M’dongosolo ladziko lolungama, ufulu wodzilamulira, kuphatikizapo ufulu wodzilamulira, uyenera kuonedwa ngati chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Monga momwe zilili ndi mfundo zambiri zamakhalidwe, komabe, kukwaniritsidwa kwenikweni kwa zofuna zotere kumadzutsa zovuta chifukwa nthawi zonse zimabuka m'mbiri ya kugawidwa kopanda chilungamo kwa ufulu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kufuna kudzilamulira kumachitika ndendende chifukwa sikunakwaniritsidwe mpaka pano, kupangitsa kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yosalungama. Titero mwachidule
yang'anani ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa anthu aku Kashmir motere.
Munthawi yosalungama imeneyi, miyeso ya ulamuliro wakunja imalowererapo ndi ufulu wa anthu kwazaka zambiri-nthawi zina, kwazaka zambiri. Ulamulirowu sikuti umangobweretsa zofuna za mabungwe olamulira okha, koma amachepetsa kuthekera kwa anthu kufotokoza zomwe akufuna mpaka magawo ena a anthu akhazikitse mbali zowongolera ndikuyamba kutsutsana ndi nkhani yodziyimira pawokha. Zotsatira zake, anthu amagawanika. Mabungwe olamulira ndiye amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wawo m'dzina la anthu. Mbiri yakale ya nthawi ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazochitika zomwe zangofotokozedwa kumene. Tidzayang'ana mwachidule ku Iraq kuti timvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika tisanatembenukire ku Kashmir.
Ku Iraq, kukhazikitsidwa kwa (panopa) kuyang'anira kunja kwaposachedwa, kwankhanza, komanso kolumikizidwa bwino ndi zokonda za US zakunja zaposachedwa pakuwongolera mafuta. Chiwawa cha imperialist chimaonekera poyera; Choncho, anthu amene amachitiridwa ziwawa kwambiri amagwirizana potsutsa kulanda dziko la United States. Kafukufuku wodalirika akuwonetsa kuti 1% ya anthu aku Iraq amalandila kupezeka kwa US ku Iraq pomwe opitilira 80% amafuna kutha kwa US nthawi yomweyo; ena amasiyana nthawi yomwe akufuna kuti magulu ankhondo achoke. Ngakhale ndi ochepa omwe akufuna kuti asitikali aku US achotsedwe pang'onopang'ono, ndizomveka kuti kuopa kwawo kugwa kwapanthawi yomweyo kumagwirizana ndi chipwirikiti cha anthu aku Iraq chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha nkhanza za US.
Chifukwa cha mkangano, lingalirani zochitika zomvetsa chisoni (komanso mwachiyembekezo zabodza) momwe US, mothandizidwa ndi boma la Iraqi kasitomala, imatha kupitiliza zolakwa zake ku Iraq kwa zaka zingapo. Panthawi imeneyi, tiyerekeze kuti kuoneka kwa dongosolo ndi kukhazikika kumabwereranso mwachilengedwe: ndalama zina zamafuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa chakudya ndi machitidwe azaumoyo; madzi ndi magetsi zimabwerera kumayendedwe abwino; anthu amatha kuchita malonda mkati ndi kunja kwa Iraq; alendo amabwerera; mabungwe ena, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, ayamba kugwira ntchito; chiwawa m'makwalala chachepa; kukana kumasweka pang'ono; Asitikali aku US nthawi zambiri amakhala m'misasa pafupi ndi malo oyikapo mafuta; kuchuluka kwa anthu ayamba kuyimilira pazisankho zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi US.
Munthawi imeneyi, ndizotheka kuti anthu ochepa omwe akugwedezeka achulukirachulukira. Potchulapo zisankho zabwino, a US adzakhala ndi mwayi wonena kuti kukhalapo kwa US kuyenera kulimbikitsa bata ndi (demokalase) ku Iraq. Komabe, n’zachidziŵikire kuti palibe chimene chimasintha ponena za kufunika kotheratu kwa ufulu wa anthu wodzilamulira. Kukakamiza mwankhanza kulamulira kunja kwa nthawi yayitali kuti anthu akhumudwe komanso kuti awoneke ngati akugwirizana ndi njira yoyesedwa yolanda mphamvu ndi mfuti zamphamvu kwambiri. Pachifukwa chomwechi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti kukana komwe kulipo pano ku Iraq kukukulirakulirabe pansi pa lamulo la anthu; iyinso ndi njira yoyesedwa yoperekera kusakhazikika njira yoyesedwa ya mphamvu zogwirira ntchito.
Zina ziwiri za Iraq yamakono ndizofunikira pano. Choyamba, palibe kukayikira kuti Iraq ndi gulu logawanika lomwe lili ndi magulu atatu omwe akukangana: ma sunni, ma shias, ndi a Kurds. Koma kugawanika pakati pa anthu aku Iraq sikungakhale mkangano wotsutsana ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Titha kukhala ndi malingaliro pakuchotsedwanso kwa Iraq kapena pamigwirizano yosakhazikika pakati pa maphwando. Koma ndi kwa anthu aku Iraq kusankha njira yomwe akufuna kuchita. Chachiwiri, pamene ufulu wodzilamulira ukuwoneka ngati wamtengo wapatali, khalidwe lotsutsana ndi imperialism ndilopanda nkhawa. Apanso ndi kwa anthu aku Iraq kuti asankhe zomwe akuwona kuti ndizoyenera kukana. M'mbiri, chisankho chikhoza kukhala cholakwika; koma ndiye zilinso kwa anthu aku Iraq kuti akonze njira.
Mwachidule, ufulu wodzilamulira sungalephereke ngakhale (a) zigawo zina za anthu sakuzifunanso, makamaka chifukwa chokakamizika, (b) anthu a m’dera loyenerera agawanika, ndipo (c) khalidwe la kukana ulamuliro wakunja ndi wokayikitsa. Tikukumbukira kuti a British adagwiritsa ntchito zonsezi kuti achedwetse ufulu wodzilamulira mpaka zochitika zomwe zinachokera ku nkhondo yachiwiri ndi kumasulidwa kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kukakamiza a British kuchoka ku India.
M'nkhani yaposachedwa yolembedwa mu Znet (‘Kodi ufulu ndi njira yabwino kwa Jammu ndi Kashmir?’, 24 Januware), Badri Raina, monga mutu ukusonyezera, wadzutsa nkhani zomwe aku Britain adayambitsa kwazaka zambiri asanakakamizidwe kuchoka ku India. Chidwi cha chidutswa ichi ndi chakuti wolembayo ali kumanzere, ndipo Znet ndi nsanja yodziwika bwino ya malingaliro akumanzere. Mitsutsoyi ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa zonena zachifumu zamtundu uwu: Kashmir ndi wathu chifukwa raja wina adasaina pepala. Zotsatira zake, komabe, zimakhala zofanana.
Raina akukweza mitundu ya (a) mpaka (b) pamwambapa ngati yotsutsa ‘kulingalira kuti zigawenga ndi ziwawa sizingayembekezeredwe kutsekedwa mpaka ufulu "wodzilamulira" utaperekedwaâ €™ (zindikirani kuti mawu akuti ‘kudzilamulira’ amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mawu a Raina). Iye amadzutsanso matembenuzidwe a (c): ‘Kodi mpaka liti chigwacho chikanize kukankhira kwa teokrase ponse paŵiri boma ndi ndale mumkhalidwe “wodziimira” umenewo. Ndithudi, onse a ku Kashmiri ndi dziko la India ali ndi mbali zazikulu pa zonsezi.’ Koma popeza Raina sanatulutse mfundo zochirikiza lingaliro limeneli, ndinyalanyaza mbali iyi ya nkhani yake.
Mavoti
Mtsutso woyamba wa Raina, mtundu wa (a), ukukhudza kafukufuku yemwe bungwe la MORI International "lidakhudza zigawo zonse, m'matauni ndi akumidzi, a zigawo zitatu za Jammu ndi Kashmir State." Raina akuganiza za MORI Foundation ngati "bungwe lodziwika bwino ndi maakaunti onse", sakunena kuti mazikowo ndi ochokera ku US. Raina adatchulanso kafukufuku wina yemwe adachitidwa ndi Synovate India yomwe idaphimba chigwacho.
Zotsatirazi, ndiyang'ana kwambiri za kafukufuku wa MORI popeza, monga momwe Raina adawonera, idakhudza "madera onse." Kupitilira apo, kuyang'ana kwambiri pa MORI kuli koyenera chifukwa Raina akuyamba gawo ili la nkhani yake ndi mkhalidwe wakuti †˜Chilichonse chomwe chingakambidwe kapena kupezeka chikuyenera kukhudza dera lonse la Jammu ndi Kashmir m'malo mongoyang'ana mbali ina iliyonse." Pakadali pano, kumvera zomwe Raina adachita, ndizodziwikiratu kuti zomwe zapezedwa ndi voti ya MORI ndizofunikira kwambiri. Komanso, nditenga kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zapezazo mopepuka.
Mbali ya zotsatira za MORI zomwe zakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zomwe Raina adalengeza mobwerezabwereza, zikusonyeza kuti 61 peresenti amaona kuti akanakhala bwino pa ndale ndi zachuma ngati nzika za ku India, ndipo 6 peresenti yokha amaona kuti akanakhala choncho. Nzika zaku Pakistani. Raina akufotokoza kuti: ‘popanda kungongoganizira chabe ndiye tinganene kuti malingaliro ochulukitsitsa m'boma la Jammu ndi Kashmir ndi "wodziyimira pawokha, wadziko, wodziyimira pawokha." ogulitsa ena odziwa za “Funso la Kashmir,†’ Raina akupitiriza, "izi ndi zoona."
Praful Bidwai (‘Wanted: policy, not hubris’, Frontline, July 6, 2002) akuwonetsa mavuto awiri okhudzana ndi zotsatira. Choyamba, ‘ambiri mwa omwe angakonde kukhala nzika zaku India ndi a ku Jammu ndi Ladakh, osati a ku Chigwa. Mayankho oti "sindikudziwa" pafunsoli adakhazikika ku Srinagar.’ Kuti tifotokoze, pomwe 99 peresenti ya omwe adayankha ku Jammu ndi 100% ku Leh adawona kuti atha kukhala bwino ngati nzika zaku India, 78 peresenti ya omwe ali ku Srinagar adati sakudziwa pomwe 9 peresenti akuwona kuti atha kukhala bwino ngati nzika zaku India komanso 13 peresenti ngati nzika zaku Pakistani. " Bidwai akufotokoza kuti: "78 peresenti "sakudziwa" akuphatikizapo anthu ambiri omwe amalembetsa azadi kapena mtundu wake womwe ndi wofanana ndi kudziyimira pawokha kapena kudziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku India, koma amakana kuphatikizidwa ndi Pakistan. Popeza kuti vuto lalikulu la Kashmir ndi la Chigwa, ili ndi lingaliro lodetsa nkhawa.’
Chachiwiri, a Bidwai akuwona kuti "nkhani yovuta mkati mwa Jammu ndi Kashmir sikuti ndi "zisankho zaufulu ndi zachilungamo", koma zisankho zophatikiza ndi zaulere. pang'ono pokhapokha ngati zisankho zikukhudza malingaliro ambiri andale m'boma.’ Zowona zake, malingaliro angapo saloledwa kugwira ntchito ku Jammu ndi Kashmir kwazaka zambiri. Mfundo imeneyi, kuphatikizapo ziwawa zomwe zachititsa kuti anthu wamba pafupifupi XNUMX aphedwe, mavuto azachuma osaneneka, ndiponso kusamvana kwa anthu pa nkhani zandale, zikufotokoza za chiwerengero chochititsa chidwi cha ‘ sindikudziwa’, chomwe, monga Bidwai adanenera, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe zinthu ziliri ku Kashmir.
Raina sakhala chete ponena za gawo ili la zomwe MORI yapeza. Monga taonera, njira yake ndi kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti zomwe apezazi zimangochitika ku chigwa, choncho ndizosafunikira poganizira "magawo onse" omwe iye adakhazikitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, "osadziwa" alibe chifukwa, malinga ndi iye, "osafotokoza zomwe gulu lililonse la anthu mdera lililonse la boma silingavomerezedwe chifukwa vutoli likuyankhidwa. .’ Mwa kuyankhula kwina, choyamba tikulangizidwa kuti tinyalanyaze mikhalidwe ya mbiri yakale yomwe yadzetsa "malingaliro osadziwika" m'magulu ambiri a anthu; ndiye tikulangizidwa kuti tisanyalanyaze maganizowo popeza ‘osafotokozedwa.’
