Kodi pali njira ina yopitira patsogolo kwa osintha zinthu yomwe imayang'ana zenizeni za chidziwitso chabodza komanso zomwe zimapewa kuwopsa komwe kumawonekera mu njira ya Marxist-Leninist?
Funso: ngati chuma cha chikapitalist chakhazikika pa kudyerana masuku pamutu ndi kuponderezana, ndiye nchifukwa chiyani ogwira ntchito sanadzikonzekere kukhala gulu losintha zinthu lomasula?
Yankho: chidziwitso chabodza!
Lingaliro la chikumbumtima chabodza lapangidwa kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha Marxist. Lingaliro loyambirira likhoza kugawidwa m'zigawo zotsatirazi. Choyamba, malingaliro akuluakulu m'gulu la anthu ndi a gulu lolamulira kapena magulu. Chachiwiri, zokonda za gulu lalikulu kapena makalasi sizili zofanana ndi za gulu laling'ono kapena makalasi. Chachitatu, pansi pazifukwa zotere, magulu apansi (a) amakonda kutengera zofuna za gulu lalikulu ndipo kuchita mosadziwa kumakhala ndi malingaliro omwe samalimbikitsa zofuna zawo.
Mwina chitsanzo chodziwika bwino komanso chowopsa kwambiri cha chidziwitso chabodza, kusewera mdziko lenileni, chingakhale chankhondo. Pano kugwiritsa ntchito dziko, mwachitsanzo, ngati njira yopezera anthu a dziko lina kuti amenyane ndi anthu a dziko lina, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu apamwamba. Mwachidule, izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu ogwira ntchito aziphana pofuna kuteteza ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu zomwe zilipo komanso mwayi wa gulu la capitalist.
Kumvetsetsa kuti titha kuyanjana ndikukhala ndi malingaliro omwe amawononga zofuna zathu ndi gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa chidziwitso chakusintha. Kuwongolera kwachitukuko koteroko kumayimiranso vuto lalikulu kwambiri kwa osintha. Tsoka ilo, njira zomwe a Marxists ayesera kuthana ndi chidziwitso chonyenga zadzetsa zovuta zambiri komanso zosafunika. Apa ndikufuna kuwunikira zitsanzo ziwiri zenizeni, mwinanso zokhudzana, za vuto ili ndikupereka njira zina zothetsera mavuto.
Vuto loyamba ndi njira ya Marxist yothana ndi chidziwitso chabodza, chomwe ndikufuna kuwunikira apa, chikugwirizana ndi kusagwirizana koyenera. Lingaliro la kuzindikira zabodza - mwachitsanzo kutenga zikhulupiliro zomwe sizikuyimira zofuna zanu - zimamveka ngati zosiyana zilipo. Ndiko kunena kuti, yankho la chidziwitso chabodza liyenera kukhala ngati chidziwitso chomwe chili, kapena chingakhale, chopanda zosokoneza zakunja. Lingaliro lachidziwitso ili - lomwe lingakhale lopanda zosokoneza zakunja - likuwoneka kuti likutanthauza zamtundu wina wachibadwa kapena mikhalidwe yamalingaliro. Komabe, lingaliro loterolo likuwoneka kuti likutsutsana ndi zomwe Marx adapanga:
"Si kuzindikira kwa anthu komwe kumatsimikizira kukhalapo kwawo, koma kukhalapo kwawo komwe kumatsimikizira kuzindikira kwawo." (1)
Ngakhale si onse a Marxists omwe angavomereze (2), izi zikuwoneka kwa ine, ndikuwonetsa bwino zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa chiphunzitso chopanda kanthu - malo omwe amatsimikizira kuti malingaliro onse, malingaliro ndi makhalidwe akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi zochepa zosavuta. njira zamaganizo, ndi kuti miyambo yonse ndi makonzedwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu amachokera ku ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kuyambira paukhanda mpaka ku uchikulire. - woyamba. Momwemonso, mwamwayi, za ufulu wa anthu. Monga Chomsky, m'modzi, adanenanso:
Ngati kwenikweni anthu ndi opangidwa mopanda malire, opangidwa ndi pulasitiki, opanda malingaliro obadwa nawo komanso zosowa zenizeni za chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndiye kuti ndi anthu oyenera "kukonza khalidwe" ndi akuluakulu a boma, woyang'anira makampani, technocrat. , kapena komiti yaikulu.(4)
Chifukwa chake, pamapeto pake, lingaliro lachidziwitso chabodza limamveka bwino kuchokera pamalingaliro akuti pali malingaliro obadwa nawo omwe ali ndi zosowa zenizeni zomwe zimapanga mbali zofunika kwambiri za umunthu. Ndikokhazikika kwa zosowa zapakatikati zomwe zimapanga zomwe tingaganizire za chidziwitso chodziwika bwino - popanda zomwe sipangakhale lingaliro lomveka la chilungamo cha anthu. Izi zikutifikitsa ku vuto lotsatira lomwe ndili nalo lokhudzana ndi momwe a Marxists ayesera kuthana ndi chidziwitso chabodza, chomwe ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito kulungamitsa chipani cha mineard.
Mu Chaputala Chachiwiri chake - Marxism at the Millennium - Tony Cliff imabweretsa funso: Chifukwa chiyani timafunikira chipani choukira boma? Poyankha funsoli Cliff akugogomezera kutsutsana pakati pa mawu awiri otsatirawa a Marx: "kumasulidwa kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi ntchito ya ogwira ntchito" komanso "malingaliro omwe alipo amtundu uliwonse ndi malingaliro a gulu lolamulira". Kwa Cliff, zowona, zotsutsana sizili pamutu wa Marx, koma zenizeni. Mwachidule, pali kuzindikira kosagwirizana pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndipo ndikusagwirizana uku komwe gulu lavanguard, molumikizana ndi mphamvu za boma, limakhazikitsidwa kuti lithane nalo.
Titha kuwona kuchokera pa izi kuti lingaliro la Marxist la chidziwitso chabodza limagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa mkangano wa chipani cha Leninist mineard chipani. Monga taonera pamwambapa, lingaliro la Marxist la chidziwitso chabodza ndi lovuta kwambiri chifukwa likuwoneka kuti likukana malingaliro obadwa nawo ndi zosowa zenizeni. Gwirizanitsani mawonedwe opanda kanthu awa a malingaliro aumunthu ndi mphamvu za boma ndipo tili ndi njira ya tsoka - phunziro lomwe mbiri ikuwoneka kuti imatiphunzitsa. Funso ndilakuti: kodi pali njira ina yopitira patsogolo kwa osintha zinthu yomwe imayang'ana zenizeni za chidziwitso chabodza koma zomwe zimapewanso zoopsa zomwe zili mu njira ya Marxist-Leninist?
Njira imodzi yopitira patsogolo ingakhale kuyamba ndi kukana chiphunzitso chopanda kanthu chomwe, monga ndanenera, chikuwoneka kuti chikuchirikiza lingaliro la Marxist la chidziwitso chabodza. Mkhalidwe woterowo ukhoza kusonyeza kuti malingaliro obadwa nawo okhala ndi zosoŵa zachibadwa ndiwo mbali yaikulu ya chibadwa cha munthu - malo amene amachirikizidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya chidziwitso. Kuchokera pakufufuzaku, pakhoza kuzindikirika mfundo zozikidwa paumboni zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwitsa mtundu wa gulu lachitukuko. .(5)
Zoonadi, a Marxists (otsatira a Engels) amakana njira yotereyi monga "utopian socialism", yomwe amatsutsa kuti si yasayansi - ngakhale kuti zosiyana ndizochitika. kuthekera kwakuti mamembala a chipani changuard, iwo eni, atha kukhala ndi chidziwitso chabodza - kugwiritsa ntchito nthanthi ya Marxist kulungamitsa mfundo za boma zopondereza, kwinaku akudzinenera kuti akumasula oponderezedwa.(8)
Kupatula apo, zotsutsana zomwe Cliff (ndi anthu ena a Marxists) adazifotokoza zikadali vuto lenileni. Yankho, komabe, si gulu la Leninist style mineard party koma bungwe losintha zinthu lomwe limadziwika ndi umboni wokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu olungama. Bungwe loterolo likhoza kutenga udindo wa mineardist ndipo lingathe kuyesa kulanda mphamvu za boma. monga Marxist-Leninist.
Ndemanga:
- Mawu awa akupezeka mu Marx's - A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy - kupezeka pa intaneti apa: https://www.marxists.
org/archive/marx/works/1859/ critique-pol-economy/mawu oyamba. htm - Mwachitsanzo, mu ake - Marx's Concept of Man - Erich kuchokera ku akulemba kuti: “Ndiko ndendende kusaona kwa malingaliro ozindikira a munthu kumene kumamulepheretsa kuzindikira zosoŵa zake zenizeni zaumunthu, ndi malingaliro ozikidwa m’zimenezo. Pokhapokha ngati kuzindikira konyenga kwasinthidwa kukhala kuzindikira koona, ndiko kuti, kokha ngati tizindikira zenizeni, m’malo mozipotoza ndi kulingalira ndi nthano zopeka, m’pamene tingazindikirenso zosoŵa zathu zenizeni ndi zenizeni zaumunthu.”
- Onani Steven Pinker's - The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Natural.
- Mawu awa atengedwa ku "Language and Freedom" yomwe imapezeka mu - The Chomsky Reader - koma yomwe ikupezekanso pa intaneti apa: http://www.chomsky.info/
mabuku/state02.pdf - Onani, mwachitsanzo - Zitsanzo M'malingaliro - ndi Ray Jackendoff.
- Chitsanzo cha izi chikhoza kukhala kufunikira kophatikizana ndi anthu komwe kwawonetsedwa kuti kumalimbikitsa thanzi labwino m'maganizo.
- Chomsky akupereka lingaliro lofananalo kumapeto kwa nkhani yake ya 1970 "Chilankhulo ndi Ufulu" (onani cholemba 4, pamwambapa, kuti mudziwe zambiri).
- Ndalembapo za izi kale apa: http://www.telesurtv.
net/chingerezi/malingaliro/Utopian- Socialism-More-Scientific- kuposa-Scientific-Socialism- 20150425-0008.html - Ndalemba za chidziwitso chabodza mkati mwa miyambo ya Marxist-Leninist apa:http://www.telesurtv.net/
chizungu/malingaliro/-A-Lazy-Way- za-Kufotokozera-Mbiri- 20150518-0042.html - Posachedwa, koma osapambana, kuyesa kukhazikitsa bungwe motsatira mitundu iyi ndi ya IOPS: http://www.iopsociety.
ORG /
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
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Moni Mark, kuzindikira kwaumunthu kudapangidwa chifukwa cha ubale wapagulu wopangidwa munjira yosinthika - chilengedwe cha anthu komanso kuzindikira kwamunthu. Mungathenso kunena kuti, m'njira yochulukirachulukira, chidziwitso cha nyani chimachokera ku ubale wake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe.
Okhulupirira Marx sakunena kuti kuzindikira kwa munthu kuli chinthu chopanda kanthu, kuti chikhoza kukhala chilichonse, chosatsimikiziridwa ndi biology, kuti kukanakhala kotheka kuuluka ngati maunansi amayanjano angatheke.
Marxists amanena kuti chiyambi cha anthu ndi ntchito yawo (osati chiphunzitso chopanda kanthu) chifukwa kulimbikira pamodzi kwa anthu kumatsimikizira zomwe angathe kukhala ndi moyo. Kupanga ndi kuberekanso kwa chilengedwe chopangidwa ndi anthu pogwiritsa ntchito chuma cha chilengedwe ndicho chiyambi cha kukhalapo kwa munthu monga chosiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zina za chilengedwe zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe chawo m'njira zochepa kwambiri komanso zovuta :
"Iye amalimbana ndi zida za chilengedwe monga mphamvu ya chilengedwe. Amayambitsa mphamvu zachilengedwe zomwe zili m'thupi lake, mikono ndi miyendo, mutu ndi manja, kuti athe kutenga zinthu zachilengedwe m'njira yogwirizana ndi zosowa zake. Kupyolera mu kayendetsedwe kameneka amachitapo kanthu pa chilengedwe chakunja ndikuchisintha, ndipo motere amasinthanso chikhalidwe chake. Amakulitsa kuthekera komwe kumagona mkati mwa chilengedwe, ndikuyika sewero la mphamvu zake ku mphamvu yakeyake. [Likulu I]”
Mosakayikira, ngati mphamvu yachilengedwe ili ndi zosowa sizinthu zopanda kanthu - anthu sangathe kuthetsa kufunikira kwa chakudya, madzi, pogona ndi zovala kupyolera mu chuma cha ndale ndi chiyanjano cha chikhalidwe cha kupanga, koma amatha kuthetsa kukhumudwa kwa zosowa zimenezo. Kuzindikira komaliza ndi mbewu yachidziwitso chosintha zinthu m'malo mokhala zabodza zomwe zilipo m'dziko lokhala ndi mwayi wokhala pakati pa anthu komanso wosafanana.
Mwa njira, ndikutsimikiza kuti sayansi yachidziwitso ili ndi zambiri zothandizira, koma nthawi zambiri ndimavomerezana ndi James Wilson pa kuthekera kodziŵitsa kufunikira kwa zosowa zaumunthu kupyolera mu sayansi yamaganizo ponena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso chosinthika bwino pa izi - ndizo. panopa zikuwoneka ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mtedza-cracker kuthyola mwala.
Zikomo Kelvin chifukwa cha ndemanga yanu.
Mukuwoneka kuti mukutsutsana kuchokera kumalo ofanana ndi a Erich Fromm, zomwe ziri bwino, kupatula kuti izi, zikuwoneka kwa ine, zimangosintha kusagwirizana koyenera kupita kumalo ena mkati mwa Marxism.
Kotero tsopano funso likuwoneka ngati, ngati Marxists akuvomereza zosowa zaumunthu zachibadwa - monga momwe inu ndi Fromm mukuwoneka kuti mukunena - ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani Marxists nthawi zambiri amatsutsa zomwe amatcha "utopian socialism" monga njira yokonzekera kusintha? Kupatula apo, kutukuka kwa mitundu yokhazikika yamagulu a anthu kumawoneka kuti kumatsatira mwachilengedwe, zikuwoneka kwa ine, kuchokera pakuvomereza zosowa zachibadwa.
Kotero mwanjira iliyonse, ndikuwona kusagwirizana kwakukulu komveka. Komanso, ndikuganiza kuti kuthetsa vutoli kungakhale kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yokonzekera chilungamo cha anthu masiku ano.
Moni Mako,
Mwina amangoganiza kuti socialism ya utopian ndi yachilendo. Osalimba mokwanira. Alibe kulemera kwa Marxian capitalist kusanthula kumbuyo kwake. Ine sindikuganiza , ngati Marxist amakhulupirira zosowa zachibadwa, ndi zomveka zosagwirizana kukana utopian socialism. Zitha kungotanthawuza kuti akuganiza kuti mphamvu ya boma ndiyo njira yopitira ndipo asitikali adzawatsatira. Iwo mwina amayang'ana a utopian socialists ndikufunsa, "Muli ndi chiyani? sizikuwoneka ngati zambiri. "
Ndipo poganizira zowononga zomwe a Marxust Leninists adzibweretsera okha komanso mbiri yawo m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, bwanji otopiyo sanasiye kuchita ulesi ndikukula mwamphamvu kwambiri. Mwinamwake utopian kumanzere ndi wofooka chifukwa alibe masomphenya amphamvu, chinachake chomveka bwino ndi chogwirizana kuti apereke kwa punters, ndipo alibe masomphenya amphamvu ogwirizana chifukwa cha mitundu yonse ya mkangano wamkati ponena za mtundu wa masomphenya omwe akufunika, ngati akufunika zonse, ndi momwe munthu ayenera kukulitsidwa. Choncho utopian kumanzere alibe zambiri kuposa maloto osamveka choncho choncho njira ndi wokongola ponseponse olowa.
Utopian yemwe amasiyidwa nthawi zambiri amadikirira (bwino amachita zinthu koma nthawi zambiri zazing'ono) mpaka atawona zinthu monga Rojava ndi Zapatistas ndiyeno amakakamira ndipo samadziwa momwe angachitire. Palibe congruence pakati pa zochitika pansi monga Rojava ndi Chiapas ndi masomphenya aakulu. Ndipo masomphenya nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati osamveka ndipo anarchists sakonda kusokoneza kwambiri.
Chabwino James, kachiwiri, ndingatsutse kuti mbali zazikulu za kusanthula kwa Marxian - monga chiphunzitso cha kudzipatula - zimangomveka ngati pali zosowa zaumunthu zomwe zimaganiziridwa kapena zodziwika (ndikuganiza kuti izi ndi zomwe Fromm akupeza). Kuphatikiza apo, izi zikadziwika, zomwe Marxists amazitcha "utopian socialism" zimakhala zomveka bwino. Komabe, kutsatira Engels, kotchedwa “utopian socialism” kunamangika kukhala kosagwirizana ndi sayansi.
Mukunena kuti izi mwina zidachitika chifukwa adawona "utopian socialism" ngati "chokongola" kapena "chosakwanira mokwanira". Koma ngati izi zinali choncho, zikuwoneka kwa ine, ndiye kuti yankho loyenera likadakhala kuti "utopian socialism" ikhale yolimba - chomwe ndi chinthu chololera kuchita - motsutsana ndi kutsutsa zonse pamodzi - zomwe ndi zomwe Marxists amakonda kuchita. kuchita.
PS Sindinamvetsetse kuti IOPS ndi malo oti tikambirane zandale - monga momwe tilili pano. Pali kale malo ambiri oti mukambirane zinthu izi - ZNet kukhala chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri. Lingaliro ndi IOPS linali loti anthu, omwe ali ndi zofanana kale, azibwera pamodzi kuti akonzekere. Tsoka ilo, monga mukudziwa, izi sizinachitike.
Mark, mwina mukulondola. Mwandipangitsa ine kuganiza osachepera. Mkangano wanu, ngati ndamvetsetsa, sindikuwona ngati ungapite kulikonse kwa ine. Apanso, mwina ndikulakwitsa. Izi zonse za utopian socialists vs asayansi socialists zimangowoneka ngati othandizira magulu otsutsana a mpira. Ngakhale zomwe mumatsutsa zili zolondola sizinakhudze anthu a Marxists ndi ena ambiri omwe amatsatira ndikusunga malo awo otsutsana nawo kwa zaka 160 zapitazi (ngakhale pali anthu ambiri a Marx omwe amatsamira kumbali ina kwambiri, monga Staughton Lynd) ndipo sindikutsimikiza kuti mungakhale woyamba komanso nokha kuti muwone zosagwirizana ngati zilipo/ed.
(Ndipo polankhula za Lynd, pomwe akuganiza kuti timafunikira Marxism koma amatsamira kwambiri njira ya anarchist, angavomereze kuti timafunikira masomphenya okhazikika koma mwina sangadandaule ngati utopian socialism kapena socialism yasayansi pankhaniyi ndi yasayansi kapena ayi. "Sindikuganiza kuti angatenge nthawi yochuluka kuyesa kupita ku Marx pa luso linalake, mwina amangokonzekera ndi kuyesa "kuima pa mvula" ndi omwe akuyesera kuwathandiza ndikuyamba kuyambira pamenepo. kupitirira. Lingaliro chabe.)
Ndizo zonse zomwe ndikunena ndipo mwina ndikuzinena moyipa. Zikuonekanso kuti sindikupeza zomwe mukunena chifukwa pali china chake pamkangano wanu chomwe chimandisokoneza kapena kundisokoneza ndipo sindingathe kuchimvetsetsa. Zomwe ndikuwona ndikuti nthawi zonse anthu samachita zinthu mwanzeru kapena mwanzeru, ndipo nthawi zambiri malingaliro amakhala ndi gawo lamphamvu m'miyoyo yawo ndipo palibe kutsutsana kosagwirizana komwe kungasinthe izi. Chifukwa chakuti Marx, Engels ndi ena amatsatira zomwe amawona monga momwe asayansi amaonera, sizikutanthauza kuti zinali choncho ndipo sizikutanthauza kuti adzachita mwasayansi, momveka bwino komanso mwanzeru nthawi zonse. Malingaliro awo mwina anali asayansi kapena ayi koma anali / ndi anthu. Pepani ngati mayankho anga sali opindulitsa kwambiri koma ndimasangalala ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa.
Pankhani ya IOPS, mulinso mosakayikira mwina mukulondola. Koma zoyipa, sizingavulaze kutumiza pamenepo ndikuwona ngati ena ngati ine alipo ndikuchita zinazake. Koma mukulondola, mwina yafa ndipo palibe chifukwa. Mwina IOPS idagonja kumalingaliro chifukwa maziko asayansi sanali olimba mokwanira. Angadziwe ndani.
Mark, pamene ndinaŵerenga ndi kulingalira za nkhaniyi m’pamene ndinasokonezeka maganizo kwambiri. Zoona zake n’zakuti, sindinakondepo zonena zazikulu zokhudza chibadwa cha anthu kapena maganizo athu. Ndikutanthauza, ngati Chomsky anena kuti timavutika kuti tidziwe chifukwa chake ngakhale zamoyo zosavuta zimatembenukira kumanzere kapena kumanja, kapena momwe kayendedwe ka njuchi, chamoyo chosavuta kwambiri kuposa munthu, chimagwirira ntchito, zimakhala zopusa. , zikuwoneka kwa ine, kupanga bungwe lachitukuko kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamalingaliro obadwa nawo komanso zosowa zamkati. Popeza Chomsky adanenanso kuti Newton, nthawi ina yapitayo, adawomba malingaliro aliwonse okhudzana ndi thupi kuchokera m'madzi ndikupeza zomwe akuchita patali, malingaliro aliwonse okhudzana ndi thupi sangakhale abwinoko.
Chifukwa chake zikuwoneka kwa ine, zonse zomwe zimafunikira, popezanso kuti "anthu" ambiri sanamvepo za "chidziwitso chabodza" ndikuti akhoza kukanthidwa nacho, ndichoti ambiri kapena ambiri akhulupirire. kuti njira zina m'malo mwa dongosolo lamakono ndizotheka. Tinene kuti, sizili ngati kuti adzazidwa ndi masomphenya omveka bwino komanso ogwirizana pazaka 160 kapena kuposerapo.
Momwe mungawatsimikizire ndilo vuto. Ngati kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zolengedwa zobadwa ndi zosowa zenizeni, kudzera mu sayansi yazidziwitso zitha kudaliridwa kuti zipereka "mikhalidwe yozikidwa paumboni [yomwe] ingadziwike yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwitsa mtundu wa gulu loyenera", ndiye zabwino, koma kwenikweni, zovuta ndi ziti? Ndipo kupitilira apo, popeza kuti anthu ambiri amakhalabe otsimikiza za mitundu yonse ya zinthu zokayikitsa pazifukwa zamitundumitundu, ndikuti kuzindikira zabodza kukhala zenizeni, zomwe sindikuganiza kuti sizinatsimikizidwepo, zomwe zimangonenedwa, chifukwa chiyani kukopeka kwenikweni ndi mulu wa zonena zasayansi zopangidwa kuchokera mkati mwa sayansi yachidziwitso, zomwe zili ngati kupapasa mumdima poyerekeza ndi physics? Kulibwino mdierekezi yemwe umamudziwa akuwoneka wokhoza kwambiri kuposa kuzindikira zabodza.
Yankho lonseli, Mark, likhoza kukhala lopanda tanthauzo pazomwe ndikudziwa. Ndikanaphonya ndi/kapena kusamvetsetsa kwenikweni mfundo yeniyeni ya nkhani yanu ndi tanthauzo lenileni la kuzindikira konyenga, koma chowonadi ndi chakuti nkhani yanuyo inandisonkhezera kuganiza ndi kuyankha. Choncho ndinatero. Ndikumva ndime yanu yomaliza yachitatu kukhala maziko a nkhani yanu. Ndikumva kuti mukuyesera kugonjetsa Marxist posankha mawu oti "sayansi" m'thumba lawo lakumbuyo popanda iwo kuzindikira ndikutulutsa chiguduli pansi pa mapazi awo. Ndikhoza kulakwitsa.
Chikumbumtima chabodza chikhoza kukhala chenicheni, chikhoza kukhala zifukwa zopangira chipani china chaulamuliro, kungakhale kusagwirizana koyenera (osatsimikiza za izo), koma kungakhale kosavuta kukhala katundu wa codswallop wopanda tanthauzo. Sindikudziwa ngakhale kuti chidziwitso chingakhale chabodza bwanji! Munthu akhoza kukhala ndi malingaliro, malingaliro, zikhulupiriro ndi zotere zomwe zili zabodza, koma osatsimikiza za chidziwitso. Koma tsopano ndikuganiza kuti ndikungoyenda.
Ndikufuna kuti mutumize zinthu zanu ku IOPS Mark. Ikhoza kuyambitsa ntchito zina, ngakhale pang'ono.
Ndikuganiza kuti mwatsata njira yofunsa ngati kudziwa kungakhale zabodza. Chidziwitso ndi chomwe chiri ndipo pokhapokha mutayandikira kuchokera ku maganizo a Freudian - kuzindikira ndi kusazindikira - "zabodza" sizimveka. Evans nayenso ali wolondola kukayikira lingaliro lachidziwitso chabodza koma mwatsoka, amapanga cholakwika chofanana ndi Marx ponena za chidziwitso ngati chinthu chandale. Kwa anthu ena, mwachitsanzo, andale, omenyera ufulu wa anthu, atolankhani (kuphatikiza kumanzere), oligarchs, kuwona dziko kudzera munjira zandale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chidziwitso. Koma, kwa anthu ambiri ndi gawo laling'ono, nthawi zambiri losafunikira - lotakata koma lozama. Zili ngati nyengo, anthu amakonda kudandaula, koma mbali zambiri ndi kungovomereza momwe zilili.
Omenyera ufulu makamaka, amakonda kugwa mumsampha woganiza kuti chifukwa ndale ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa iwo kapena iyenera kukhala ya aliyense. Izi zimabweretsa kutengeka kwambiri kwachipembedzo ndi kutembenuza anthu omwe chikumbumtima chawo chili chandale. Zingapangitsenso kukhala ndi maganizo olakwika ndi onyoza anthu amene alibe maganizo oyenera pa ndale. Mwachitsanzo, gulu lonse la anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chabodza , omwe sadziwa zomwe zili zowakomera. Kapena, kugawa anthu kukhala omenya nkhondo (omenyera ndale) ndi zidole zandale zomwe sizimamenya . Iwo omwe amawona chidziwitso ngati ndale kwenikweni samamvetsetsa kuti anthu amatha kumenyana ndikukana m'njira zina zambiri zomwe si zandale. Zikuoneka kuti sakumvetsa kuti mukhoza kusintha dziko popanda kutenga ulamuliro.
Hi James -
Ndinafotokoza za sayansi yachidziwitso chifukwa zakhala zogwira mtima kutsutsa chiphunzitso chopanda kanthu - momwe lingaliro la Marxist la chidziwitso chabodza likuwoneka ngati lokhazikika. Ndikunena kuti lingaliro lachidziwitso chabodza limamveka ngati anthu ali ndi zosowa zachibadwa, ndi zina zotero - chifukwa chake ndikutsutsa kuti Marxism ndi yosagwirizana. Monga ndanenera m'nkhani yanga, Fromm angatsutsane mosiyana.
Chifukwa chake funso ndilakuti: momwe mungathetsere vuto lenileni lachidziwitso chabodza kuchokera kumalingaliro osakhala a Marxist? Limenelo, ndikuwoneka kwa ine, ndi funso lofunika kwa osintha zinthu amasiku ano kuti aliganizire.
Ndikuvomereza kuti panopa sayansi yachidziwitso sichimatiuza zambiri zokhudza chibadwa cha munthu koma sindikuganiza kuti ichi ndi chifukwa chabwino chosiyira njira yomwe ndikujambula. Kupatula apo, zonse zomwe ndikunena ndizakuti zoyesayesa zathu zopita ku gulu lachilungamo ziyenera kuzindikirika ndi kumvetsetsa kwathu zosowa zachibadwa zaumunthu.
Izi, zikuwoneka kwa ine, ndi njira yokhayo yopangira zomwe mumazitcha "masomphenya omveka bwino komanso ogwirizana". Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuganiza kuti iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi zomwe a Marxists amatcha chidziwitso chabodza m'njira yomwe si ya Marxist.
Kumapeto kwa ndemanga yanu mumagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lachidziwitso pazomwe zimawoneka ngati zokulirapo - monga kuzindikira koyera kapena china chake. Ndikuganiza kuti anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti - kuzindikira zabodza - mozama kwambiri - monga ndidanenera, monga "kutengera malingaliro omwe amawononga zofuna zathu".
Payekha, sindingachepetse kuchuluka kwa “sayansi yachidziwitso” yomwe imatiuza za chibadwa cha munthu. Makamaka m'zaka zapitazi za 20, sayansi yachidziwitso yatsimikizira zambiri zomwe Kropotkin ndi ena adanena za umunthu waumunthu, mwachitsanzo, kuti chifundo ndi mgwirizano ndizovuta kwambiri m'maganizo aumunthu. Ponena za zomangira zamalingaliro, monga chidziwitso chabodza, akatswiri odziwa zinenero monga George Lackey, ali ndi zambiri zonena za kufunikira kwa mafanizo pakupanga momwe timaganizira - ndi kuchita!
Ndikuganiza kuti malo anga ndi osiyana pang'ono. Sindikunena kuti tisiye kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi yazidziwitso zonse kuti tithandizire ndi umboni wina womwe titha kupanga anthu abwinoko, kungoti sindikuganiza kuti ndizofunikira. Momwemonso sindikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuyikapo gawo la "uzimu" mu ndale zachisinthiko, monga momwe ena kumanzere amanenera nthawi zina, monga a Russell Brand.
Kaya a Marxists adafika pamalingaliro abodza osazindikira kusagwirizana koyenera (ngati Marx anali slate yopanda kanthu, yomwe sindikutsimikiza kwathunthu - koma izi zitha kukhala kusowa kwa kuwerenga ndi chidziwitso cha Marx ndi Marxism - mwanjira ina. Sindingaganize kuti Marx kapena ena akanaphonya) kapena ayi, zikuwoneka kuti zilipo. Koma zonse zomwe zimalozera ndi kufunitsitsa kwa ambiri "pansi pa mpope" kunena kwake, kupirira zonyansa zambiri. Monga ndanenera, anthu amakhulupirira zinthu zambiri zomwe zimadabwitsa kwa ena ambiri. Kuwatsimikizira kuti njira zina zingatheke, zomwe zimagawana zolemetsa za kukhalapo mwachilungamo, molingana ndi chilungamo, ndizovuta kwambiri.
Utopian socialism imeneyo ingakhale yasayansi kwambiri (ndinawerenga nkhani yanu yapitayi Mark, yomwe ikanakhala yabwino kwa IOPS) kusiyana ndi zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti socialism yasayansi ikhoza kukhala ndi phindu. Koma kachiwiri, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ntchito yotsimikizira iwo omwe ali pansi pa malingaliro omanga kapena makhalidwe omwe amawoneka otsutsana ndi zofuna zawo, kuti bungwe labwino la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndilotheka, silidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofotokoza "zosagwirizana zomveka" kuganiza motengera zomwe wina amati ndi lingaliro la Marx la kuzindikira kapena zomwe zingakhale zochepa kwambiri kuti tipeze zambiri za chikhalidwe chathu, zomwe nthawi zonse ndimamva kuti Chomsky akuwonetsa kuti ndizoyandikira kwambiri ku mapeto a 'kudziwa pang'ono' kusiyana ndi ena. .
Palibe chifukwa chosiya mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito sayansi yachidziwitso koma kutanthauzira zotsatira kumakhala kutsutsana nthawi zonse. Sindikutsimikiza kuti zinthu monga Parecon, kapena masomphenya enieni, amafunikira kutsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi. Ndipo izi zikuwoneka kuti zili pamtima pa nkhani yanu apa Mark ndi yoyamba. Komabe zolembazo ndizopatsa chidwi ndipo zikadakhala zabwino kwa blog ya IOPS ngakhale m'modzi kapena awiri 'osokoneza' komanso mamembala osokonezeka ngati ine omwe adalowa nawo pazokambirana.
Kutsatira kuyankha kwa Ed, owerenga ena angakhale ndi chidwi ndi bukhu langa pankhaniyi:
Gary Olson, Chisoni Chowonongeka: Capitalism, Culture and the Brain (NY: Springer Publishing, 2013)
Moni Gary - Ndiyang'ana buku lanu, zikomo!
Chidziwitso chabodza sichingakhale "chabodza" monga momwe chimakhalira. Ambiri mwa magulu omwe amati ndi ochepera amatengera malingaliro, mwachitsanzo, utsogoleri wachipembedzo, ukapitalizimu kapena utsogoleri wa azungu, chifukwa kunena zoona, kugwirizana ndi zikhulupirirozo NDI kowakomera iwo, komabe amatanthauzira mozama. Ndi iko komwe, theka la amene ali m’magulu apansi ndi amuna ndipo m’madera ambiri, ambiri ndi oyera. Anthu awa amazindikira molondola kuti kutsatira mfundo zazikuluzikulu kumapangitsa moyo wabwinoko, makamaka kuchokera kumalingaliro okonda chuma. Wandale aliyense komanso munthu wokonda ntchito amamvetsetsa kuti kukhala lackey, shill kapena stooge nthawi zambiri kumapereka moyo wapamwamba. Nkhani yabodza ndiyakuti gulu ndilo, kapena liyenera kukhala, chomwe chimayambitsa kuzindikira - kupatula m'malingaliro a omenyera ndale.
Pankhani yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chiphunzitso chopanda kanthu, sayansi yawonetsa kuti malingaliro ena, mwachitsanzo, chifundo, alidi olimba muubongo wathu. "Philosophy in the Flesh" yolembedwa ndi George Lakoff ndi Mark Johnson ndi kuwerenga kochititsa chidwi pankhani ya sayansi yozindikira komanso momwe timaganizira. Njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu otsogola kukwera mopitilira zina mwazidziwitso izi, mwachitsanzo, kumverana chisoni, mgwirizano, kudzipereka, kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo. Tsoka ilo, kwa anthu ambiri omwe akutumikira zofuna za gulu lalikulu akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zokomera iwo eni. Zomwe zikungosonyeza, kuti anthu ambiri sakonda osintha (ndi omenyera ndale) kuwauza zomwe zili zowakomera. Kodi mungawaimbe mlandu?
Hi Ed -
(1) n’chifukwa chiyani mumati “otchedwa” makalasi ocheperapo? Kodi mukuganiza kuti izi ndi zongoganiziridwa?
(2) Ndikuvomereza kuti kutsata ndikomveka - makamaka pamlingo wina. Koma pamapeto pake ndizopanda umunthu kwa onse okhudzidwa - sichoncho?
PS zikomo chifukwa cha malingaliro a bukuli - ndiwona.
Ayi, sindikunena kuti gulu locheperako likuganiziridwa. Zomwe ndikuyesera kupeza ndikuti lingaliro lonse la "kalasi" ndi dongosolo la ndale - malingaliro omanga - omwe sangakhalenso chida chamtengo wapatali chowunikira monga momwe zinaliri m'masiku a Marx, (kapena zaka 50 zapitazo. ), sindimamasuka kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro andale akale, monga Marxism ndi anarchism, kusanthula chikhalidwe cha chikapitalist chamakono. Ngakhale pali cholowa chanzeru chochuluka chomwe chimakhalabe chida chamtengo wapatali, ndikumva mwamphamvu kuti kumanzere kumayenera kuyang'ana zinthu kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano komanso zatsopano, ndi malingaliro atsopano. Ndipo, inde, maubale amtundu uliwonse amachotsa umunthu.
Wawa Ed, zikuwoneka zachilendo kwa wina patsamba lomwe akuyesera kupangitsa chidwi chandale komanso zolimbikitsa kukana malingaliro andale mpaka pano. Ndipo miyambo ya Marxist imayimirabe kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa capitalism. Ndipo ndipitiliza kulimbikitsa oganiza zaposachedwa kwambiri a Marxist monga David Harvey, Terry Eagleton ndi Ralph Miliband mpaka lero.
Chotsutsa changa cha nkhaniyi ndikugwirizanitsa lingaliro la Marxist ndi "slate yopanda kanthu." Kunena momveka bwino miyambo ya Marxist imawona kuzindikira kwaumunthu makamaka ngati chotulukapo cha ubale wopindulitsa wachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chisinthiko cha izi - samakana mphamvu zakale ndi machitidwe otsalira kapena ofowoka pa chidziwitso chamunthu. Koma, makamaka, ubale wapagulu wopanga zinthu umatsimikizira kuzindikira kwaumunthu, ndipo simalo opanda kanthu chifukwa kukhala munthu ndiko kukhala ndi chidziwitso ndi chilankhulo chopangidwa ndi anthu. Ku kuganiza kwa Marxist slate yopanda kanthu sikungakhale chabe umunthu; sichingakhalepo. Chikumbumtima chonyenga ndi chotulukapo cha chidziwitso chopangidwa ndi anthu m'magulu ogawanika. Kumvetsetsa udindo womwe timatengera monga olamulira m'gulu logawikana ndi momwe timakhalira anthu andale.
Ndipo m’nkhani yanu yapitayi mumavomereza ngakhale lingaliro la gulu logawanika m’magulu momwe anthu ena amavomereza malo awo apansi m’dongosolo lazachuma landale kuti apindule:
“Wandale aliyense komanso munthu wokonda ntchito amamvetsetsa kuti kukhala katswiri wamasewera, shill kapena stooge nthawi zambiri kumapereka moyo wapamwamba. ”
Kunena zoona, pali anthu ambiri azachipatala, mwachitsanzo, omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito koma pokhala antchito akatswiri kwa anthu onse, popanda kuchotsedwa, monga momwe zimakhalira ku Western Europe.
Ndimakana kwambiri malingaliro andale osati monga kutsutsa ukapitalist koma monga njira yopita patsogolo. Pakadali pano, sindikutsimikiza kuti kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa capitalism kumafunika bwanji - anthu ambiri amadziwa, ngakhale mosadziwa, kuti ndizovuta. Pamene kumanzere kumayesetsa molimba mtima kupanga njira ina yotheka, chomwe tikusowa ndi masomphenya, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a njira yopita patsogolo. Zomwe timafunikira ndi ndale zatsopano ndipo sindikuganiza kuti kuyang'ana malingaliro am'mbuyomu ndikothandiza. Pachifukwa chimenecho, ndimapeza onse a Gandhi ndi John Holloway ofunikira pofotokozera ndale "zatsopano" izi (Murray Bookchin, nayenso). Malingaliro omwe amandisangalatsa kwambiri ndi "kusintha dziko popanda kutenga ulamuliro" ndi "crack capitalism" Ngakhale kuposa malingaliro, chomwe chimandisangalatsa kwambiri ndi anthu omwe akupanga dziko latsopano, mwachitsanzo, Zapatistas ndi Rojava, ndi maiko, Venezuela, Bolivia ndi Ecuador, omwe akupanga 21st Century socialism. Pancho Ramos Stierle ananena bwino kwambiri: "Ndikuganiza kuti tikufunikira zonse tsopano, ndipo tifunika kuphatikiza kusintha kwamkati kumeneku ndi kusintha kwakunja kuti tikhale ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa mzimu. Kenako mutha kupanga njira zina zosinthira ku dongosolo logwa lomwe limamangidwa paziwawa zamapangidwe. Ndikukhulupirira kuti zochitika zisanu ndi zinayi mwa khumi ziyenera kukhala zikupanga dera lomwe tikufuna kukhalamo-tikulankhula za permaculture, media odziyimira pawokha, chilungamo chobwezeretsa, chuma champhatso, ndalama zaulere, ndi mankhwala oletsa. Tikamachita zonsezi, timadzilimbitsa. Ngati mukupanga njira zina zowona m'malo ogwa, dongosolo lovunda ndiye kuti mwachibadwa mudzasemphana ndi kapangidwe ka mphamvu. Ndiye zochita zandale zimakhala zofunikira. Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti chinthu chimodzi mwa khumi mwazinthu khumi chiyenera kukhala cholepheretsa, ndiko kunyanyala, zionetsero, ziwonetsero komanso kusamvera anthu popanda ziwawa. Koma tikakulitsa kuzindikira kwamkati, n’zosavuta kuona kuti chimene tiyenera kuchita ndicho kuthera nthaŵi yathu yambiri kupanga madera amene tikufuna kukhalamo.”
PS Mukulondola, sindikanati "aliyense" wokonda ntchito - mtheradi ndi chizindikiro cha nkhani zabodza - koma ndiyenera kudabwa komwe madotolo onse anali pomwe Congress idaganiza zosintha zaumoyo - kupepesa kwa Margaret Flowers et. al.
Hi Kelvin -
Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti malongosoledwe anu amomwe “mwambo wachiMarxist umawonera kuzindikira kwamunthu” akuwonetsa bwino kwambiri kusagwirizana komveka kwa kachitidwe ka Marxist.
Mumayamba ndi kunena kuti “mwambo wa Marxist umaona kuzindikira kwa anthu makamaka monga chotulukapo cha maunansi a anthu” ndipo maliza ndi kunena kuti “Chikumbumtima chonyenga ndichotulukapo cha kuzindikira kopangidwa ndi anthu m’chitaganya chogawanika.”
Izi, zikuwoneka kwa ine, zikugwirizana bwino m'gulu la chiphunzitso chopanda kanthu, monga tafotokozera m'chidutswa changa.
Chimene sindimamvetsetsa ndi momwe chidziwitso chomwe chimamvetsetsedwa pang'ono kapena china chilichonse kuposa chikhalidwe cha anthu chingaonedwe ngati chabodza. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti pokhapokha titapempha zofuna zaumunthu zachibadwa - zomwe (Kuchokera kumbali) Marxists nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti amakana - ndiye kuti lingaliro lachidziwitso chabodza limakhala zopanda pake.