pa Juni 10, ndikutumiza magulu awiri ankhondo aku Iraq (pafupifupi asitikali a 30,000) kuti abwerere.
Kuyitanira ku zida kunapangidwa ndi mawu omwe adaperekedwa ndi wansembe wolemekezeka kwambiri wa Shia ku Iraq, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, ndipo adawerenga m'malo mwake pa ulaliki wa pemphero la Lachisanu ku Kerbala. "Anthu omwe amatha kunyamula zida ndikumenyana ndi zigawenga pofuna kuteteza dziko lawo (..) ayenera kudzipereka kuti alowe nawo m'gulu la chitetezo kuti akwaniritse cholinga chopatulikachi," gawo lina linawerengedwa.
Zigawenga zomwe Sistani amalankhula ndi zigawenga za ISIL, zomwe ziwerengero zawo m'dera lonselo zikungoyerekeza kuti ndi omenyera 7,000 okha. Ndi okonzeka bwino, okonzeka bwino komanso opanda chifundo mโmakhalidwe awo.
Pofuna kupeza malo awo ochititsa chidwi, anasamukira kumโmwera mwamsanga, nโkutsekereza mizinda ina ya ku Iraq: Anaukira ndi kulanda mzinda wa Baiji pa June 11. Patsiku lomwelo, anagonjetsa mzinda wa Tikrit, womwe unali mโtauni ya Saddam Hussein, komwe anali pulezidenti wakale wa Iraq. ophatikizidwa ndi omenyera akale a Baathist. Kwa masiku awiri, adayesa kulanda Samarra, koma sanathe, koma kusuntha Jalawala ndi Saaddiyah, kummawa kwa Baghdad. Ndizosatheka kutsimikizira malipoti a zomwe zikuchitika m'matauni omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa ISIL, koma poganizira cholowa chawo chodziwika bwino chamagazi ku Syria, komanso lipoti la ISIL pa intaneti pazochita zawo, munthu angayembekezere zoyipa.
Pa June 13, a Mneneri wa United Nations adatero mwina mazana a anthu anaphedwa pankhondoyo, ambiri mwa iwo anaphedwa mwachidule. Makanema ndi zithunzi zabodza za ISIL zomwe zimafalitsa zabodza komanso zithunzi zimatsimikizira zomwe akunenazo.
Patangotha โโโโmasiku ochepa, ISIL inali ikuyang'anira gawo lalikulu la dziko lomwe lidalumikizana limapereka mapu atsopano omwe amasintha malire andale aku Middle East omwe anali ambiri. zomwe zimaganiziridwa ndi maulamuliro atsamunda France ndi Britain pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo.
Nkhondo yaku US yomwe ikupitilira
Zimene zidzachitike mโtsogolo nโzovuta kulosera. Boma la US likuwopsezedwa ndi lingaliro lotenga nawo gawo ku Iraq kachiwiri. Zinali kusokoneza kwake koyambirira, molamulidwa ndi odziwika bwino a neoconservatives omwe makamaka adatsimikiza ndondomeko ya US yachilendo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa George W. Bush yomwe inayambitsa mikangano yomwe ikuchitikayi poyamba. Iwo adavomereza kulephera ndipo adachoka mu Dec 2011, akuyembekeza kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu pa boma la Iraq pansi pa Prime Minister wa Shia Nuri al-Maliki. Iwo adalephera momvetsa chisoni ndipo tsopano ndi Iran yomwe ili mphamvu yachilendo yamphamvu ku Baghdad.
M'malo mwake, chikoka cha Iran ndi zokonda zake ndizamphamvu kwambiri ngakhale zambiri kubwerezabwereza kwa Purezidenti wa US Barack Obama, US silingathe kusintha kusintha kwakukulu ku Iraq popanda thandizo la Iran. malipoti m'manyuzipepala aku US ndi Britain akuloza kuti US-Irani angatenge nawo gawo pothana ndi ISIL, osati ku Iraq kokha, komanso ku Syria.
Mbiri ikupita patsogolo pa liwiro lalikulu. Migwirizano yooneka ngati yosatheka ikupangidwa mofulumira. Mamapu akujambulidwanso motsatira njira zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi omenyera chigoba omwe ali ndi zida zodziwikiratu zokhazikika kumbuyo kwa magalimoto onyamula. Zowona, palibe amene akananeneratu zochitika zoterezi, koma pamene ena anachenjeza kuti nkhondo ya Iraq 'idzasokoneza' Middle East kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi, izi ndi zomwe amatanthauza.
Pamene Bush adatsogolera nkhondo yake ku Iraq kuti amenyane ndi al-Qaeda, gululo linalibe m'dzikolo; koma nkhondoyi idabweretsa al-Qaeda ku Iraq. Kusakanikirana kwa zilakolako ndi kusazindikira zowona - komanso kusamvetsetsa mbiri ya Iraq - zidalola olamulira a Bush kuti apitilize nkhondo yoyipayi. Mazana zikwizikwi a Iraqi adawonongeka pakufuna kumenya nkhondo kosayenera. Iwo omwe sanaphedwe, anapunduka, kuzunzidwa, kugwiriridwa kapena kuthawira ku Iraq odyssey yopanda malire.
Anthu aku America adasewera ndi Iraq m'njira zambiri. Adathetsa gulu lankhondo, kuthamangitsa mabungwe onse aboma, kuyesa kukonzanso gulu latsopano kutengera malingaliro a akatswiri a Pentagon ndi CIA ku Washington DC ndi Virginia. Iwo adapondereza Sunni Asilamu, anapatsa mphamvu Shia, ndi kudyetsa mipatuko mosaganizira zotsatira zake. Pamene zinthu sizinayende monga momwe adakonzera, adayesa kupatsa mphamvu magulu ena a Shia kuposa ena, ndipo adanyamula zida zamagulu ena a Sunni kuti amenyane ndi kukana kwa Iraq kunkhondo, yomwe idapangidwa makamaka ndi omenyera nkhondo a Sunni.
Ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zamagazi ambiri. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Iraq ya 2006-07 idanena kuti masauzande ambiri awonjezeredwa ku chiwopsezo chomwe chikukula nthawi zonse chifukwa cha ulendo wankhondo. Ayi zisankho zoipa zinali zokwanira kuthetsa vutoli, ayi njira yozunza zinali zokwanira kupondereza chipandukocho, ndipo palibe kukangana ndi magulu ampatuko kapena mafuko a dzikolo kunali kokwanira kupanga 'kukhazikika' komwe kumasilira.
Mgwirizano wa ISIL-War
Mu Dec 2011, aku America adathawa ku Iraq inferno, kusiya nkhondo yomwe inali isanathe. Zomwe zikuchitika ku Iraq pakali pano ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamavuto omwe adalowetsedwa ndi US. Ziyenera kunena mokwanira kuti mtsogoleri wa ISIL, Abu Baker al-Baghdadi ndi waku Iraq waku Samarra, yemwe adalimbana ndi anthu aku America ndipo adamangidwa ndikuzunzidwa mndende yayikulu kwambiri yaku US ku Iraq, Camp Bucca kwa zaka zisanu.
Sizingakhale zomveka kunena kuti ISIL idayamba mndende yandende yaku US ku Iraq. Nkhani ya ISIL iyenera kufufuzidwa mozama kwambiri chifukwa idatambasulidwa ngati momwe mikangano ilili pano, komanso yodabwitsa ngati anthu obisika omwe akuphulitsa anthu opanda chifundo ndikudula mitu mosasamala kanthu za zoongoka za chipembedzo chimene amati amachiimira. Koma sipangakhale kukana kuti Oyimba osadziwa zaku US Kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa ma Iraqi, ndi a Sunni makamaka panthawi ya nkhondo ya 2003 mpaka kuchotsedwa kwawo kwakukulu kunapangitsa kuti ISIL ipangidwe, komanso chiwawa choopsa chomwe gulu lachigawenga limagwiritsa ntchito.
Ngakhale kulimbikira kwa Sunni-Shia kudachokera zaka mazana a 14 m'mbiri, mayiko amakono aku Middle East, ndi katangale ndi zolephera zake zonse, adakwanitsa kuthetsa ziwonetsero zambiri zachiwawa za mkangano wakale. Ulamuliro wa Bush udayikanso mkanganowo mkati mwa mbiri ya Aarabu mwachipongwe. Iran idapezerapo mwayi pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana pazandale komanso madera, komanso chiyembekezo chowombola zomwe ma Shia ambiri amawona ngati zopanda chilungamo zakale.
Pamene al-Qaeda anali odziwika kuthamangitsidwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya Iraq pofika chaka cha 2008, adangosonkhananso. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria, yomwe idayamba zaka zitatu zapitazo, idapanga mtundu wachitetezo chomwe chidawalola kuti asamuke. Koma al-Qaeda palokha anayamba kusweka, ku 'central command', ikugwira ntchito kudzera ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, Islamic Front yomwe imakhala ndi magulu angapo ogwirizana ndi al-Qaeda, ndi ISIL, yomwe inali ndi ziwerengero zake zomwe zimadutsa Syria.
ISIL ikukhulupirira kuti njira yokhayo yowombola ulemu wa Asilamu ndikukhazikitsanso Caliphate, dziko lachisilamu. Mtima wa dzikolo, monga momwe zakhalira kale ndi Sham (Levant) ndi Iraq, motero dzina la ISIL.
Kusintha Iraq
Sizikudziwika ngati ISIL idzatha kugwira madera omwe idapeza kapena kudzichirikiza pankhondo yomwe ikukhudza Baghdad olamulidwa ndi Shia, Iran ndi US. Koma zinthu zingapo zikuwonekeranso:
Kusalongosoka kwa ndale kwa madera a Sunni aku Iraq ndi zopanda pake komanso zosakhazikika. Pangano latsopano la ndale ndi chikhalidwe likufunika kuti akonzenso chisokonezo chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi kuwukira kwa US, ndi kulowerera kwina ku Iraq, kuphatikiza Iran.
Chiwawa ndi mphamvu yakuda komanso yowononga yomwe simatuluka yokha. Ziwawa zomwe zikuchitika ku Iraq ndikubwezeretsanso ziwawa za US ndi Iraq zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi mamiliyoni aku Iraqi omwe adakana kulandira ntchitoyo ndikuvomereza momwe zinthu ziliri. Chilungamo ku Iraq chiyenera kupititsa patsogolo kuyanjanitsa kwachisawawa komwe kumangobweretsanso zomwe zikuchitika.
Iraq idaloledwa kumva zowawa zosaneneka kwa zaka zopitilira khumi, zomwe zidatsata zaka khumi zankhondo ndi zilango zotsogozedwa ndi US. M'zaka zonsezo, kuyambira mu 1991, yankho lokhalo ku zovuta za Iraq silinali kanthu koma chiwawa, chomwe sichinabweretse chilichonse koma chiwawa chochulukirapo. A US sayenera kuloledwa kuti adziwenso za tsogolo la Iraq.
Mkhalidwe wa mkanganowu wakhala wosokonezeka kwambiri kotero kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale ku Iraq kudzayenera kuthana ndi kukhazikika komweku ku Syria, komwe kumagwira ntchito ngati malo ochitira nkhanza, ndi boma la Syria ndi otsutsa, makamaka ISIL. Fakitale ya radicalization iyenera kutsekedwa posachedwa m'njira yomwe ingalole kuti mabala aku Syria, komanso ku Iraq, kuchira.
Anthu amene amaumirira pazachiwawazo akugwiritsanso ntchito maganizo opusa omwewo akuti chiwawa chikhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha mtendere wosatha ku Middle East. Ngakhale ISIL itabwerera ku Syria kapena kutha ku malo ena abwino ku Iraq komweko, nkhondoyi siidzatha popanda kukhazikika kwa ndale komwe kumayang'anizana ndi zotsatira za nkhondo ya US, yopanda njira ya ma Shia opambana komanso kupondereza ma Sunni mosalekeza. Kuti Iraq ilumikizanenso madera ake ogawikana, ikuyenera kugwirizanitsa nzika zake, monga ma Iraqi poyamba.
Ramzy Baroud ndi Mkonzi Woyang'anira wa Middle East Eye. Iye ndi wolemba nkhani wapadziko lonse lapansi, wothandizira pa TV, wolemba komanso woyambitsa PalestineChronicle.com. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi My Father was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza's Untold Story (Pluto Press, London). Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba ku Middle East Eye - www.middleeasteye.net
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