Raina ali ndi njira ina yotsutsa "zochititsa chidwi" zomwe zapezedwa ndi MORI: chifukwa m'chigwachi, m'malo modalira voti ya MORI, amapita ku kafukufuku wa Synovate womwe unachitika patatha zaka zitatu mu 2005, ngakhale "madera onse" €™ chikhalidwe, ndikuphatikiza zotsatira izi ndi za (zovuta) zovota za MORI. Malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe adachitika pambuyo pake, 36.2% aku Kashmiris m'chigwa ndi Rajouri (omwe ali ndi Asilamu ambiri) amakonda njira yaku India. Izi zidamuthandiza Raina kunena kuti "popanda kungongoganizira chabe ndiye kuti tinganene kuti malingaliro ochulukirapo m'boma la Jammu ndi Kashmir ndi "wodziyimira pawokha, wadziko, wodziyimira pawokha." pambali pa nkhani ya algebraic ngati 63.8% yotsalayo ikuyimira ‘kutengeka maganizo’, kumbukirani mbiri yakale ya (a) kuti, m’kupita kwa nthawi komanso chiyembekezo chopeza ufulu wachibadwidwe chikuchepa, anthu akhoza kusiya kuchita zinthu zosafunikira kwenikweni. popanda kulimbana kwadongosolo kwa demokalase.
Nthawi yapakati pa 2002 ndi 2005 – positi 9/11 dziko – lawona kubwerera mmbuyo ku zovuta za demokalase za anthu m'madera awa a dziko lapansi. Makamaka, kusintha kwa mfundo za Pakistan ku Kashmir mokakamizidwa ndi US, ziwawa zomwe zikupitilira komanso mavuto azachuma, chikhalidwe chamagulu a jehadi, komanso mwayi wa Hurriyat ndi zipani zina zandale, mbali imodzi, komanso kubwezeretsa pang'ono. za ndondomeko ya zisankho ndi kutsegulidwa kwa ntchito zina zachuma, kumbali inayo, zikanapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa maganizo osiya ntchito. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti mayesero ofunikira a demokalase a ‘chilungamo pozindikira chifuniro chotchuka’, cholimbikitsidwa ndi a Bidwai, chakwaniritsidwa. Potengera malingaliro ofananirako, Raina walephera kuyamikira mbiri yakale ya anthu okakamizidwa.
Kugawikana kwa anthu?
Potembenukira ku (b) pamwambapa, tiyeni tiwone zowona za "magawo onse" a Raina. Monga taonera, Raina ali ndi mkangano wa mbali ziŵiri: (A) anthu m’chigwa alibe ‘malingaliro opambanitsa’ motsutsana ndi India; (B) potengera zigawo zonse, "maganizidwe ochulukirapo" ndi aku India. Kuphatikiza zotsatira za (A) ndi (B), uthenga wobisika wa Raina ndikuti, ngakhale (A) ndi yabodza, (B) imayamba. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngakhale anthu a m'chigwachi akutsutsana kwambiri ndi India (komanso ufulu wodzilamulira), tiyenera kunyalanyaza maganizo awo chifukwa anthu a m'derali akufuna kukhalabe ku India. Raina akuyika uthengawo motere motere: ‘kodi chikhumbo cha "ufulu" cha theka la anthu a m'chigwachi chikhale chotani ndi malingaliro ochuluka m'chigwa? zikhale zoona zimangolimbikitsa njira ya Raina. Tidawona kuti (A) sizowona. Izi zimasiya mtolo wonse wa mkangano wa Raina pa (B) yekha –mkhalidwe wa "zigawo zonse".
Popeza chikhalidwe cha "magawo onse" chikuwoneka ngati chachikale, chodziwikiratu, chowerengera kuti chigonjetse aliyense wofuna kudzipatula, Raina wakumanzere akufunika kupeza mfundo za "demokalase" zochirikiza vutoli. Pamodzi ndi zokamba zambiri, amaphatikiza mfundo ziwiri: (1) “anthu m'zigawo zonse amagwirizana kuti ‘chikhalidwe chapadera cha Jammu ndi Kashmir—Kashmiriyat—chiyenera kusungidwa munjira iliyonse yanthawi yayitali. Ponseponse, 81% amavomereza, kuphatikiza 76% ku Srinagar’; (2) ‘Anthu 92 pa 1 aliwonse amatsutsa kuti dziko la Kashmir ligawidwe chifukwa cha chipembedzo kapena mtundu. zikutsutsana ndi kugawanika kwa Kashmir pazifukwa zachipembedzo kapena mafuko, kufuna kudziyimira pawokha ndi gawo la anthu kuyenera kukhala kumbuyo. M'malo mwake, iwo omwe amafuna ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pomwe akuchirikiza (2) ndi (XNUMX) – payenera kukhala ena opatsidwa manambala – sakugwirizana momveka bwino, motero, akhoza kunyalanyazidwa.
