Ndani Anapha Che? Momwe CIA idathawa ndi kupha, ndi Michael Ratner ndi Michael Steven Smith, OR Books, 2011
Bukuli lolembedwa ndi maloya awiri otsogola omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States limapereka umboni wazolemba komanso nkhani yomveka bwino yofotokozera zinthu zingapo zotsutsana za moyo ndi imfa ya woukira boma waku Argentina, Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, komanso zaka zoyambirira za Cuban Revolution. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi: 1) kuti Che sanachoke ku Cuba mu 1965 chifukwa chosiyana ndi Fidel Castro, mtsogoleri wa Cuban Revolution ya 1959; 2) 'kuti boma la US, makamaka Central Intelligence Agency, linapha Che, atapeza kuti dziko la Bolivia litengapo gawo'; ndi 3) kuti mfundo zakunja za Cuba zinali zodziyimira pawokha, komanso zotsutsana ndi zofuna za USSR.
Izi sizingakhale zotsutsana ndi omwe akuchirikiza Revolution ya Cuba komanso omwe amadziwa za machitidwe a US imperialism ku Latin America. Komabe, monga momwe olembawo akunenera, lingaliro lakuti 'United States, makamaka CIA, silinakhudzidwe ndi kupha kwa Che, lavomerezedwa ndi pafupifupi wolemba aliyense pankhaniyi'. Izi zikuphatikiza olemba mbiri yayikulu ya Che yomwe idasindikizidwa pazaka 30 za kuphedwa kwake ku Bolivia mu 1997; 'palibe m'modzi mwa olemba awa omwe amalingalira kuti CIA idavomereza kuti idayesa kupha Che, komanso Fidel Castro ndi mchimwene wake Raul, nthawi zosiyanasiyana pomwe anali ku Cuba'. Momwemonso, lingaliro la kugawanika pakati pa Che ndi Fidel, ndi chisokonezo cha Cuban internationalism monga chida cha mfundo zakunja za USSR, zikupitiriza kubwerezedwa ndi ma bourgeois ndi olemba ndemanga akumanzere.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukatswiri wawo, a Michael Ratner ndi a Michael Steven Smith apeza, kusanthula ndikutanthauzira zolemba zambiri za boma la US, zambiri zomwe sizinasindikizidwe, ndipo adazigwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza momwe CIA idapulumukira ndi kuphedwa kwa Che. Chofunika koposa, mโmalo moyembekezera kuti tizivomereza, asindikizanso zolembedwazi kuti owerenga athe kupeza ndi kusanthula zomwe zili mkati mwake. Ichi ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la bukhuli, lomwe lili ndi masamba 110, ndipo nkhani zake ndi zochititsa chidwi. Mawu oyamba a bukhuli alembedwa ndi Ricardo Alarcon, Purezidenti wa Cuba National Assembly of Peoples' Power yemwe akutsimikizira kuti 'mwanjira zambiri zomwe ufumu wa America wagwiritsa ntchito kusunga ulamuliro wake, kupondereza ndi kusokoneza zidziwitso zimaonekera', ndikuyamika. olembawo chifukwa cha 'kutsimikiza kwawo kuteteza choonadi, kutsatira malamulo, ndi ufulu'.
