Kodi Saudi Arabia ikugwirizana bwanji ndi kulanda kwa Isis kumpoto kwa Iraq, ndipo kodi ikuyambitsa mkangano womwe ukukulirakulira wa Sunni-Shia padziko lonse lachisilamu?
Nthawi ina isanafike 9/11, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, yemwe anali kazembe wamphamvu wa Saudi ku Washington komanso wamkulu wanzeru za Saudi mpaka miyezi ingapo yapitayo, anali ndi zokambirana zowulutsa komanso zowopsa ndi wamkulu wa British Secret Intelligence Service, MI6, Sir Richard. Wokondedwa. Prince Bandar adamuuza kuti: "Nthawi siili kutali ku Middle East, Richard, pomwe idzakhala 'Mulungu athandize Shia'. Oposa mabiliyoni a Sunni angowakwanira.โ
Nthawi yowopsa yomwe Prince Bandar adaneneratu tsopano idafika kwa ma Shia ambiri, pomwe Saudi Arabia ikuchita gawo lofunikira pothandizira jihad yotsutsana ndi Shia ku Iraq ndi Syria. Chiyambireni kugwidwa kwa Mosul ndi Islamic State of Iraq ndi Levant (Isis) pa 10 June, azimayi ndi ana achi Shia aphedwa m'midzi yakumwera kwa Kirkuk, ndipo gulu lankhondo la Shia laphulitsidwa ndi mfuti ndikuyikidwa m'manda ambiri pafupi ndi Tikrit.
Ku Mosul, kachisi wa Shia ndi mizikiti yawombedwa, ndipo mumzinda wapafupi wa Shia Turkoman wa Tal Afar nyumba za 4,000 zatengedwa ndi asilikali a Isis monga "zofunkha za nkhondo". Kungodziwika kuti ndi Shia kapena gulu linalake, monga Alawites, m'madera olamulidwa ndi zigawenga za Sunni ku Iraq ndi Syria lerolino, kwakhala koopsa monga momwe Myuda analili m'madera olamulidwa ndi Nazi ku Ulaya mu 1940.
Palibe kukayikira za kulondola kwa mawu a Prince Bandar, mlembi wamkulu wa Saudi National Security Council kuyambira 2005 komanso wamkulu wa General Intelligence pakati pa 2012 ndi 2014, zaka ziwiri zofunika kwambiri pomwe magulu ankhondo amtundu wa al-Qa'ida adalanda. otsutsa a Sunni ku Iraq ndi Syria. Polankhula ku Royal United Services Institute sabata yatha, Dearlove, yemwe adatsogolera MI6 kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2004, adatsindika kufunika kwa mawu a Prince Bandar, ponena kuti "ndi mawu odetsa nkhawa omwe ndimakumbukira bwino kwambiri".
Sakukayikira kuti ndalama zochulukirapo komanso zokhazikika zochokera kwa omwe amapereka ndalama ku Saudi Arabia ndi Qatar, zomwe akuluakulu aboma mwina adazinyalanyaza, zakhala zikuthandiza kwambiri pakuwonjezeka kwa Isis kumadera a Sunni ku Iraq. Iye anati: โZinthu zoterezi sizimangochitika zokha. Izi zikumveka ngati zenizeni popeza utsogoleri wa mafuko ndi ammudzi m'maboma ambiri a Sunni umawoneka bwino kwa olipira ndalama aku Saudi ndi Gulf, ndipo sakanatha kugwirizana ndi Isis popanda chilolezo chawo.
Kuwululidwa koopsa kwa Dearlove ponena za kuneneratu za tsiku lowerengera Shia ndi Prince Bandar, ndi mtsogoleri wakale wa MI6's view kuti Saudi Arabia ikuchita nawo kupanduka kwa Sunni motsogoleredwa ndi Isis, yakopa chidwi chochepa kwambiri. Kufotokozera za kulankhula kwa Dearlove kunayang'ana m'malo mwake pamutu wake waukulu wakuti chiwopsezo chochokera ku Isis kupita kumadzulo chikukokomeza chifukwa, mosiyana ndi al-Qaida wa Bin Laden, zimakhudzidwa ndi mkangano watsopano umene "ndi Muslim pa Muslim". Tsoka ilo, Akhristu m'madera omwe adagwidwa ndi Isis akupeza kuti izi sizowona, chifukwa mipingo yawo imadetsedwa ndipo amakakamizika kuthawa. Kusiyana pakati pa al-Qa'ida ndi Isis ndikuti omalizawa ali okonzeka bwino; ngati itaukira zolinga za Kumadzulo zotsatira zake zimakhala zowononga.
Kuneneratu kwa Prince Bandar, yemwe anali pamtima pa ndondomeko ya chitetezo cha Saudi kwa zaka zopitirira makumi atatu, kuti ma Shia 100 miliyoni ku Middle East akukumana ndi tsoka m'manja mwa Sunni ambiri, adzatsimikizira ma Shia ambiri kuti ndi omwe akuzunzidwa. kampeni yotsogozedwa ndi Saudi kuti awaphwanye. "A Shia ambiri akuchita mantha kwambiri pambuyo pa zomwe zidachitika kumpoto kwa Iraq," adatero wothirira ndemanga waku Iraq, yemwe sanafune kuti dzina lake litulutsidwe. Ma Shia amawona chiwopsezochi ngati chankhondo chokha koma chochokera ku chikoka chakuchulukirachulukira kwachisilamu chachikulu cha Sunni cha Wahhabism, mtundu wachisilamu wodziyeretsa komanso wosalolera wa Chisilamu chovomerezedwa ndi Saudi Arabia chomwe chimatsutsa ma Shia ndi magulu ena achisilamu ngati ampatuko omwe si Asilamu komanso okhulupirira milungu yambiri.
Dearlove akuti alibe chidziwitso chamkati chomwe adapeza kuyambira pomwe adapuma pantchito ngati mutu wa MI6 10 zaka zapitazo kuti akhale Master of Pembroke College ku Cambridge. Koma, potengera zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, amawona malingaliro anzeru aku Saudi akuwumbidwa ndi zikhulupiriro ziwiri zozama kapena malingaliro.
โข Choyamba, ali otsimikiza kuti "sipangakhale vuto lovomerezeka kapena lovomerezeka pa chiyero cha Chisilamu pa ziyeneretso zawo za Uwahabi monga atetezi a malo opatulika a Chisilamu".
โข Koma, mwinanso makamaka chifukwa cha kulimbana kwamphamvu kwa Sunni-Shia, chikhulupiliro cha Saudi chakuti iwo ali ndi ulamuliro wa choonadi cha Chisilamu chimawapangitsa kuti "akopeke kwambiri ndi magulu ankhondo omwe angatsutse Shia-dom".
Maboma aku Western nthawi zambiri amaletsa kugwirizana pakati pa Saudi Arabia ndi chikhulupiriro chake cha Wahhabist, mbali imodzi, ndi jihadism, kaya ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Osama bin Laden ndi al-Qa'ida kapena Isis wa Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Palibe chiwembu kapena chinsinsi pa maulalo awa: 15 mwa 19 mwa olanda 9 / 11 anali Saudis, monga Bin Laden ndi ambiri omwe amapereka ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyo.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa al-Qa'ida ndi Isis kungathe kuwonjezereka: pamene Bin Laden anaphedwa ndi asilikali a United States mu 2011, al-Baghdadi anatulutsa mawu olimbikitsa, ndipo Isis adalonjeza kuti adzayambitsa zigawenga za 100 kubwezera imfa yake.
Koma nthawi zonse pakhala pali mutu wachiwiri ku mfundo za Saudi za mtundu wa al-Qa'ida jihadis, zotsutsana ndi njira ya Prince Bandar ndikuwona ma jihadis ngati chiwopsezo chakupha ku Ufumu. Dearlove akuwonetsa malingaliro awa pofotokoza momwe, posakhalitsa 9/11, adayendera likulu la Saudi Riyadh ndi Tony Blair.
Amakumbukira yemwe panthaลตiyo mkulu wa asilikali a Saudi General Intelligence โanandilalatira mu ofesi yake yonse kuti: '9/11 ndi chibayo chabe Kumadzulo. M'nthawi yapakati, sizili kanthu koma mndandanda wa masoka aumwini. Zomwe zigawengazi zikufuna ndi kuwononga Nyumba ya Saud ndi kukonzanso Middle East.'โ M'malo mwake, Saudi Arabia inatengera ndondomeko zonse ziwirizi, kulimbikitsa magulu a Jihadi monga chida chothandiza cha Saudi motsutsana ndi chikoka cha Shia kunja koma kuwapondereza kunyumba kwawo ngati njira yothandizira. kuwopseza momwe zinthu ziliri. Ndi ndondomeko ziwirizi zomwe zasokonekera chaka chatha.
Chisoni cha Saudi pa "gulu lankhondo" lodana ndi Shia limadziwika m'malemba omwe adatulutsidwa ku US. Mlembi wa boma wa US panthawiyo, Hillary Clinton, analemba mu December 2009 mu chingwe chomwe chinatulutsidwa ndi Wikileaks kuti "Saudi Arabia idakali chigawo chofunikira kwambiri cha ndalama zothandizira al-Qa'ida, Taliban, LeT [Lashkar-e-Taiba ku Pakistan] ndi ena. magulu achigawenga.โ Ananenanso kuti, momwe Saudi Arabia idachitira motsutsana ndi al-Qa'ida, zinali ngati ziwopsezo zapakhomo osati chifukwa cha zomwe akuchita kunja. Ndondomekoyi ikhoza kusintha tsopano ndi kuchotsedwa kwa Prince Bandar monga mkulu wa intelligence chaka chino. Koma kusinthaku ndi kwaposachedwa kwambiri, kosagwirizana ndipo mwina kuchedwa kwambiri: inali sabata yatha pomwe kalonga waku Saudi adati saperekanso ndalama pawailesi yakanema yodziwika bwino chifukwa cha tsankho lodana ndi Shia lomwe lili ku Egypt.
Vuto la a Saudis ndilakuti zoyesayesa zawo kuyambira pomwe Bandar adataya ntchito yake kuti apange dera lodana ndi Maliki ndi Assad Sunni lomwe nthawi imodzi likulimbana ndi al-Qa'ida ndipo omwe adagwirizana nawo adalephera.
Pofuna kufooketsa Maliki ndi Assad chifukwa cha gulu lachi Sunni lachikatikati, Saudi Arabia ndi ogwirizana nawo akuchita kusewera m'manja mwa Isis omwe akugonjetsa mofulumira kutsutsa kwa Sunni ku Syria ndi Iraq. Ku Mosul, monga momwe zidachitikira ku likulu la Syria ku Raqqa, otsutsa ndi otsutsa omwe atha kulandidwa zida, akukakamizika kulumbirira kukhulupirika kwa caliphate yatsopano ndikuphedwa ngati akana.
Kumadzulo kungafunike kulipira mtengo wa mgwirizano wake ndi Saudi Arabia ndi mafumu a Gulf, omwe nthawi zonse apeza Sunni jihadism yokongola kuposa demokalase. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kuwirikiza kawiri kwa maulamuliro akumadzulo chinali kuponderezedwa kwa Saudi kwa zionetsero zamtendere za demokalase ndi a Shia ambiri ku Bahrain mu March 2011. Asitikali pafupifupi 1,500 a Saudi adatumizidwa kudutsa msewu wopita ku ufumu wa pachilumbachi pamene ziwonetserozo zinatha ndi zazikulu. nkhanza ndi mizikiti Shia ndi tiakachisi anawonongedwa.
Alibi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US ndi Britain ndikuti banja lachifumu la Sunni al-Khalifa ku Bahrain likuchita zokambirana ndi kusintha. Koma chowiringulachi chidawoneka chochepa kwambiri sabata yatha pomwe Bahrain adathamangitsa kazembe wamkulu waku US, wothandizira mlembi wa boma woona za ufulu wachibadwidwe Tom Malinowksi, chifukwa chokumana ndi atsogoleri a chipani chotsutsa cha Shia al-Wifaq. A Malinowski adalemba pa Twitter kuti zomwe boma la Bahrain likuchita "sizinali za ine koma zosokoneza zokambirana".
Maulamuliro aku Western ndi ogwirizana nawo m'madera ambiri athawa kutsutsidwa chifukwa cha gawo lawo poyambitsa nkhondo ku Iraq.
Poyera komanso mwachinsinsi, adadzudzula nduna yaikulu ya Iraq Nouri al-Maliki chifukwa chozunza ndi kuchotsera anthu ochepa a Sunni, motero amawapangitsa kuti athandizire kupanduka kwa Isis. Pali choonadi chochuluka mu izi, koma si nkhani yonse. Maliki anachita zokwanira kukwiyitsa Sunni, mwina chifukwa ankafuna kuopseza ovota a Shia kuti amuthandize pa chisankho cha 30 April ponena kuti ndi mtetezi wa gulu la Shia motsutsana ndi kusintha kwa Sunni.
Koma pa zolakwa zake zonse zazikulu, zolephera za Maliki sichifukwa chomwe dziko la Iraq likuphwasuka. Chimene chinasokoneza Iraq kuyambira 2011 chinali kupanduka kwa Sunni ku Syria ndi kulanda kwa kupanduka kumeneku kwa jihadis, omwe nthawi zambiri ankathandizidwa ndi opereka ndalama ku Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait ndi United Arab Emirates. Atsogoleri andale aku Iraq mobwerezabwereza adachenjeza kuti posafuna kutseka nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria, atsogoleri aku Western akupangitsa kuti kusapeลตeka kuti mkangano wa Iraq uyambikenso. "Ndikuganiza kuti sanatikhulupirire ndipo anali okonzeka kumuchotsa [Pulezidenti Bashar al-] Assad," adatero mtsogoleri waku Iraq ku Baghdad sabata yatha.
Zachidziwikire, ndale za US ndi Britain ndi akazembe anganene kuti sakanatha kuthetsa mkangano waku Syria. Koma izi ndi zosocheretsa. Poumirira kuti zokambirana zamtendere ziyenera kukhala zokhudzana ndi kuchoka kwa Assad ku mphamvu, chinthu chomwe sichinachitikepo kuyambira pamene Assad adagwira mizinda yambiri m'dzikoli ndipo asilikali ake akupita patsogolo, US ndi Britain anaonetsetsa kuti nkhondoyo ipitirirabe.
Wopindula wamkulu ndi Isis yemwe m'masabata awiri apitawa wakhala akutsutsa zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wake kummawa kwa Syria. A Kurds kumpoto ndi woimira al-Qa'ida, Jabhat al-Nusra, akugwedezeka chifukwa cha asilikali a Isis omwe ali ndi khalidwe labwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito akasinja ndi zida zogwidwa ku Iraq. Komanso, popanda dziko lonse lapansi kuzindikira, kutenga zitsime zambiri zamafuta aku Syria zomwe sizinawalamulire kale.
Saudi Arabia yapanga chilombo cha Frankenstein chomwe chikulephera kulamulira.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi ogwirizana nawo monga Turkey yomwe yakhala yofunikira kumbuyo kwa Isis ndi Jabhat al-Nusra mwa kusunga malire a Turkey-Syria a makilomita 510. Pamene kuwoloka kwa malire aku Kurdish kugwera ku Isis, Turkey ipeza kuti ili ndi mnansi watsopano wachiwawa chodabwitsa, komanso wosayamika chifukwa cha zabwino zomwe zachitika kale kuchokera ku bungwe lazanzeru zaku Turkey.
Ponena za Saudi Arabia, ikhoza kudandaula chifukwa chothandizira zigawenga za Sunni ku Syria ndi Iraq pamene ma TV a jihadi akuyamba kulankhula za Nyumba ya Saud ngati cholinga chake chotsatira. Ndi mutu wosatchulidwa wa Saudi General Intelligence wotchulidwa ndi Dearlove pambuyo pa 9/11 yemwe akuwoneka kuti wasanthula zomwe zingawopsyeze ku Saudi Arabia molondola osati Prince Bandar, zomwe zingafotokoze chifukwa chake womalizayo adachotsedwa koyambirira kwa chaka chino.
Komanso iyi simalo okhawo omwe Prince Bandar adalakwitsa mowopsa. Kuwuka kwa Isis ndi nkhani yoyipa kwa Shia waku Iraq koma ndi nkhani yoyipa kwambiri kwa a Sunni omwe utsogoleri wawo waperekedwa ku gulu lamagazi komanso losalekerera, mtundu wa Islamic Khmer Rouge, womwe ulibe cholinga koma nkhondo yopanda malire.
Khalifa wa Sunni akulamulira dera lalikulu, losauka komanso lakutali lomwe anthu akuthawa. Mamiliyoni angapo a Sunni mkati ndi kuzungulira Baghdad ali pachiwopsezo chowukiridwa ndipo akaidi 255 a Sunni aphedwa kale. Pakapita nthawi, Isis sangapambane, koma kusakanikirana kwake kwachangu ndi bungwe labwino kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa.
"Mulungu athandize ma Shia," adatero Prince Bandar, koma, mwa zina zikomo kwa iye, magulu a Sunni omwe asokonezeka a Iraq ndi Syria angafunikire thandizo laumulungu kuposa Shia.
PATRICK COCKBURN ndi mlembi wa Muqtada: Muqtada Al-Sadr, Chitsitsimutso cha Shia, ndi Kulimbana ndi Iraq.
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