Funso lovuta lomwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kwanthawi yayitali komanso omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amafunsa ndi ili: Kodi nthawi zafika kuti gulu lamphamvu lithetse kusakhazikika komwe kwatsekereza kupita patsogolo kwamitundu yonse kwazaka 50 zapitazi?
Ngati ndi choncho, chotsatira ndichoti: Zidzatengera chiyani kuti apititse patsogolo omenyera ufulu wawo omwe akufuna kupita patsogolo kwamitundumitundu tsopano?
Monga loya wachizungu yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku National Association for the Advancement of Coloured Peopleโs lawyer, Robert L. Carter, ndinali kumeneko mu 1964 pamene kutulukira kwa Civil Rights Act ya chaka chimenecho kunakhala lamulo. Zinali zotsatira za zoyesayesa za anthu zikwizikwi a ku America amitundu yonse kupita mโmisewu ndi mโmakhoti kulimbana ndi magulu achiwawa, a Klan, apolisi osankhana mitundu, ndi andale kuti atsimikize kuti ufulu wawo ukutsatiridwa.
Mโzaka zimenezo, omenyera ufulu wa anthu akuda ndi oyera ankagwirira ntchito limodzi, kupita kundende pamodzi, ndipo nthaลตi zina anafera limodzi kuti akakamize boma la feduro ndi makhoti kuti agwetse dongosolo lazamalamulo la Jim Crow la tsankho limene linkafuna kulekanitsa kotheratu mโmbali zonse za moyo.
Mgwirizano wakuda-woyera, ndi azungu nawonso kuika moyo ndi miyendo pachiwopsezo kuti athandize America yophatikizana, yomasuka, inali chinthu chokongola chomwe ndimakhulupirira kuti sichidzalekanitsidwa. Komabe, posakhalitsa idzagawanika - ndi zotsatira zofika patali.
Zomwe Zinatheka
Ndikoyenera kuyang'ana zomwe mgwirizanowo unachita.
Zomwe zimatchedwa Kumanganso Kwachiwiri kutsatiridwa pambuyo pa kubwerera kwa mazana zikwi mazana a African American World War II. Iwo anapirira tsankho mkati mwa utumiki wawo wa usilikali kumenyana ndi Nazi Germany ndi Japan koma kubwerera ku mtundu wankhanza makamaka wa tsankho ku South kwawo.
Kulimbana kuphwanya malamulo onse a Jim Crow ndi uchigawenga wa Klan zinabweretsa pamodzi magulu atsopano, omwe adakwaniritsa zinthu zazikulu pamodzi.
Ku NAACP, Charles Houston, kudzera m'malo ake ku Howard Law School, adaphunzitsa maloya olimba mtima komanso odzipereka, akuda ndi oyera, motsogozedwa ndi Thurgood Marshall. James Farmer adapanga bungwe latsopano lamitundu yosiyanasiyana, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri mu 1954 linagamula kuti kugawikana kwa sukulu mokakamizidwa mwalamulo kunali kosagwirizana ndi chigamulo cha 9 mpaka 0 chomwe chinasokoneza malamulo a Jim Crow.
Pamayanjano, a Rosa Parks a NAACP adayambitsa kunyalanyala kwa mabasi ku Montgomery mu 1955-1956, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti msonkhano wa Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) motsogozedwa ndi a Martin Luther King, Jr. 1960, kutsatiridwa ndi wophunzira Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) yokonzedwa ndi Ella Baker.
Achinyamata akuda ndi oyera a Freedom Riders, potsatira mfundo zosachita zachiwawa za Mahatma Gandhi, anaulula ku dziko lonse nkhanza za magulu a anthu akumwera mothandizidwa ndi kuchirikizidwa ndi akuluakulu azamalamulo. Atsogoleri achipembedzo, arabi, maloya, ophunzira, ndi osangalatsa - komanso osonkhanitsa ndalama kumpoto - anapititsa patsogolo maguluwa.
NAACP, SCLC, CORE, ndi SNCC ndi amuna ndi akazi amitundu yonse ndi zipembedzo adalumikizana limodzi pa Marichi yodziwika bwino ya 1963 ku Washington. Chaka chotsatira, 1964 Civil Rights Act inakhazikitsidwa. Kuwotcha matchalitchi, kuphana, ndi ziwawa za Klan zinapitilirabe, koma zolembedwa pakhoma: Kummwera, Jim Crow anali kufa ngati malo ovomerezeka.
Komabe, monga Kumanganso Koyamba komwe kunatsatira Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni, Kumanganso Kwachiwiri kumeneku kunayang'ana pafupifupi kumwera. Ilo silinakhudze konse kumpoto, komwe kunali ndi mitundu yakeyake yachiwawa yozama kwambiri komanso kusankhana mitundu. Pakati pa zipolowe za 1968, zidafika kumapeto asanakhale ndi mwayi.
Masiku ano, zaka zonsezi pambuyo pake, kuthekera kuliponso kuti achinyamata akuda ndi azungu - ophatikizidwa ndi ena omwe ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe ndi wachibadwidwe akuwukiridwa koopsa, kuphatikiza osamukira kumayiko ena, Olota, Asilamu, ndi oyimira LGBTQ - adzakhalanso gawo losangalatsa la gulu lankhondo. mgwirizano watsopano wopititsa patsogolo ufulu wachibadwidwe, nthawi ino mdziko lonse, Kumpoto ndi Kumwera, Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo.
Kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chimenecho, mโpofunika kubwerera mโmbuyo kuti mukonzenso zomwe zinaswa mgwirizano wakale umenewo.
Zaka Zaka zana za Counter-revolution
Ngakhale mโzaka zanga ku NAACP, kuukira boma kunali kutayamba.
Akuluakulu a Khoti Lalikulu la Supreme Court anatsutsa zolimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe kupatulapo milandu yoipitsitsa. Kumpoto, palibe kupita patsogolo komwe kudachitika kusiyanitsa sukulu za boma ngakhale panali kampeni yaikulu yotsogozedwa ndi NAACP ndi antchito ake azamalamulo. Anthu a ku Africa kuno ku America anakhalabe otsekeredwa m'nyumba zodzaza anthu m'mabwalo a m'tauni omwe anali opanda chitetezo, okhala ndi mwayi wochepa kwambiri wa ntchito. Apolisiwo ankayangโaniridwa ndi asilikali pafupifupi azungu omwe anatenga ntchito yawo yaikulu yoteteza azungu amene ankakhala mโmadera osiyanasiyana.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1965, Mfumu inazindikira kuti gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe liyenera kupita kumpoto ngati lidzamasula anthu a ku America ku tsankho. Kuti atsegule kampeni yakumpoto, adatengera SCLC ku Chicago mu 1966. Pogwira ntchito ndi American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) ndi gulu la ambulera la m'deralo, Mfumu inayang'ana kuyesa kutsegulira madera a Chicago azungu kwa African American. Khama linakumana ndi anthu achiwawa. King adagundidwa ndi mwala paulendowu ndipo adanena kuti sanawonepo chidani chotere. Pambuyo pa zomwe zidakhala mgwirizano wabodza womwe adakambitsirana ndi mzindawu, King ndi SCLC adabwerera, ndipo zomwe zimatchedwa Chicago Freedom Movement zidamwalira.
Pofika mโchaka cha 1968 pamene Mfumu inaphedwa, bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu linali litagawikana. Pokhumudwa ndi kulimba kwa ulamuliro wa azungu, ambiri omenyera ufulu wakuda adakokera ku malingaliro a Black Power onenedwa ndi atsogoleri monga Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap โโBrown, Malcolm X, ndi Black Panther chipani. Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi cha achinyamata ambiri omenyera ufulu wachizungu chidachoka ku ufulu wachibadwidwe ndikuletsa nkhondo ya Vietnam.
King analibe chidwi ndi zigawenga izi. Asanamwalire, a King ndi a SCLC anali atakonza za Poor Peopleโs Campaign yomwe idzaphatikizepo azungu komanso akuda ndi osauka amitundu yonse. Cholinga chake chinali kulamuliranso kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wachibadwidwe mwa kugwirizanitsa nkhondo zolimbana ndi umphawi, tsankho, ndi zankhondo kuti zilimbikitse mamiliyoni aku America amitundu yonse omwe akukhala muumphawi wadzaoneni.