Mu Epulo 1965, Che Guevara adachoka ku Cuba kukalowa nawo ntchito yachinsinsi yankhondo yaku Cuba yolimbana ndi zigawenga ku Congo. Ngakhale ogwira nawo ntchito apamtima mu Unduna wa Zamakampani ku Cuba, komwe Che anali nduna kuyambira 1961 mpaka pomwe amachoka, samadziwa komwe ali. Pamene anali kudandaula kulibe, palibe mmodzi wa iwo anadabwa pamene iye anachoka; iwo anali odziwikiratu kuti adagwirizana kuti achite nawo nkhondo yachisinthiko ku Cuba pa mgwirizano kuti apitiliza kupambana. Ratner ndi Smith amatchula mgwirizanowu kudzera mu kukumbukira kwa Fidel. Pakafukufuku wanga wa ku Cuba, mnzake wapafupi kwambiri wa Che adachitira umboni kuti ichi chidakhalabe cholinga chake pambuyo pa Januware 1959. Tirso Saenz, wachiwiri kwa nduna pansi pa Che adandiuza kuti: 'Che adapereka chitsanzo pa chilichonse - mungayerekeze kulimbikitsa zigawenga ku Latin America. koma kukhala kumbuyo ngati mtumiki ku Cuba kusuta ndudu? Iye sakanakhoza kuchita izo. Ine ndekha ndinamva Che kangapo akunena kuti "Sindidzafa ngati woyang'anira. Ndidzafera pankhondo paphiriโ. Lingaliro la Guevara losiya udindo wake m'boma la Cuba ndikubwerera kunkhondo, poyamba ku Africa ndiyeno ku Latin America, mwina sikodabwitsa kuposa kuti adakhala nthawi yayitali ngati gawo la utsogoleri wa Revolution ku Cuba.
Izi sizinalepheretse CIA kugwiritsa ntchito kusowa kwa anthu kwa Che poyambitsa kampeni yabodza; kulimbikitsa malingaliro akuti Che adamangidwa kapena kuphedwa ndi Fidel Castro kapena Soviets chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa ndale kapena kupikisana. 'Chowonadi ndichakuti panalibe kugawanika' akuti Ratner ndi Smith. Amatsimikizira zonena zawo ponena za CIA Intelligence Information Cable, 'chikalata chofunikira kwambiri', mwachidule zomwe zakambirana pakati pa Fidel Castro ndi utsogoleri wa Soviet pomwe womalizayo adawonetsa momveka bwino kutsutsa kwamphamvu kwa USSR pakuthandizira zigawenga zaku Cuba. mayendedwe ku Latin America komanso kusadziwitsidwa za ntchito ya Che ku Bolivia. Yankho la Castro linali kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wa Latin America aliyense kuti athandizire kumasulidwa kwa kontinenti ndikuimba mlandu USSR kuti:
'pokana kutsata miyambo yawo yosintha zinthu ndi kusamukira ku malo omwe angakane kuchirikiza gulu lililonse lachisinthiko pokhapokha ngati zochita za gululi zidathandizira kukwaniritsa zolinga za Soviet, mosiyana ndi zolinga zachikomyunizimu zapadziko lonse lapansiโฆ Castro adamaliza ndi kunena kuti mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro a Soviet Union, Cuba ingachirikize gulu lirilonse losintha zinthu limene limaliwona kukhala lothandizira ku cholinga chimenechi [kumasulidwa kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi].
Monga Ratner ndi Smith akumaliza pankhaniyi 'Chikalatachi chikuyika bwino mafunso aliwonse okhudza kupatukana ndi Fidel kapena zonena kuti Fidel sanagwirizane ndi Che ku Bolivia'.
Cholinga chachikulu cha bukuli ndizochitika za zigawenga za Che ku Bolivia komanso momwe asitikali aku Bolivia adachita komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa US, makamaka CIA, pakukhalapo kwa zigawenga. Nkhani yatsatanetsatane imatsimikizira zowona zomwe zidatsogolera ku kuphedwa kwa Che ndikukumana ndi funso laudindo. 'Mbiri ya yemwe adamuphayo sinamvetsetsedwe bwino, makamaka ku America, komwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti wolamulira wankhanza waku Bolivia adamupha. Zolemba zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa kuchokera ku boma la US zimapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro lina'. Olembawo amatsimikizira kuti bungwe la United States lili ndi udindo wamakhalidwe ndi malamulo, ngakhale kuti utsi wa 'kukana kovomerezeka' woperekedwa ndi CIA pa kupha kwa Che.