Zindikirani choyamba kuti mlandu wa kusagwirizana ukuganiza kuti ngati anthu a m’chigwachi akufuna kudzipatula ku dziko la India, adzachita zimenezo pazifukwa zachipembedzo kapena zautundu. Tikangoganiza zoyang'ana mayendedwe a anthu kudzera m'magulu amagulu kapena magulu ampatuko, timaiwala nkhani yayikulu yomwe anthu ambiri amangofuna kudzipatula ku Boma. Ndilo dziko la India limene anthu a m’chigwa akutsutsana nalo, dziko limene likuwoneka kuti lalanda boma lawolo poyamba mwachinyengo polowa m’pangano lopanda demokalase ndi raja, ndiyeno pofika zaka theka la zaka za kufulumizitsa kuponderezana. Zikanakhala kuti chipembedzo chinali nkhani, chigwachi chikanakonda chisankho cha Pakistani chomwe chimakanidwa kwambiri ndi anthu omwe ali m'chigwachi, monga momwe MORI yotchulidwa ndi Raina ikusonyezera.
Ndipotu, mlandu wa kusagwirizana – ngati si wampatuko weniweni - umagwira ntchito kwa Raina mwiniwake. Atatsutsa maganizo omwe afotokozedwa mu (B), Raina akutsutsanso mwamphamvu kuti LOC (mzere wolamulira pakati pa India ndi Pakistan) ukhale malire a boma kuyambira ‘Kashmiris omwe amakhala kumalo otchedwa POK. osalankhula Chikashmiri, kutsekereza kukonkha, ndipo ngakhale mkati mwa chigwacho sipanakhalepo chikondi chochuluka chomwe chatayika pakati pa ma Kashmiri olankhula Chikashmiri ndi omwe samalankhula Chikashmiri kapena Mirpuris kapena Chipunjabi! Ngati zili choncho, ndi a Pandits omwe amakonda kuphonya ngati abale amagazi! Magudumu mkati mwa magudumu, munganene.’ Poyika pambali nkhani ya zowona za mawu awa, Raina tsopano akulimbikitsa kugawanika kwa Kashmir pamitundu yamitundu motsutsana ndi zomwe zanenedwa mu (B).
Sindikunena kuti palibe mkangano pakati pa chikhumbo chofuna umodzi wa Kashmir yense pamaziko a Kashmiriyat ndi malingaliro otsutsana achigawo pa nkhani yodzipatula ku India. Koma ntchito yovuta yothetsera izi ndi mikangano ina ikupereka kwa anthu a ku Kashmir pamene akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wodzilamulira mwaufulu ndi ulemu. Pamene mikhalidwe yochitira chifuniro cha anthu ikuchitika, mbali zonse zili ndi ufulu wofikira anthu ndi maganizo awo. Koma, pamapeto pake, anthu ayenera kupereka chigamulo cha momwe akufunira kuti nkhani zovutazo zithetsedwe. Ufulu wodzilamulira, mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi wapamwamba komanso wotheratu.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Raina sanakhudze nkomwe nkhani yaikulu yodzilamulira, ndipo amaletsa zokambirana zake ku zomwe amaziona kukhala zolepheretsa "kupereka" ufulu kwa anthu a m'chigwa. Apanso, uthengawo sunabisike. Ngati kudziyimira pawokha sikuloledwa poyamba, anthu m'chigwa amataya ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njirayi. Akataya ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito njira inayake, ufulu wonse wochita chilichonse umataya tanthauzo. Choncho, anthu akuchigwa alibe (kwenikweni) ufulu wodzilamulira. Zotsatira zake, Raina akuti "ufulu wodzipatula," womwe "nthawi ina unali gawo la nthano za gulu lamanzere ku India" uyenera kukonzedwanso ndi kugawanika kwa masiku ano. kumanzere komwe kwakhala Raina. Pachithunzi chokonzedwanso, ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu umawonedwa ndi Raina ngati "chopanda kanthu koma mtundu wina wa Idealism," ‘malo ocheperako’ ‘kulolera kudzipatula’. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zimawonedwa ngati ufulu woyambira wa anthu ndi ‘kumanzere wosagawika’ zidakhala zolankhulirana za kumanzere komwe kwapano komwe kumawona kuti gawo la dziko la India ndilokwera kuposa ufulu wa anthu.
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