Pambuyo pa imfa yake, SCLC, yomwe tsopano ikutsogoleredwa ndi Ralph Abernathy, inaganiza zopititsa patsogolo ntchitoyi, yomwe imayang'ana pa kukhazikitsa mzinda wa mahema pa National Mall wotchedwa Resurrection City. Atalandira chilolezo, mazana a anthu anamanga mahema awo ndi kutsegula mzinda wa mahemawo mu May. Koma pofika mwezi wa June, mvula itagwa kwa mwezi umodzi, akuluakulu a boma anathamangitsa anthu okhalamo nโkuwononga mzindawo. Monga kuyesayesa koyambirira kukulitsa chidwi chaufulu wachibadwidwe ku North, kuyesayesa uku kunathanso kulephera.
Kuphatikiza apo, kudera lakumpoto, magulu okhazikitsidwa ndi azungu, opereka ndalama, ndi mabungwe omwe adathandizira ufulu wachibadwidwe tsopano adakana kuyitana kwa Black Power, komanso kuchitapo kanthu. Ngakhale mabungwe akuluakulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu monga NAACP, omwe adadalira kwambiri thandizo la ndalama zoyera, adalowa nawo gululi, ndi mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu, Roy Wilkins, wotsutsana ndi Black Power komanso atsogoleri akuda omwe ankabwera kudzamenyana ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam.
Kwa anthu ambiri aku Africa ku America, kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King, Jr. kunali udzu womaliza. Zipanduko - zotchedwa zipolowe ndi atolankhani - zidafalikira ku America konse. Magawo onse a mizinda, kuphatikizapo Washington, D.C., anatenthedwa. Asilikali anaitanidwa kuti athetse mkwiyowo.
Pamene zochitikazi zinkachitika, palibe mabungwe akuluakulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe adalumikizana ndi omenyera ufulu wa Black Power pamodzi ndi omenyera ufulu wachizungu kuti akonzenso mkwiyo womwe unalipo kuti ukhale watsopano, woyang'ana patsogolo ufulu wachibadwidwe. Bungwe la NAACP, lomwe lidakhala ndi gawo lotsogola pamalamulo a Civil Rights Act a 1964, 1965, ndi 1968, likuwoneka kuti lataya mphamvu zake zochirikiza mtsogolo. Komanso, kulowetsedwa kwa FBI kwa SNCC ndi Panthers kunasokoneza mbali zazikulu za gulu lakuda lotsutsa.
M'malo mwake, anali okonda tsankho akum'mwera omwe anali paulendo, George Wallace wa ku Alabama akutsogolera kumpoto. Kumeneko, azungu ambiri amawopa kuti anthu akuda akuphatikiza madera awo, malo ogwira ntchito, ndi masukulu, zonse zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Richard Nixon akhale ndi "ndondomeko yakumwera" ndi "lamulo ndi dongosolo", zomwe zinachititsa mantha oyera ndi mkwiyo kumbuyo kwa ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi anthu. ufulu.
Mkhalidwe wa azungu a ku America panthawiyo mwina udafotokozedwa bwino ndi a Daniel Patrick Moynihan, katswiri wamaphunziro komanso wandale yemwe adalandira maudindo apamwamba pansi pa purezidenti wa Republican ndi Democratic. Monga mlangizi wa Nixon mu March 1970, Moynihan analemba chikalata cholimbikitsa mfundo za โkunyalanyazaโ kwa anthu akuda.
Kumanja, Moynihan ankawonedwa ngati mawu oganiza. Kwa otsalira a gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, iye anali wachinyengo. Komabe nyenyezi ya Moynihan idapitilira kukwera. Anakhala kazembe wa U.S. ku United Nations, pulofesa wa payunivesite ya Harvard, ndipo pomalizira pake anadzakhala seneta wa U.S. Purezidenti Bill Clinton pambuyo pake adamupatsa mphoto yapamwamba kwambiri ya anthu wamba, Medal of Freedom.
Munthawi yonse ya ntchito ya Moynihan pambuyo pa 1971, ngakhale amaziganizira mwanjira imeneyi kapena ayi, tsankho lobisika la "kunyalanyazidwa koyipa" lidakhalabe pakatikati pakubwerera kwa opanga mfundo zaku America. M'malo mwake, pansi pa Purezidenti Clinton - komanso pazotsutsa za Moynihan - Congress idadutsa zomwe zimatchedwa "kusintha kwazabwino," zomwe zidangokulitsa zovuta zomwe anthu aku Africa (komanso mamiliyoni a azungu) amakhala muumphawi.
Kupita ku Militancy Yatsopano
Tsopano, zaka 50 kuchokera pamene Martin Luther King, Jr.
Madera ambiri akuda akumatauni amawoneka ngati madera ankhondo, chifukwa cha kuwuluka kwa anthu oyera, kudalirana kwa mayiko, kuchotsedwa kwa mafakitale, ndi kupanga makina - komanso "kunyalanyaza" komanso tsankho lodziwika bwino. Sukulu zambiri zaboma zomwe sizikuyenda bwino zidakali zopatukana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito ngati mapaipi opita kundende zodzaza anthu. Ulova wa anthu wakuda ukadali wowirikiza kawiri wa azungu, chuma chakuda chimakhalabe gawo laling'ono la chuma cha azungu, ndipo mtengo wa nyumba m'mizinda yambiri ndi wokwera kwambiri kotero kuti anthu aku America aku America amakakamizika kukhala m'nyumba zoyipa kwambiri kutali ndi ntchito zomwe zilipo.
Inde, anthu ena aku Africa ku America akwera makwerero a chipambano chamakampani, ndale, zaluso, komanso masewera apamwamba kwambiri. Koma pansi, zenizeni zidakali zodetsa nkhawa.
Mwina chifukwa chake, m'badwo watsopano wa oganiza aku Africa America - kuphatikiza Ta-Nehisi Coates, wolemba We Were Eight Years in Power, ndi Michelle Alexander, yemwe analemba The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colour Blindness - adabaya jekeseni. m'malingaliro a anthu lingaliro lakuti kusankhana mitundu ndi guluu wamphamvu kwambiri yemwe watsutsa zoyesayesa zonse zowachotsa.
Ndiponso si olemba okhawo amene akusonyeza mkwiyo ndi kukhumudwa kwawo.
M'dziko lonselo, anthu ambiri aku Africa aku America akuukira machitidwe opondereza apolisi, kuphatikiza kupha anthu aku America omwe alibe zida komanso gulu lamilandu lomwe nthawi zonse limakana kuimbidwa mlandu apolisi, komabe amamanga mamiliyoni amitundu amitundu mochulukirachulukira. anamangidwa zaka 50 zapitazo.
Kuyika njira zamalamulo kutali ndi kupangitsa kuti kuyimilira kwa anthu akuda kuchepe, Khothi Lalikulu Lalikulu lalanda Lamulo la Ufulu Wakuvota la 1965 kuti likwaniritse zofunikira zake. A Donald Trump asankha loya wamkulu wosankhana mitundu, yemwe adachitapo kanthu pazandale ponena kuti Barack Obama anabadwira ku Kenya, ndipo amaona anthu oguba a chipani cha Nazi ngati โanthu abwino kwambiri.โ
Pomuthandiza, a Trump ali ndi maziko olimba a mamembala a Tea Party, azungu ogwira ntchito omwe awona ntchito zamafakitale zolipira bwino zikusokonekera, alaliki achizungu, ndi mamiliyoni a azungu osankhana mitundu m'masiku akale.
Pambuyo pa zaka 50 zakupumira, kodi tsopano ndi nthawi yoti tipange gulu latsopano lomwe lingathe kukopa anthu ambiri aku America pokana zofuna zawo zokhazikika pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko logwirizana?
Zolimbana zamtunduwu ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna kudzimana, monga momwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe adapanga pakumanganso Kwachiwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kalelo, zolinga zawo zinali malamulo ndi miyambo ya tsankho ngati Jim Crow. Tsopano, m'maso mwa ambiri - kapena mwina ambiri - aku America oyera, zovuta zimawoneka zobisika. Azungu omwe amatsatira mfundo zachikunja akhala omasuka kwambiri kukhala odana kwambiri ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, pamene anthu omasuka amalephera kumvetsa kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha tsankho.
Polemba mu The Atlantic a Donald Trump asanapambane, Julian E. Zelizer ananena kuti Hillary Clinton analibe โmbiri yodziลตika bwino yolimbana ndi kusankhana mitundu.โ Monga Hubert Humphrey m'zaka za m'ma 1960s, adalemba kuti, Clinton "wawonetsa kufunitsitsa kulola mantha andale zandale kuti azimukankhira ku kaimidwe kosamala." Ponena za a Trump, Zelizer adasankha, ngati atasankhidwa, apitiliza "kusewera moyipa kwambiri mwa osankhidwa." Zinali zonyoza bwanji!
Koma pazifukwa izi ndendende, nthawi yakwana yoti kuyambike kwatsopano kofunikira. Mโzaka zaposachedwapa, kupha apolisi mosalekeza kwa anthu akuda opanda zida kwayambitsa gulu la Black Lives Matter. Gulu limenelo, lomwe lachirikizidwa ndi azungu ambiri ndi akuda, linafalikira mโmizinda yambiri pamene kuwomberana kwatsopano kunachitika.
Kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kumapangitsa kuti pasakhale kuchedwetsa nthawi pakati pa zomwe zidayambitsa komanso zomwe zimachitika. Ngakhale zinali zoponderezedwa kwambiri ndi mfundo, gulu la Black Lives Matter lidakula kwambiri m'magawo am'deralo, osatsatizana ndi utsogoleri wawo. Sanafunikire atsogoleri achikulire omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe amakonda kubwera, atanyamula nyanga ya ng'ombe m'manja, kenako amatulukanso kupita pachiwonetsero chotsatira.
Komanso mphamvu zatsopanozi sizinayime pamenepo. Azimayi omwe akufuna kuthetsa kusiyana kwa malipiro ndi kusiya kuzunzidwa, osamalira zachilengedwe akulimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko, gulu la LGBTQ likufuna kuti mabanja azigwirizana komanso kuteteza malo ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe akufuna kuti alandire malipiro ochepera $15, ndi achinyamata omwe akuyesetsa kuthetsa chiwawa cha mfuti. misewu yokhala ndi zolimbikitsa zochititsa chidwi.
Ngakhale kugonja kwa Hillary Clinton kumadzetsa zabwino zankhondo zatsopano, chifukwa zikusonyeza kufunika kokhala ndi utsogoleri watsopano. Mu ndale, amayi ambiri akufunafuna zisankho mokweza ndi pansi pazandale, ndipo atsogoleri achikazi atsopano ndi ankhanza akutuluka pagulu. Atsogoleri a mabungwe amamvetsetsanso kuti pochirikiza malipiro ochepera $15, amathandizira antchito osalongosoka komanso ochita zinthu mwadongosolo.
Kugawana Katunduyo
Kupititsa patsogolo mphamvuzi zikhala zovuta kwambiri. Anthu ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti zomwe amakonda zomwe amakonda zimasiyana kwambiri kuposa momwe amagawira. Choyamba, komabe, Ntchito Yomanganso Yachiwiri imatiphunzitsa kuti anthu akuda ndi azungu ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi monga anachitira pazaka zofunika kwambiri za Kumanganso Kwachiwiri.
Anthu aku America aku America azikhala patsogolo nthawi zonse panthawi zonse kuchotsa kuwonongeka kwa ukapolo, Jim Crowism, ndi tsankho losatopa. Koma sangathe ndipo sayenera kunyamula mtolo wolimbana ndi tsankho la America lokha. Ngati payenera kukhala Kumanganso Kwachitatu, kuyenera kulandiranso mtundu womwewo ndi thandizo lomwe lathandiza kuti Ntchito Yomanganso Yachiwiri ipite patsogolo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti azungu akugwira ntchito ndikuthandizira utsogoleri waku Africa America pamlingo uliwonse ndikofunikira.
Komanso, pali mamiliyoni ambiri azungu aku America omwe ali muumphawi wadzaoneni. Onse akuda ndi azungu omwe ali paumphaลตi amafunikira zinthu zofanana: chithandizo chamankhwala, chakudya chokwanira ndi chopatsa thanzi ndi nyumba, masukulu aboma ogwira ntchito bwino, kupeza ntchito zabwino, madzi aukhondo, mpweya wabwino, dongosolo la chilungamo chaupandu, ndi malo okhalamo. Payokha, palibe aku America aku America kapena azungu omwe sangakwanitse kukwaniritsa zolingazi.
Kampeni Yatsopano Ya Anthu Osauka
Poona kuti nthawi yakwana, Kukonzanso Kwachitatu, Rev. Dr. William Barber, Jr. ndi Liz Theoharis apereka โNational Call for Moral Revival,โ kuti akhazikitse Kampeni yatsopano ya Anthu Osauka.