Mothandiza, bukuli limafotokoza za kuphedwa kwa Che mkati mwa dongosolo la US 'National Security interets' komanso kuyambika kwa zigawenga ngati 'njira yatsopano' (President Kennedy, 1962) ndi imperialism ya US. Purezidenti Kennedy, Mlembi wa Chitetezo Robert McNamara, mlangizi Walt Rostow ndi Chief of Staff Maxwell Taylor, amvetsetsa chiwopsezo chomwe Che Che adafuna kuti apange 'awiri, atatu, ma Vietnam ambiri', omwe angatambasulire anthu ogwira ntchito ku US ndi zothandizira kuposa zomwe angathe. Pochoka pa mfundo ya 'kubwezera kwakukulu', adapanga njira yoti 'ayankhe momasuka' ndi 'kutumiza anthu mwachangu' kuti awononge magulu a zigawenga asanakhazikike. Chaka chimodzi Che asanafike ku Bolivia, McNamara anachitira umboni pamaso pa Senate ya ku United States kuti 'kuthekera kulimbikitsa mphamvu zathu zankhondo m'masiku ochepa chabe m'malo mwa milungu ingapo kungapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu mu mphamvu zonse zomwe zimafunikira ndipo nthawi zina zimathandiza kuthetsa chiwawa. isanayambe kwenikweni'.
Kutuluka kwa njira zolimbana ndi zigawenga kunali mbali ya Alliance for Progress, pulogalamu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la US mu 1961 kuti ipititse patsogolo chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Latin America. Pozindikira umphawi, kuponderezedwa ndi kuponderezana zomwe zidayambitsa mikhalidwe yachipanduko ku Latin America, monga ku Cuba, lingaliroli linali kufooketsa zomwe zidayambitsa magulu a zigawenga omwe akubwera. Komabe: 'M'zaka khumi US idayamba kuchepetsa ngongole, kudalira kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwankhondo. Ziwawa zomwe zidakula zikuphatikizapo ntchito zobisika za CIA, kuyesa kupha, komanso kuphunzitsa apolisi aku Latin America ndi asitikali kuti athane ndi zigawenga. Kupha kwa Che, yemwe anali chithunzithunzi cha kusintha kwachisinthiko, chinali gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa izi'. Akuluakulu a boma la US adanena kuti panthawiyo "Imfa ya Che Guevara inali yopunduka - mwinamwake yopha - kumenyana ndi zigawenga za ku Bolivia ndipo zikhoza kubweretsa mmbuyo kwambiri pa chiyembekezo cha Fidel Castro choyambitsa ziwawa m'mayiko onse kapena pafupifupi mayiko onse a ku Latin America." Kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi kunali Operation Condor ndi kuthandizira kwaulamuliro wankhondo ku America konse komwe kunathetsa kumanzere ndi kutsutsa kwamtundu uliwonse ndikuwononga miyoyo ya anthu zikwi mazana ambiri a ku Latin America omwe anamangidwa, kuzunzidwa, kuphedwa ndi kusowa.
Zotsatira za umboni woperekedwa ndi Ratner ndi Smith ndizofunikira ndipo ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndi ndale. Pansi pa malamulo oyendetsera nkhondo, kuphatikiza nkhondo yachigawenga, kupha mkaidi ndi kupha ndipo ndi mlandu wankhondo. Si wowombera weniweni amene ali ndi mlandu wankhondo. Iwo omwe ali pamwamba omwe adalamula, kuvomereza kapena kulephera kuteteza kupha nawonso ali ndi mlandu wankhondo'. CIA idasiya kuphedwa kwa Che ndipo ikupitilizabe kutsatira mfundo zopha adani andale. Masiku ano boma la US lapanga udindo wa 'ankhondo a adani' kuti apewe udindo wapadziko lonse posamalira akaidi ndipo Purezidenti Obama amagwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo apadera aku US ndi ma drones osayendetsedwa ndi anthu kupha adani akunja, kuphwanya malamulo apakhomo ndi mayiko komanso kupondaponda ulamuliro wa mayiko ena. Ndi udindo wathu tonse kugwiritsa ntchito umboni woperekedwa ndi Ratner ndi Smith komanso kufuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa US kuyankha mlandu wakupha Che ndi ziwawa zina zankhondo zakale ndi zamakono.
Helen Yaffe ndi mlembi wa "Che Guevara: Economics of Revolution". Ndi Wothandizira Kafukufuku mu Dipatimenti ya Georgraphy ku yunivesite ya Leicester.
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