Ndi imfa ya King Fahd, Saudi Arabia ndiye mutu waukulu wokambirana m'manyuzipepala amasiku ano. M'munsimu tikudzaza mipata ina mu kufalitsa British.
KULUMIKIZANA KWA WAHHABI-SAUDI
Mfundo yaikulu ya Saudi Arabia ndikuphatikizana pakati pa banja lolamulira la al-Sa'ud ndi mtundu wovuta wa Wahhabi wa Islam. Izi zikutchulidwa mโnkhani ya Guardian motere: โMwatsoka, ufumuwo ndiwonso malo obadwira Osama bin Laden, wotsatira wopulupudza wa banja lolemera ndi lamwayi lomwe chikhazikitso chake chachiwawa chidakali pafupi ndi chiphunzitso cha Wahhabi.โ
Izi zikutanthauza kuti banja la bin Laden lili pafupi ndi Wahhabism.
Palibe paliponse mu mkonzi pali kuvomereza kuti banja la al-Sa'ud siliri pafupi ndi Wahhabism, koma wotsimikizira ndi wolimbikitsa, osati ku Saudi Arabia kokha, koma padziko lonse lapansi.
The Guardian omwalira ndi woipa kwambiri: 'Nyumba yolamulira inali ndi achangu ake a Wahhab, koma, ponseponse, nthawi zonse inali yoyang'ana kutsogolo, mochuluka kwambiri, ndithudi, kuposa kukhazikitsidwa kwachipembedzo kobisika, mzati wina wa teokrase yapaderayi - ndipo kawirikawiri kuposa anthu onse.'
Palibe kuvomereza pano kuti โmzati wina wa teokrase yapaderaโyi.
kuli kokha chifukwa chakuti Nyumba ya Saโud idatsimikiza mโmbuyomo kuti chikhale chipembedzo cha boma, ndipo ikupitiriza kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wake ndi mphamvu ndi mokulira.
Robert Fisk amapereka zowongolera mu Independent, ndi nkhani ya tsamba loyamba pa Nyumba ya Sa'ud, kuvomereza kufunika kwa Wahhabism ku banja lachifumu mu chiganizo chake chachiwiri, akupitiriza kulemba:
'Atolankhani amakonda kunena kuti Wahhabism ndi "obscurantist" koma sizowona. Abdul-Wahab sanali woganiza bwino kapena wanthanthi koma, kwa otsatira ake, anali munthu wapafupi kwambiri. Kumenya nkhondo ndi Asilamu omwe adalakwa inali gawo lofunikira la filosofi yake, kaya akhale Asilamu "opanduka" a Shia a ku Basra - omwe adayesa mopanda phindu kuwatembenuzira ku Chisilamu cha Sunni (anamuchotsa) - kapena Aarabu omwe sanatsatire. kumasulira kwake yekha za umodzi wa Asilamu.'
โKoma analamulanso kuti apandukire olamulira. Chiphunzitso chake chinawopseza Nyumba yamasiku ano ya Saud chifukwa cha ziphuphu zake, komabe idateteza tsogolo lake poletsa kusintha. Motero banja lachifumu la Saudi linalandira chikhulupiriro chimodzi chimene chingateteze ndi kuchiwononga.โ
โNdicho chifukwa chake nkhani zonse mu Saudi Arabia wamakono za โkuthetsa zigawengaโ, kuteteza ufulu wa amayi, kuchepetsa mphamvu za apolisi achipembedzo, zili hokum kwambiri.โ (tsamba 2)
Roula Khalaf, mtolankhani wina wodziwika kwambiri ku Middle East, akulemba mu FT kuti pambuyo pa 9/11, 'Banja lachifumu lomwe nthawi zonse limadalira kuvomerezeka kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo ochokera kugulu la Wahabi ndipo nthawi zambiri losalolera lidakakamizidwa kukumana ndi zotsatira zowopsa. za chiphunzitso chawo chachipembedzo, kaya mโmisikiti kapena mโsukulu.โ
Mu Telegraph, Tim Butcher ndi Rasheed Abou-Alsamh (wolemba womaliza
kuchokera ku Jeddah ku Saudi Arabia) mawu a 'Adel Al-Toraifi, wolemba komanso katswiri wa ndale mumzinda wa Riyadh, [yemwe] adanena kuti samakhulupirira kuti akazi adzaloledwa kuyendetsa galimoto kapena kuvota m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi. Kusintha kotereku kungapangitse kuti anthu osamala kwambiri, omwe thandizo lawo la banja lachifumu likhale lofunika kwambiri kuti ulamuliro wawo ukhale wautali. A Al-Toraifi anati: โNgati alola kuti akazi aziyendetsa galimoto ndi kuvota, zidzasonyeza kutha kwa ulamuliro wawo pa anthu ndipo zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri kwa iwo.โ โ
KUPHATIKIZANA KWA SAโUDI-WAHHABI
Kuti timve zambiri za kuphatikiza kwa Sa'udi-Wahhabi, titha kutembenukira ku A History of Saudi Arabia ya Madawi al-Rasheed (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Nโzodziลตika bwino kuti Ibn Saโud, amene anayambitsa dziko lamakono limene lili ndi dzina lake, anagonjetsa chilumbachi mโzaka za mโma 1920 mothandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la fuko lotchedwa ikhwan. Mudawi al-Rasheed akuwonetsa kuti chofunikiranso pakukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Sa'udi pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilumba cha Arabia chinali dongosolo la atsogoleri anthawi yochepa chabe apakati pa Arabia:
'A mutawwa' 'anali membala wa hadar [anthu ongokhala] yemwe adaphunzira maphunziro achipembedzo pambuyo pa nthawi yophunzira ndi membala wodziwika wa 'Ulama [akatswiri achipembedzo] wokhala m'matauni akuluakulu a kum'mwera kwa Najd (makamaka Riyadh) ndi Qasim ('Unayzah) pambuyo pake adakhala katswiri wa malamulo ndi nkhani za ubale ndi 'ibada (miyambo yachisilamu)โฆ wodzipereka yemwe adakakamiza kumvera Chisilamu ndikuchita miyambo yakeโฆ [Ichi chinali] chochitika cha Najdiโฆ
kuchokera kwa akatswiri achipembedzo m'madera ena a dziko lachisilamu, omwe amadziwika kuti 'Ulama. Mโmbiri yakale anthu achipembedzo a Najdi nthawi zambiri ankaphunzira, kuphunzitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito fiqh ya Hanbali [sukulu ya malamulo] yokha, ndipo ankaona nthambi zina za sayansi ya chipembedzo ndi zilankhulo ngati nzeru zapamwamba zomwe sizinali zofunika mโdera lawoโฆโ Mutawwaโa anali โ
โakatswiri a zachipembedzoโ, kapena โakatswiri a miyamboโโฆ [okhala ndi] ukatswiri wochepera pa zamulungu. Iwo ankachita ukatswiri wawo mogwirizana ndi ulimi ndi malonda.โ (tsamba 49)
โ Ngakhale kuti ankaphunzitsa kugonjera Mulungu, โmโzochita zawo ankatanthauza kuti popanda kugonjera ulamuliro wa ndale wa Ibn Saโud, chikhulupiriro ndi zochita za Asilamu zikawopsezedwa. kugonjera ulamuliro wawo', kuphatikizapo 'kudzudzula poyera anthu amene aphwanya malamulo awoโฆ Akatswiri a zamwambowa adakhala maziko a Komiti Yofalitsa Ubwino ndi Kuletsa Wachiwiri.' (tsamba 52)
โVuto limene Ibn Saโud anali nalo pamene ankafuna kumanga ufumu, linali loti maziko ake anali anthu angโonoangโono, okhala mโdera lapakati la Najd ku Arabia. Zinalibe ubale wamphamvu ku mafuko amphamvu omwe sanakhazikike a bedouin ofunikira kuti apange mgwirizano wamphamvu wofunikira kuti agonjetse peninsula. Njira yothetsera? Ulamuliro wachipembedzo.
โKukamizidwa kwachisilamu chamwambo ndi Najdi mutawwaโa kunali kofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa boma. Pakati pa 1902 ndi 1932 boma la รขโฌลchilango ndi kulangaรขโฌ lolimbikitsidwa ndi mutawwa'a yemwe nthawi zonse ankatanganidwa ndi miyambo yachisilamu linali lofunika kwambiri kuti anthu a Arabia avomereze ulamuliro wa Ibn Sa'ud atalanda Riyadh mu 1902. .โ Iwo anamulengeza kuti ndi imam. โDzina lophiphiritsa la imam linamupatsa kuvomerezeka kofunikira kwambiri. Kuyungizya waawo, mutawwaโa wakasimikizigwa kuba balongwe bamapolitikisi naa basilikani.โ (Tsamba 50)
'Zikuwoneka kuti Ibn Saud asanagwire Riyadh, mutawwa'a analibe kutchuka ndi ulamuliro', nthawi zina amachotsedwa m'magulu amitundu, monga momwe woyambitsa wawo Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab adathamangitsidwa ku'Uyahnah m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. (tsamba 54) 'Pokhala atataya chuma chawo chakuthupi, kutchuka ndi udindo m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, mutawwa'a anali wokonzeka kuvomereza munthu wandale yemwe adalonjeza osati chipulumutso chawo chokha komanso kubweza tsoka lawo.' (tsamba 56)' Ibn Sa'ud adawalemba ntchito m'dera lake monga momwe amawalembera ntchito ndikulipira malipiro awo mwandalama komanso mwachifundo. Motero anawasintha kukhala akatswiri a nthaลตi zonse achipembedzo, okhulupirika kwa iye ndi odalira chuma chake.
Mโmalo mwake, Ibn Saโud anatsimikiziridwa kugonjera pandale za anthu a Arabiya mwa kunamizira kugonjera kwa Mulungu.โ Mutawwaโayo ankatoleranso zakat (msonkho kapena msonkho) kaamba ka boma lalikulu. (tsamba
57)
/'Nthawi zambiri mutawwa'a inkafika pakati pa magulu ankhondo a Ibn Sa'ud asanawononge asilikali a Ibn Sa'ud ... N'kutheka kuti 'ankangokhalira kuphunzitsa Qur'an ndi 'ibada [miyambo yachisilamu]... al-amr, mtsogoleri wa gulu la Asilamu.
Kumvera kuyenera kuonekera pakukonzekera kumpereka zakat ndi kuyankha kuitana kwake kwa Jihad. Zonse ziwiri za zakat ndi jihad zinali pamtima pa lingaliro la Wahhabi la boma, ndipo zinkaonedwa kuti ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zouphatikiza.โ (masamba 51, 52)
โMutawwaโa nawonso anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri polenga gulu lankhondo la ikhwanโ limene Ibn Saโud anagonjetsa nalo ufumu wake. (tsamba 58) Migwirizano ya mafuko idakakamizika kukhazikika m'midzi yotchedwa hujjar, mawu omwe 'amadzetsa kusamuka kwa Mtumiki Muhammad kuchokera ku Mecca kupita ku Madina komwe adakhazikitsa gulu loyamba lachisilamu m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiriโฆ. kuvomereza chiphunzitso cha mutawwa'a chinadziwika kuti ikhwan.โ (tsamba 60) Iwo anakhala phata lankhondo loopsa la mphamvu ya Saโudi.
'Ndi ikhwan, kukangana pakati pa mphamvu yapakati ndi madera a mafuko, omwe adagonjetsa maiko a Sa'udi kale ndipo nthawi zambiri adawatsogolera ku imfa, adagonjetsedwa pang'ono. Ibn Saโud anaphatikiza chitaganya cha mafuko mโgulu lankhondo lachikhalire, limene silinalinganizidwe kumwazikana pambuyo pa kuwukira kolimbana ndi midzi kapena chitaganya.โ (tsamba 60)
โPamene mutawwaโa ankakakamiza maganizo awo mwa amene ankawaphunzitsa miyambo ya Chisilamu, ikhwan inkakakamiza anthu a ku Arabia...
Iwo anadzadziลตika mu Arabiya monga jund al-tawhid, asilikali amene anachirikiza chiphunzitso cha umodzi wa Mulungu.โ (tsamba 61) โMkhalidwe wawo wosanyengerera ndi kuthekera kwawo kopereka chilango chowopsa zinapangitsa mkhalidwe wa mantha ndi mantha pakati pa anthu. Mbiri yawo inayenda mofulumira ku Arabiya ngakhale asanakafike pazipata za mapiri ndi matauni.โ (tsamba 62)
KUgalukira kwa IKHWAN
Kukhulupirika kwa ikhwan kunkadalira kupitiriza kwa ndawala zankhondo. Pamene Ibn Saโud anathamangira kumalire a ufumu wa Britain mโzaka za mโma 1920, mwamsanga anazindikira zenizeni zamphamvu ndipo analamulira zigaลตenga zolamulidwa ndi Briteni mopanda malire ku ikhwan. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zigawenga za ikhwan ziyambitse kupanduka kwa ikhwan mu 1927, komwe kudatsitsidwa mwamphamvu mothandizidwa ndi a British (omwe adatsogolera ntchito zamasiku ano za "zolimbana ndi zigawenga" za US-UK ndi House of Sa'ud. ).
Madawi al-Rasheed akufotokoza kuti, โchipanduko cha ikhwan chinasonyeza kuti dziko lotuluka mโchigwacho linali lopanda fuko limene kukulitsa ndi kuphatikizika kwake kungapitirire patsogolo pa kuwononga fuko.โ (tsamba 70) โndithu, gulu losakhala la mafuko limene linapeputsa pangโonopangโono ndi kuswa mgwirizano wa mafuko osiyanasiyana.โ ( tsamba 71 )
Banja la al-Saโud linalibe mphamvu za fuko. Ikhoza kungogonjetsa ndi kulamulira kupyolera mu kutchula kukhulupirika pakati pa mafuko. Pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wankhanza komanso wopondereza wa Chisilamu: Wahhabism. Zili choncho lero. Mphamvu imeneyinso ndi kufooka kwake.
Vuto la ikhwan mu 1927 lidawonedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa kukhulupirika kwa atsogoleri ndi kulowererapo kwa imperialist. Popanda kukhulupirika kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo, a neo-ikhwans (monga omwe adazinga mzikiti wa Mecca mu 1979) sangatsutsidwe.
Popanda Wahhabism, palibe zomveka ku ulamuliro wa Saโudi. Ndizovuta kuukira okonda za Wahhabi (monga Osama bin Laden) kapena kusintha dongosolo lachikhazikitso la boma popanda kuyika pachiwopsezo maziko omwe si amtundu wa boma. Ngati Wahhabism sakugwirizanitsa dongosololi, gulu la Sa'udi lidzabwerera ku machitidwe awo achikhalidwe cha mafuko, momwe Nyumba ya Sa'ud ilibe malo olemekezeka.
Robert Fisk: 'Saudi Arabia si - ndipo sangakhale - gulu la "masiku ano" m'lingaliro lathu la mawu malinga ngati Wahhabism ili ndi mphamvu zake. Koma ziyenera kuloledwa kutero - kuteteza mfumu. Ndipo popeza likukhala dziko losauka mowonjezereka, akuluakulu a Wahhabi ndi apolisi achipembedzo amakula mwamphamvu.โ
SAUDI ARABIA PASI PA MEMORY HOLE: BACKING SADDAM
Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe chikusoweka pakufalikira kwakukulu kwa Saudi Arabia? Chinthu chimodzi chomwe sichinatchulidwepo ndi mgwirizano wautali pakati pa Nyumba ya Sa'ud ndi Saddam Hussein (ogwirizana ndi mantha awo a Shia, ndi Shia Iran).
The Telegraph obituary ndi moona mtima mokwanira kulemba kuti, 'Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq ya 1980-88, powopsyeza chiwopsezo cha okhulupirira achisilamu ku Iran, Fahd adapereka thandizo lazachuma kwa Saddam Hussein, ndipo mu 1989 adasaina mgwirizano wosagwirizana. chiwawa ndi iye.'
Osanena chilungamo kuti azindikire, komabe, kuti Fahd mwiniwakeyo amayendetsa boma lachisilamu lokhazikika, ndipo chifukwa chake zinali zosatheka kuti kuchirikiza kwake ulamuliro wa Saddam wopha anthu pang'onopang'ono kukhazikike pa 'mantha a chikhazikitso'.
David Hirst m'mbiri ya Guardian's 'cholakwika' chomwechi, ndikulembanso mbiri yakale ponena za zolinga za Saudi: 'Fahd adawononga ndalama zambiri za petro kuti asunge, choyamba, chikominisi, kenako chikhazikitso cha Chisilamu kutali. Anakulitsa "m'bale wake Saddam Hussein" ndi cholinga choletsa ziwembu za wolamulira wankhanza waku Iraq ku Kuwait yoyandikana nayo, komanso zigawenga zambiri. Iye anatcha Saddam โlupanga la Chisilamuโ pamene anapita kunkhondo ndi Iran ya Khomeini, ndipo anachirikiza chitamando chimenecho mwa kugonja kwakukulu.โ
SAUDI ARABIA PHANSI POPANDA MEMORY HOLE: SAUDI NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION - KALE KALE
Mbali imodzi ya mgwirizano wa Fahd-Saddam yomwe siinatchulidwe nkomwe ndi umboni womwe unatuluka mu 1994 wa ndalama za Sa'udi za pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya za Iraq. Kazembe wakale waku Saudi, a Mohammed Khilewi, yemwe adafunafuna chitetezo ku United States, adati Saudi Arabia idapereka ndalama zokwana $ 5 biliyoni zothandizira pulogalamu yanyukiliya yaku Iraq m'zaka za m'ma 1980 posinthana ndi zida zanyukiliya (ndi kuti Saudi Arabia inali ndi zida ziwiri zofufuzira za nyukiliya zomwe sizinatchulidwe) .
Monterey Institute of International Studies Center for Nonproliferation Studies ikutsutsa zonena kuti: โAtapeza chitetezo ku US, ndi chilolezo cha Saudi Arabia, zonena za Khilewi sizinakwaniritsidwe. Zotsutsazo sizinatsimikizidwebe ndi gwero lina lililonse, ndipo akuluakulu a US adanena kuti alibe umboni wothandizira Saudi pa chitukuko cha nyukiliya cha Iraq.
Kumbali ina (kupatula kukana kwa boma ku US ngati kopanda tanthauzo), chitsimikiziro chochokera kwina chimanenedwa ndi GlobalSecurity.org yolemekezeka:
'Khilewi adatulutsa zikalata za London Sunday Times zomwe zimachirikiza mlandu wake woti boma la Saudi lidalipira madola mabiliyoni asanu kuchokera ku chuma cha Saudi kuti Saddam Hussein apange chida cha nyukiliya. Pakati pa 1985 ndi 1990, mpaka pamene Saddam analanda dziko la Kuwait, malipiro anaperekedwa malinga ndi mfundo yakuti ena mwa mabombawo, ngati ntchitoyo itayenda bwino, atumizidwe ku zida zankhondo za Saudi.โ
Cache ya Khilewi 'inaphatikizapo zolemba za msonkhano wachinsinsi wa m'chipululu pakati pa magulu a asilikali a Saudi ndi Iraq chaka chimodzi chisanachitike Kuwait. Zolembazo zikuwonetsa a Saudis akuthandizira pulogalamu ya nyukiliya ndikupereka zida zapadera zomwe Iraq sakadapeza kwina.
'Chimene Khilewi sankadziwa chinali chakuti polojekiti ya nyukiliya ya Fahd-Saddam inalinso chinsinsi chobisika ku Washington. Malinga ndi kazembe wakale wakale waku America, CIA idadziwitsidwa mokwanira. Ndalamazo zinaima kokha pamene nkhondo ya ku Gulf inayamba mu 1991.โ
'Zolemba za defector zimasonyezanso kuti Riyadh adalipira ntchito ya bomba la Pakistani ndipo adasaina pangano kuti ngati Saudi Arabia idzaukiridwa ndi zida za nyukiliya, Pakistan idzayankha wotsutsayo ndi zida zake za nyukiliya.'
Gwero la ndime yowunikirayi ndi New Yorker. Andrew ndi Leslie Cockburn anapeza magwero awiri:
Ntchito ya nyukiliya ya Fahd-Saddam inalinso chinsinsi ku Washington. Malinga ndi yemwe kale anali kazembe waudindo wapamwamba waku America, C.I.A. anadziwitsidwa kwathunthu. "Ndinadziwa za izi," kazembeyo akutero motsimikiza, "ndipo iwo adadziwanso." Mkulu wina wa White House, atafunsidwa za zomwe boma la Saudi likuchita komanso kukhudzidwa kwa America, adatiuza kuti, "Adawononga mabiliyoni ambiri ku Iraqi. Linali dziko losiyana. Tinali okonzeka kunyalanyaza zinthu zambiri zomwe Saudis anali kuchitira ma Iraqi.
Zimagwirizana ndi zoipa zina zonse zomwe tidachita panthawiyoโรขโฌโkuthandiza Saddam.'
Nkhani yoyambirira ya Khilewi idawonekera mu Marie Colvin, 'Momwe Wam'kati Anakwezera Chophimba pa Chiwembu cha Saudi cha "Bomba la Chisilamu",' โโSunday Times, 24 July 1994. Zinanenedwanso mu Steve Coll ndi John Mintz, 'Saudi Aid ku Iraqi. A-Bomb Effort Anenedwa,' Washington Post, 25 July 1994.
SAUDI ARABIA PHANSI POPANDA CHOKUMBUKIRA: KULIMBIKITSA KWA NUCLEAR YA SAUDI - KULINGALIRA TSOPANO
The Guardian inanena mu September 2003 kuti Saudi Arabia, poyankha chipwirikiti chomwe chilipo ku Middle East, idayamba 'kuwunika njira' yomwe inaphatikizapo kusankha kupeza zida za nyukiliya:
Pepala lamalingaliro lomwe likuganiziridwa pamiyeso yayikulu kwambiri ku Riyadh limapereka njira zitatu:
โข Kukhala ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya ngati cholepheretsa;
โข Kusunga kapena kulowa mu mgwirizano ndi mphamvu yomwe ilipo yomwe ingapereke chitetezo;
ยท Kuyesera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wachigawo pakukhala ndi Middle East yopanda zida zanyukiliya.
Mpaka pano, lingaliro ku Washington linali lakuti Saudi Arabia inali yokhutira kukhalabe pansi pa ambulera ya nyukiliya ya US. Koma ubale pakati pa Saudi Arabia ndi US wakhala ukukulirakulira kuyambira kuukira kwa Seputembara 11 ku New York ndi Washington: 15 mwa owukira 19 anali Saudi.
Sizikudziwika ngati Saudi Arabia yapanga chigamulo chilichonse mwazinthu zitatuzi. Koma mfundo yoti yakonzekera kuganizira za njira ya nyukiliya ndi nkhani yodetsa nkhawa.
Akuluakulu a bungwe la United Nations ndi akatswiri a zida za nyukiliya adati kuwunika kwa Saudi kukuwonetsa kusatetezeka kwakukulu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika ku Middle East, kusagwirizana kwa Riyadh ndi Washington komanso kufooka kwa kudalira kwake ambulera ya nyukiliya yaku US.
Adanenanso za nkhawa za Saudi za pulogalamu ya Irani komanso kusakhalapo kwapadziko lonse lapansi ku Israeli, yomwe ili ndi zida za nyukiliya za 200.
Saudi Arabia sichiwona Iran, mdani wakale yemwe Riyadh adabwezeretsanso ubale, ngati chiwopsezo chachindunji. Koma ndizodetsedwa ndi kuthekera kwa Iran ndi Israel kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya.
Riyadh alinso ndi nkhawa ndi mndandanda wazinthu zotayikira pamapepala aku America
kuchokera ku boma la US lotsutsa Saudi Arabia.
David Albright, mkulu wa Institute for Science and International Security, Washington thinktank, adanena kuti akukayikira ngati Saudis angayese kupanga bomba la nyukiliya, m'malo mwake kuyesa kugula zida za nyukiliya. Akadakhala oyamba mwa mayiko asanu ndi atatu kapena asanu ndi anayi amphamvu zanyukiliya padziko lapansi kugula m'malo mopanga bomba.
"Nthawi zonse pakhala pali nkhawa kuti a Saudis apita njira iyi ngati atakwiyitsidwa," adatero Albright. "Pali chidani chomwe chikukulirakulira ku US chomwe chingayambitse kuchotsedwa kwa ambulera yaku US ndipo kodi Saudis adzawopsezedwa ndi Iran? Ayenera kukhala amanjenje. โ
Akuluakulu a bungwe la United Nations adanena kuti pakhala mphekesera zaka 20 zapitazo kuti Saudis ankafuna kulipira Pakistan kuti achite kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya.
Mu 1988, Saudi idagula zida zanyukiliya kuchokera ku China zomwe zimatha kufikira gawo lililonse la Middle East ndi zida zanyukiliya.
KUPULUKA KWA SAUDI-CHINESE?
Ulalo waku China ndiwosangalatsa kwambiri masiku ano, monga a Patrick Bishop amanenera mu Telegraph:
'Maboma a azungu sayenera kukhala omasuka kwambiri ponena za kusintha kosalala.'
โZizindikiro nโzakuti kukhudzika mtima kukukulirakulira [ku Saudi Arabia] kuti maubwenzi apamtima ndi a Kumadzulo angakhale ovuta kuposa mmene alili oyenera.โ
'Ufumuwu umayang'anira kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku US komwe kwapangitsa gulu lankhondo la jihadists padziko lonse lapansi, otsatira a anti-Saud bin Laden.'
"Mkhalidwewu ukathetsedwa mwina upangitsa kuti Iraq ikhale yolamulidwa ndi ma Shia, kupanga mgwirizano wolimba wa Shia ndi Iran ndikusintha mphamvu zachipembedzo ku Persian Gulf. Zonsezi zimadzaza Saudis ndi alamu.'
"Yayamba kubisala mabetcha ake, kuyang'ana kum'mawa ku China ngati msika wamafuta aku Saudi, ndipo ngati gwero la zinthu zomalizidwa, zida zankhondo ndipo pamapeto pake, zakhala zikunenedwa, ukadaulo wa nyukiliya. Asitikali aku America, mogwirizana, salinso muufumu (kapena ayi
mobisa) ndipo adakhazikitsa ku Qatar m'malo mwake.'
Pali zomveka ku mgwirizanowu, popeza Saudi Arabia ndi China ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wa capitalist omwe atsogoleri awo okalamba amapezerapo mwayi pamalingaliro odana ndi capitalist kuti asunge mphamvu zawo. Onsewa ndi odana ndi Russia (Saudi Arabia chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa Russia kutsutsa Riyadh kuti ilamulire msika wamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, China pazifukwa zandale).
Pamene mafuta a dziko lapansi ayamba kuchepa, nkhokwe zazikulu za Saudi Arabia zidzakhala mphoto yowonjezereka, monga momwe mphamvu zachuma za China (ndi ndale) zakhazikitsidwa kuti zikhale zamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Mtundu wa nkhaniyi wokhala ndi maulalo umapezeka ku Justice Not
Webusayiti yobwezera <www.jnv.org>
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Milan Rai
Chilungamo Osati Kubwezera
landline 0845 458 9571 (UK) +44 1424 428 792 (int) foni yam'manja (0)7980 748 555 www.jnv.org
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