Iwo akuphatikiza zochitika zawo zazitali monga okonzekera komanso monga abusa, aliyense akuzindikira kuti kusanthula komwe Martin Luther King, Jr. anaika patsogolo m'zaka zotsogolera ku 1968 kunapereka njira yopita patsogolo pazachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Monga mmisiri wa Moral Mondays Movement ku North Carolina, Barber ndi mgwirizano wa mipingo, omenyera ufulu, ndi North Carolina NAACP adapanga mawu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, otsutsana ndi malamulo opondereza a opanga malamulo m'boma limenelo. Pofika chaka cha 2014, pakati pa 60,000 ndi 80,000 anthu adasonkhana ku Raleigh chifukwa cha Moral March, kulimbikitsa ufulu wovota, ufulu wa ntchito, ufulu wa amayi, ndi ufulu wa LGBTQ, komanso chisamaliro chaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi chilengedwe.
Pofotokoza kupambana kwake, Barber adauza CNN, "Sitinapange gulu loyera kapena gulu lakuda. Tinapanga gulu la makhalidwe abwino.โ Izi zidapitilira ulendo wa 2016 Moral Revival, pomwe Barber adayendera maiko 22, akuchititsa maphunziro ndi zochitika zapagulu za atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi omenyera ufulu wawo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Barber mu 2017 alumikizane ndi Theoharis, wotsogolera wa Kairos Center komanso woyambitsa Umphawi Initiative ku Union Theological Seminary, kuti atsitsimutse Campaign ya Anthu Osauka ya 1968.
Pambuyo pa ulendo wa mayiko 15 mu 2017, kampeniyi inakhazikitsidwa pa December 4, 2017, patatha zaka 50 kuchokera pamene Mfumu yalengeza za kampeni ya 1968. Pamsonkhano wa atolankhani ku Washington, D.C., omenyera ufulu wawo ochokera mโmaboma 30 analengeza kuti adzipereka kutenga nawo mbali. Pa February 5, 2018, atsogoleri am'deralo ochokera m'maboma 30 aja adachita nawo ntchito yoyamba yogwirizanirana, ndikupereka ziganizo ku ma capitols awo akulengeza cholinga chawo chobwerera ndikukonzekera masiku 40 osachita zachiwawa kuyambira pa Meyi 13, 2018 - Tsiku la Amayi - kukweza zofuna za kampeni.
A Mary Kay Henry, Purezidenti wa Service Employees International Union (SEIU), adalengezanso kuti amathandizira kampeniyi. Ndipo bungwe la Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), ku Washington D.C., loganiza bwino lomwe lili ndi mbiri yakale yopereka chithandizo kumagulu opita patsogolo, likutulutsa kafukufuku wowona momwe ufulu wa anthu ukuyendera pazaka 50 zapitazi za ndawala.
Wotchiyo siidzatha pakatha masiku 40 - uwu udzakhala mutu woyamba wa kampeni yazaka zambiri, monga momwe Moral Mondays movement ku North Carolina inali msonkhano wazaka zambiri womwe unamangidwa ndikukula zaka zingapo.
Pamene kampeniyi ikukula mโmaboma ku North ndi South, Barber ndi Theoharis atsimikiza mtima kuonetsetsa kuti atsogoleri a mโderalo akusamalidwa bwino, kuphatikizapo kuyimira mwamphamvu anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osaukaโakuda, abulauni, ndi oyeraโamene amavutika kuti amvedwe. . Cholinga chawo ndi kupanga kampeni yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ya amuna ndi akazi, yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe idzathetse kugawanikana kwautundu ndi zachuma komwe pakali pano kung'amba America.
Kuti tikwaniritse cholinga ichi, kutenga nawo mbali kwa oyera kumakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Mโmasiku opambana a Ntchito Yomanganso Yachiwiri, achinyamata achizungu anagwirizana ndi achinyamata akuda kuika matupi awo pamzere pamene Okwera Ufulu ndi ziwonetsero, ndipo atsogoleri achipembedzo achizungu, maloya, ndi ochirikiza azachuma anaima ndi anzawo akuda. Iwo adanena momveka bwino kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi Jim Crow inali nkhondo yadziko lonse.
Momwemonso lerolino, nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wofanana iyenera kuwonedwa ngati nkhondo yapadziko lonse yomwe cholinga chake ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri womwe ungapindulitse anthu onse aku America.
Lewis M. Steel ndi phungu wamkulu ku Outten & Golden LLP komanso membala wa bungwe la Institute for Policy Studies. Iye ndi mlembi wa The Butler's Child: An Autobiography.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama