Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877-1959), katswiri wa zachuma ku Britain, amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha zopereka zake pazachuma. M'modzi mwa olemba odziwika kwambiri m'nthawi yake, Pigou adalemba mabuku opitilira 100 ndi zolemba ndi timabuku topitilira XNUMX zofotokoza zazambiri komanso zothandiza pazachuma. Zolemba zake zimafotokoza nkhani zambiri zokhudza umoyo wa anthu kuyambira pa ulova, nyumba mpaka misonkho.
Ena mwa mabuku ake otchuka ndi awa Chuma ndi Ubwino (1912), Economics of Welfare (1920), A Capital Levy ndi Levy pa War Wealth (1920), Economy Yandale Zankhondo (1921) ndi Chiphunzitso cha Ulova (1933).
Misonkho ya Pigouvian
M'zaka za m'ma 1920, Pigou adapereka yankho lachidziwitso ku lingaliro la kunja komwe kumachitika pamene ndalama zakunja ndi zopindulitsa zimadutsa kwa anthu ena. Adalimbikitsa msonkho pazochitika zilizonse zamsika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zosokoneza (ndalama zotuluka kwa anthu ena). Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chakunja koyipa ndi kuipitsa. Misonkho yosiyanasiyana ya Pigouvian ndiyofala masiku ano kuti athane ndi zoyipa zakunja. Misonkho ya kaboni pamafuta oyambira pansi ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha msonkho wa Pigovian. Mofananamo, misonkho ya fodya, zakumwa zotsekemera, ndi matumba apulasitiki amaperekedwa kuti achepetse kusuta komanso kuti pakhale zotsatira zabwino.
Kumbali inayi, kukongola kwakunja kumachitika pamene zopindulitsa zimaperekedwa kwa anthu ena. Pigou adalimbikitsa kuti maboma alimbikitse zinthu zabwino zakunja popereka ndalama zothandizira katundu ndi ntchito (monga maphunziro ndi thanzi) zomwe zimabweretsa phindu lochulukirapo. Mwachidule, misonkho ndi zothandizira za Pigouvian cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa chitukuko chachuma.
A Levy pa Capital
Zaka zinayi za Nkhondo Yadziko Yoyamba (1914-18) zinasiya Britain ali mโngongole. Pofika kumapeto kwa nkhondo, ngongole ya dziko la Britain inafika pa ยฃ7.1 biliyoni, ndipo malipiro a chiwongoladzanja okha anali ofanana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ndalama za boma. Mu 1920, chiลตerengero cha ngongole ku GDP ya Britain chinali chachikulu kuลตirikiza kasanu kuposa mmene chinaliri mu 1914. Chifukwa chachikulu chimene chinachititsa kuti chuma chaboma chiwonongeke chinali kudalira kwakukulu kwa boma la Britain pa ngongole (mโmalo mwa msonkho) kuti lipeze ndalama zogulira zinthu pankhondo. Ngongole zambiri zinali zangongole zoyandama komanso ngongole zanthawi yayitali. Misonkho inangowonjezera gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a ndalama zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo.
Kuyambira pachiyambi cha Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, Pigou adathandizira kwambiri pazokambirana zapakhomo pazakuyang'anira mavuto azachuma pankhondo. Chimodzi mwazofunikira za Pigou chinali chiwongola dzanja chanthawi imodzi cha 25 peresenti kwa eni ake amalikulu kapena chuma china kuti achepetse mavuto azachuma ku Britain. Adafotokozanso za lingaliro ili motalika kwambiri m'mabuku angapo, kuphatikiza mabuku ake awiri (A Capital Levy ndi Levy pa War Wealth ndi Economy Yandale Zankhondo).
Lingaliro la msonkho wanthawi imodzi kuti athetse ngongole yankhondo adalandira thandizo lalikulu la ndale ku Britain itatha nkhondo. Malingalirowa adavomerezedwa ndi Labor Party, Trade Union Congress, ndi ena. Labor Party inamenyana ndi chisankho cha 1924 pa nsanja ya capital levy.
Lingaliro la msonkho wa likulu la Pigou linatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhawa zokhudzana ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, zolepheretsa kusunga ndalama, komanso kutuluka kwa ndalama kuchokera ku Britain. Poyankha madandaulo otere, Pigou adatsutsa mfundo ndi mfundo mwamphamvu ndipo adatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti chiwongola dzanja chanthawi imodzi sichingakhudze kuchuluka kwa ndalama zonse koma kungosamutsa ndalama ndi chuma kuchokera kwa anthu olemera kupita kwa ena kudzera pamisonkho. M'malingaliro ake, msonkho wanthawi imodzi ndi njira yabwinoko kuposa kuyang'anizana ndi chiyembekezo cha zaka makumi asanu za msonkho wolemera. Komabe, Treasury idakana lingaliro la levy chifukwa lingachepetse mitengo ya katundu.
Kukhometsa Misonkho Olemera
Pigou adapempha kuti pakhale ndondomeko yowonjezereka ya msonkho ku Britain. Iye ankakomera kwambiri kuti anthu olemera azipereka msonkho wokwera, ngakhale kwa nthawi yochepa. Mโlingaliro lake, misonkho yokwezeka kwa olemera inali njira yabwino koposa yopezera ndalama ndipo iyenera โkulipidwa panthaลตi yapadera nโcholinga chochirikiza nkhondo imene inali isanakhalepo.โ Ananenanso kuti monga amuna amphamvu amafunikira kuti amenye nkhondoyi, amphamvu pazachuma ayeneranso kunyamula mtolo wowonjezera.
Iye ankakhulupirira ndi mtima wonse kuti boma la Britain โlinalakwa kwambiri pokhometsa msonkho wochepa komanso kubwereka ndalama zambiriโ kuti lipeze ndalama zowonongera ndalama pankhondo. Iye ankatsutsa kubwereketsa kopanda tsankho chifukwa kukanachititsa kuti anthu osauka azikhoma msonkho wokwera. Pigou ankafuna kusamutsa msonkho kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mapewa akuluakulu. Anafotokozanso kuti kusonkhetsa msonkho kwa anthu olemera ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera ngongole zankhondo nthawi imodzi chifukwa boma silingabweretse ndalama zambiri pokhometsa anthu osauka msonkho.
Mโmawu a Pigou: โMโnkhondo yatsoka ndi yapadera imene ilipo ino, olemera kwambiri ndi olemera ayenera kukhala ndi gawo la zolinga zazikulu kwambiri kuposa [mโnthaลตi yamtendere]. Pali njira imodzi, ndi njira imodzi yokha, momwe izi zingabweretsedwe. Chiลตerengero chimene nkhondo imachirikizidwa ndi ndalama zobwereka kwa anthu amene amapeza ndalama zambiri chiyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri: ndipo chiลตerengero cha ndalama zimene amapeza ndi ndalama zosonkhanitsidwa kwa iwo pansi pa mtundu wina wa msonkho wopita patsogolo chiyenera kuwonjezereka.โ
Malingaliro a Pigou okhudza msonkho wamalikulu ndi misonkho yayikulu kwa anthu olemera akuyenera kuwunikiridwanso chifukwa cha zovuta zitatu za coronavirus: mavuto azaumoyo, mavuto azachuma, komanso mavuto azachuma.
Covid-19: Zowopsa Zomwe Zilipo
Atsogoleri ambiri padziko lonse lapansi afotokoza za mliri wa Covid-19 ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu chomwe mayiko awo adakumana nacho kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Antonio Guterres posachedwapa anachenjeza kuti mliri wa Covid-19 ndi "vuto lalikulu kwambiri lomwe takhala tikukumana nalo kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse" ndipo "lili ndi vuto lazachuma lomwe libweretsa kugwa kwachuma komwe mwina sikunafanane ndi posachedwapa." Ku India, maboma ena (kuphatikiza Delhi ndi Karnataka) akhazikitsa odzipereka 'Covid-19 War Rooms' kuyang'anira mosamala ndikuwongolera mliri wa Covid-19.
Ma pundits nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito fanizo lankhondo kufotokoza kukula kwa mliri waumoyo komanso zovuta zake zachuma. Ngakhale kuyerekeza kwa mliri wa coronavirus ndi nkhondo kuli ndi malire, sikovuta kuganiza kuti kuwonongeka kwachuma komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha mliri wa Covid-19 padziko lonse lapansi kungakhale kokulirapo kuposa kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Ngati sinkhondo, Covid-19 mosakayikira ndivuto lazachipatala lomwe lapangitsa kuti chuma chapadziko lonse chiyime ndikukankhira dziko lapansi pachiwopsezo chomwe chingakhale choyipa kwambiri kuposa vuto lazachuma la 2008.
Mavuto Aakulu Azachuma Ali Patsogolo
Munjira zambiri zofunika, mliri wa Covid-19 wawulula modabwitsa mizere yomwe ilipo m'mabungwe ndi zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Pakali pano, tikungoona chiyambi chabe cha mavuto a chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Mavuto akulu azachuma ndi azachuma akuyembekezera, makamaka kwa anthu osauka ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.
Pali mantha omwe akuchulukirachulukira kuti kuchepa kwachuma komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha Covid-19 kutha nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe timayembekezera - mwina mpaka 2021 ndi kupitilira apo. Ngakhale kuti nโkovuta kuneneratu mmene chuma chidzakhalire, akatswiri a zachuma ambiri amaoneratu za โUโ kapena โWโ zooneka bwino mโmalo mwa โVโ.
Ngakhale kwatsala pang'ono kumvetsetsa momwe vuto la Covid-19 likukhudzira umphawi wapadziko lonse lapansi, Banki Yadziko posachedwapa akuti vutoli likhoza kukankhira 71 miliyoni mpaka 100 miliyoni mu umphawi wadzaoneni. Makamaka, zigawo za South Asia ndi Sub-Saharan Africa zitha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu osauka.
The Bungwe lapadziko lonse la ntchito akuti pafupifupi ntchito zanthawi zonse za 400 miliyoni (kutengera sabata yogwira ntchito ya maola 48) zidatayika mu gawo lachiwiri la 2020, ndipo kuyambiranso kwa msika wantchito kudzakhala kosatsimikizika komanso kosakwanira mu theka lachiwiri la 2020. Mosafunikira kuwonjezera, Zolinga za Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) zokhazikitsidwa ndi UN zili pachiwopsezo cha mliri wa coronavirus.
Maboma padziko lonse lapansi akulimbana ndi "lumo" lakuchepetsa ndalama zamisonkho chifukwa choyimitsidwa mwadzidzidzi pazachuma komanso kukwera kwa ndalama chifukwa chakufunika kwakukulu kwaumoyo ndi chitetezo cha anthu chifukwa cha mliri wa Covid-19. Kupatula kulimbikitsa maziko azaumoyo wa anthu, pakhalanso zofunidwanso m'maiko onse kuti awonetsetse kuti anthu osauka komanso mabanja omwe ali pachiwopsezo amapeza ndalama zochepa.
Kuti achepetse mavuto azachuma, maboma amafunikira ndalama zambiri. Tsopano funso lovuta ndi lakuti: Kodi ndalamazo zichokera kuti? Dziko likhoza kusankha kubwereka ndalama kwa obwereketsa ovomerezeka kapena obwereketsa wamba, koma zingabweretse ngongole yayikulu kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Njira ina ndikusindikiza ndalama ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale zili ndi zovuta zina. Njira ina ndiyo kubweretsa msonkho wachuma kapena kukweza misonkho yokwera kwa olemera. Monga momwe tafotokozera mu Pepala Lachidule #37, maboma atha kukweza ndalama zochulukirapo mwachilungamo komanso moyenera popereka misonkho yachuma kwa anthu olemera kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi Covid-19, popanda kuyika zolemetsa zina pamibadwo yamtsogolo.
Vuto la Covid-19: Nthawi Yamwayi Yamsonkho Wachuma
Mosiyana ndi mmene anthu ambiri amaonera, misonkho yachuma si yachilendo. Mayiko ambiri (kuchokera ku India kupita ku South Africa mpaka ku Canada) ankakhometsa misonkho yosiyanasiyana ya chuma mโmbuyomu. Kubwera kwa mfundo zachuma za neoliberal mu 1990s, misonkho yachuma idachoka m'mafashoni. Mayiko ena aku Europe (Norway, Spain, Switzerland, ndi Belgium) amakakamizabe msonkho wachuma.
Misonkho yachuma ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndalama, ma depositi akubanki, masheya, malo, magalimoto, ndi zina zotero. Misonkho yachuma ikhoza kuperekedwa mwakanthawi (monga chindapusa) kapena pachaka kapena pafupipafupi. Zitha kuperekedwa pachuma cha munthu komanso pakusintha chuma.
Kuyika kwa msonkho wachuma kwa anthu olemera kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pakadali pano popeza chuma cha mabiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi chikuchulukirachulukira kuyambira pomwe Covid-19 idayamba. Pakati pa mliriwu, chiwongola dzanja cha mabiliyoni otsogola padziko lonse lapansi chidakwera pomwe mamiliyoni a anthu osauka padziko lonse lapansi adachotsedwa ntchito ndikupeza ndalama.
Malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwapa ndi Institute of Policy Studies, mabiliyoni aku US adawona chuma chawo chikukwera ndi $ 755 biliyoni pakati pa Marichi 18 ndi Julayi 23, 2020, pomwe aku America opitilira 52.4 miliyoni adasumira kuti akalandire ntchito panthawi yomweyi. Zina zofananira zitha kuwonekanso m'maiko onse. Ku India, mwachitsanzo, Mukesh Ambani adawonjezera $ 15.5 biliyoni (Rs 1.16 lakh crore) kuchuma chake mu Julayi mokha kutsatira mndandanda wazinthu zokweza ndalama ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi ndiukadaulo. Monga mwa Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Ambani ndiye munthu wachisanu wachuma padziko lonse lapansi wokhala ndi ndalama zokwana $78.9 biliyoni kuyambira pa Julayi 30, 2020. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mliriwu ukhoza kukankhira Amwenye 260 miliyoni mu umphawi, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa United Nations ndi Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
Kuthekera kwa Ndalama
Ndiye kodi mwayi wopeza ndalama ku US ungakhale wotani? Ian Kumekawa ayerekeza muzochita zam'mbuyo za envulopu kuti msonkho wa 5% kwa olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti ku US ukhoza kukweza $ 1tn ndipo 5 peresenti yowonjezera pa olemera kwambiri 0.1 peresenti ikhoza kupereka theka la thililiyoni, potero kuphimba theka la ndalamazo. Kulimbikitsa kwachuma kwa US mliri. Ngati zidapangidwa mosamala ndikukhazikitsidwa, msonkho wanthawi imodzi kapena msonkho wopitilira chuma ukhoza kusonkhanitsa ndalama zina zofunika kuthana ndi mliri wa Covid-19 m'maiko enanso.
Ngakhale Pigou adanenapo za msonkho wachuma ngati msonkho wanthawi imodzi kuti alipire ngongole ya dziko, lingaliro la misonkho yopitilira chuma kwa olemera kwambiri likukulirakulira ku Latin America. Mu Epulo 2020, dziko la Peru lidalengeza za msonkho wa mgwirizano kwa anthu olemera a ku Peru ndi cholinga choti athe kutenga gawo lalikulu pazachuma za mliri wa Covid-19. Misonkho yofananira yachuma idavomerezedwanso ndi ofuna kutsutsa komanso zipani ku Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, ndi Ecuador kuti akwaniritse mabowo azachuma omwe adayambitsa mliriwu.
Ku US, ngakhale Covid-19 isanachitike, Purezidenti wa Democratic akuyembekeza Senator Elizabeth Warren ndi Senator Bernie Sanders adalimbikitsa misonkho yachuma kuti awonjezere ndalama zamisonkho komanso kuchepetsa kusagwirizana.
Mliri womwe sunachitikepo wa mliri wa Covid-19 umapereka mwayi kwa maboma kuti akhazikitse misonkho yachuma pamagulu olemera a anthu. Makamaka omwe amangoyang'aniridwa ndi anthu olemera okha, misonkho yachuma (mumitundu yambirimbiri) imafunika kuganiziridwa mwachangu ndi opanga mfundo kuti apeze zomwe zikufunika kuti achepetse mavuto azachuma ndi mliri wa Covid-19.
Kavaljit Singh ndi Mtsogoleri wa Madhyam, thanki yowunikira mfundo, yomwe ili ku New Delhi.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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