Zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe ndi magalasi opirira omwe ambiri aife timamvetsetsa ena. Kuchuluka kwa anthu olowa m'mayiko ena komanso maulendo ochokera kumayiko ena komanso maphunziro odziwa kulemba ndi kufalitsa nkhani komanso kuganiza mozama kungathandize kuthetsa malingaliro otere. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chilimbikitso cha pambuyo pa 9/11 cha "ife kutsutsana nawo" chimalimbitsa malingaliro, makamaka oipa kwambiri. Poganizira mbiri yomvetsa chisoni yochititsa chidwi ena, wina angayembekezere kuti akatswiri a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu angakhale osamala kwambiri kuti asachite nawo ntchito yawo. M'malo mwake, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zochirikizidwa ndi njira zokayikitsa ndi mikangano yokhazikika zikuoneka kuti zikuchulukirachulukira. Ngakhale zili choncho, iwo sakufufuzidwa moyenerera. Ndemanga iyi ikuyang'ana zomwe zachitika masiku ano pantchito zachikhalidwe zaposachedwa ku East Asia ndi ofufuza aku North America.
Mbali ya kusefukira kwa mikangano yazachikhalidwe yomwe ikuchokera ku North America ikuphatikiza bukuli Geography of Lingaliro: Momwe Chikhalidwe Chimasiyanitsa Momwe Maganizo Amagwirira Ntchito. Wolembayo ndi Richard Nisbett, wamkulu wa University of Michigan's Culture and Cognition Programme komanso wophunzira yemwe amatchulidwa kwambiri komanso amalemekezedwa kwambiri.[1] Mโkuvomereza kwake, Nisbett akunena kuti malingaliro ambiri a mโbukhu lake โayambukiridwa ndi kukambitsirana ndi anzake mโmbali zoyambira pa filosofi mpaka ku physics.โ Kenako amatchula mndandanda wa anzawo omwe amawonedwa bwino m'mabungwe monga University of California ku Los Angeles, New York University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kyoto University, Rutgers University, ndi zina zotero. Ndimalemba mayanjano apamwambawa kuti ndiwonetse kuti owerenga atha kuyembekezera kuti bukuli, ngakhale likugulitsidwa pamsika waukulu, mwachiwonekere lidapangidwa ndi kufufuza mosamala, kulingalira za malingaliro ena, ndi zida zina zamaphunziro abwino. kafukufuku.
Anthu ambiri akhutiritsidwa ndi ntchito imeneyi.[2] Zowonadi, buku la Nisbett latembenuzidwa m'Chijapani ngati Ki o Miru Seiyoujin, Mori kapena Miru Touyoujin (โWesterners See Trees, Easterners the Forestโ) ndipo zikuoneka kuti zakopa chidwi kwambiri kuposa Baibulo loyambirira lachingelezi.[3] Kamvekedwe ka ndemanga ndi ndemanga zake zikusonyeza kuti ambiri amaona kuti bukhuli nโlokopa osati kokha chifukwa chakuti likuwoneka ngati phunziro la sayansi koma chofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti oลตerenga amavomereza malingaliro amene akufuna kutsimikizira.
Buku lokhalo limatsutsa kuti akumadzulo ndi Asiya (makamaka akum'mawa kwa Asia) ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana - chifukwa chake mutuwo umanena za "geography yamalingaliro." Tonsefe timazidziwa bwino zomwe sizili choncho: Anthu akumadzulo amangoganizira za tsatanetsatane pomwe anthu aku Asia amakhudzidwa ndi momwe zinthu zilili.[4] Malingaliro awa ndi opusa kwambiri kotero kuti Nisbett nthawi ndi nthawi amatsimikizira owerenga kuti zikhulupiriro sizimakhudza anthu onse a Kumadzulo ndi Asia, pomwe amangonena mwachangu "popeza kuti pali kusiyana kwenikweni, kwakukulu kwambiri, pakati pa Kum'mawa. Asiya ndi anthu a chikhalidwe cha ku Ulayaโ (tsamba 77). Komanso, Nisbett amachirikiza chiphunzitso chake potchula mndandanda wambiri wa magwero omwe anena izi, kwinaku akunyalanyaza zotsutsa zambiri za malingaliro a chikhalidwe chotero. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale Hasegawa Yokyo, [5] Sugimoto Yoshio ndi Ross Mouer, [6] John Lie, [7] Harumi Befu, [8] ndi ena ambiri alemba mozama komanso mowononga pa kutanthauzira kwa chikhalidwe cha Japan, palibe chilichonse mwa izi. ntchito yatchulidwa m'buku la Nisbett.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwunika kwake pang'ono kwa mabukuwa, Nisbett amatengera thandizo lamphamvu kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe amawawonetsa ngati "Asian" ndi "Western" maphunziro muzoyeserera. Maphunzirowa adachitika mothandizidwa ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku bungwe la Nisbett - University of Michigan - komanso Kyoto University, Seoul National University, ndi Yunivesite ya Beijing ya China ndi China Institute of Psychology. Nisbett amatchulanso pafupipafupi maphunziro ena omwe amawoneka kuti adachitika ndi ophunzira omaliza maphunziro ku US, Japan, China ndi kwina.
Komabe limodzi mwamavuto ofunikira kwambiri pantchitoyi, potengera kuwerengera ndi njira zina zofananira, [9] ndikuti "akumadzulo" a Nisbett onse ndi ophunzira omaliza maphunziro aku America (kupatula aliyense wochokera ku Asia). Zikuwoneka kuti palibe anthu a ku Ulaya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunzirowa, ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe amasiyanitsa Achimereka ndi Azungu (osatchulanso m'madera amenewo). Komanso, ambiri a zotsatira phunziro kuoneka (Nisbett kawirikawiri divulges manambala) kusonyeza kusiyana m'mphepete mwa mayankho a ophunzira American ndi Asia omaliza maphunziro ku mayesero osiyanasiyana zasayansi kuyesa maganizo awo ndi zizolowezi zina. Komabe zikhotererozi zikukambidwa kupyolera muunyinji wa bukhuli ngati kuti zinali zazikulu, zosiyana zosiyana pakuwona dziko lomwe lakhala likupitirizabe kwa zaka zikwi zambiri.
Kodi iyi ndi Sayansi?
Chifukwa chake zonse za bukhuli zimakhazikika pazambiri zochokera kumaphunziro angapo asayansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ophunzira omaliza maphunziro. Kodi pali wina kunja uko amene akuganiza kuti ophunzira omaliza maphunziro ndi oyimira anthu ena onse kupatula ophunzira anzawo? Ndikutanthauza kuti palibe chipongwe kwa ophunzira omaliza maphunziro, ndithudi, pokhala ine ndekha osati zaka zambiri zapitazo. Ngakhale ku America, komwe kuli ophunzira ambiri omwe amamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu,[10] palibe amene angawaganizire ngati zitsanzo za anthu aku America, osatchulanso omwe amatchedwa akumadzulo. Koma kuwonjezera apo, ochita nawo kafukufukuyu anali ophunzira omaliza maphunziro m'mizinda ikuluikulu yochepa komanso mayunivesite apamwamba m'malo ochepa. Pamwamba pa izo, iwo anali ophunzira omaliza maphunziro omwe anali okonzeka kutenga nawo mbali mu maphunziro, kutanthauza kuti mwina anali ovuta kupeza ndalama komanso / kapena chidwi ndi kafukufuku. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chitsanzocho sichinali choyimira anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya, East Asia, ndi America: ndi ndalama, gulu la anthu, fuko, maphunziro, kutchula zosiyana zochepa. Ndipo chitsanzocho chikuwoneka kuti chasankhidwa chokha, osati chosankhidwa mwachisawawa, chomwe chimakondera zotsatira kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, ngati kafukufukuyu adawonetsa chilichonse ayenera kufunsidwa ndi diso lokayikira, pogwiritsa ntchito maphunziro oyambira owerengera, monga momwe sayansi imagwirira ntchito. Ndizothekadi kuti kusiyana kodziwika bwino pakati pa njira zaku kuganiza zaku Asia ndi zakumadzulo kulipo, monga momwe malingaliro aliwonse angathekere. Koma kuti apereke chionetsero chotsimikizika kuti chodabwitsa chongopeka chilipo, munthu amangofunika deta yosasinthika. Munthu ayeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kusokoneza komwe kungachitike kuchokera ku tsankho lotsimikizira ndi zolakwika zina zomveka.[11] Nisbett ndi anzake akuwoneka kuti sanayesepo kutsimikizira kuphunzira kwawo. Ndithudi, akadatero, akanaika zimenezo mโbuku kuti alimbikitse mkanganowo. Popanda phokoso la kukayikira ndi kutsutsa kutsogolera mapangidwe a zoyesera, kusankha mitu, kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira zooneka ngati zofooka, ndi zina zotero, ziganizo zimakhala zodalirika pang'ono.
Potengera ndemanga zomwe tazitchula poyamba paja, ambiri mwa owerenga a Nisbett angaganize kuti izi ndizovuta kwambiri pankhani yomwe anthu ambiri amavomereza. Komabe, nkwanzeru kwenikweni (monga momwe Einstein anakankhira, โkusonkhanitsa tsankho lopezedwa pofika zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatuโ) ndilo vuto. Kulingalira bwino ndi zimene munthu amavomereza, ndipo chifukwa chakuti wina wavomereza amakhoterera kukondera malingaliro ndi mikangano yomwe imaoneka ngati ikutsimikizira zimenezo. Kufufuza kozama kwasayansi kumachitika kokha pamene munthu ali wokonzeka kutsutsa malingaliro onse, ndipo motero amakhala wokonzeka kutaya kapena kuyeneretsa malingaliro a ziweto zake.
Zolemba Pakhoma
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama