Pa Seputembara 12, 2006, a Reporters Without Borders (RSF) adasindikiza kalata yotseguka 'poyankha otsutsa,' omwe amadzudzula kupanda tsankho, ndalama zomwe amalandira kuchokera ku United States ndi zolinga zake zandale ' mokayikira zofanana ndi za White House. Cholinga cha kalatayi chinali kusonyeza kuti RSF ilibe zolinga zandale zochitira kusalana mayiko ena. Apanso, mafotokozedwe a RSF ndi osatsimikizika, otsutsana komanso olumikizidwa ndi mabodza (1).
Kuyesera kumveketsa bwino kumayamba modabwitsa pomenya nawo ndale zomveka bwino, zogwirizana bwino ndi Washington, motsutsana ndi boma la Havana: 'Cuba ndi wolamulira wankhanza,' kumasulidwako kumati, akuimba mlandu Fidel Castro kuti 'akuzunza anthu ake ndi kupondereza anthu ake. .'Komabe, RSF imadziwonetsera ngati bungwe la ndale lomwe likufuna 'kuteteza ufulu wa atolankhani'(2).
RSF ikupita patsogolo: 'Mwa mwayi uliwonse anthu aku Cuba amasankha purezidenti wawo ndi nyumba yamalamulo? Ayi.' Izi zikuwonetsa kusazindikira kumodzi kwa RSF pankhani ya ndale pachilumba cha Caribbean. M'malo momangokhalira kutsutsa zonena zachikale zakumanja zaku Cuba, zotsalira m'masiku a Batista, bungwe la Parisian lingachite bwino kuyang'ana malamulo adzikolo. Idzaphunzira zambiri za dongosolo la zisankho ku Cuba ndipo silinganene mawu opanda pake otere, zomwe ziyenera kuseketsa atolankhani akunja okhala ku Havana omwe adachita nawo zisankho. Koma amathera nthawi yochuluka ndi iwo omwe akulakalaka Cuba isanayambe kusintha, yomwe imapezeka mu kayendetsedwe ka Washington kapena mkati mwa mabungwe omwe amathamangitsidwa ku Miami, kotero kuti yatengera nkhani zawo (3).
'Kodi ali ndi ufulu wodzudzula poyera amene ali m'boma? Ayi,' imati RSF (4). Kumenekonso mlanduwu si wodalirika. Ndikokwanira kuyang'ana atolankhani aku France ndi apadziko lonse lapansi kuti adziwe kuti zosiyana ndi zowona. Palibe gulu la anthu otsutsa padziko lapansi lomwe lili ndi malo ochezera a pa TV ofunikira ngati otsutsa aku Cuba. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe kusowa kwa invective motsutsana ndi boma la Cuba. Mwachitsanzo, mtsogoleri wotsutsa Osvaldo Paya nthawi zonse amadzudzula akuluakulu aboma zamilandu yoipitsitsa: 'Ku Cuba, kulibe (...). Pali ana opitilira 20 omwe adaphedwa,' adauza atolankhani padziko lonse lapansi kangapo. Komabe, sanakhalepo mphindi imodzi m’ndende (5).
Mofananamo, otsutsawo anakonza msonkhano wa congress ku Havana pa May 20-21, 2005. United States ndi Cuban monyanyira kumene ku Florida anapereka kotheratu ndalama za congress imeneyo. Atolankhani angapo akunja ndi akazembe adapezekapo, mwa iwo ndi James Cason, wamkulu wakale wa US Interests Section ku Havana. Purezidenti Bush mwiniyo adatumiza uthenga wa kanema kwa otsutsa, pomwe adanena kuti 'funde laufulu likufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tsiku lina posachedwa lidzafika kumadera a Cuba.' 'Chitsamba chikhale ndi moyo wautali!' . M’dziko lililonse padziko lapansi, anthu amenewo akanamangidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu wogwirizana ndi dziko lina. Komabe, chilungamo cha ku Cuba sichinavutitse ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo (6).
RSF ikupereka Osvaldo Paya ngati 'demokalase ya chikhalidwe cha anthu' ndipo amamutsimikizira ngati chitsanzo. Imanyalanyaza kunena kuti adathandizira poyera kuukira boma motsutsana ndi Purezidenti waku Venezuela Hugo Chavez mu kalata yotseguka mu Epulo, 2002. Ikuyiwalanso kunena kuti amagwirizana kwambiri ndi akazembe a US omwe ali ku Cuba, komanso ang'onoang'ono. magulu ochita monyanyira ku Florida (7).
RSF ikupitiliza kunena kuti 'atolankhani 23' ali m'ndende. Kwa bungwe ndikwanira kuti aliyense waku Cuba, wokopeka ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa yotsutsa, alembe mizere itatu motsutsana ndi boma lake kuti alandire dzina la 'mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha.' Zilibe kanthu kuti pakati pa 'atolankhani 23' m'modzi yekha, Oscar Elias Biscet. , anamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu ya utolankhani. Zilibe kanthu kuti palibe m'modzi wa iwo amene adachita malonda a utolankhani asanalowe nawo otsutsa. Zilibe kanthu kuti aweruzidwa ndi chilungamo cha Cuba pamilandu wamba ' adalandira ndalama kuchokera kumayiko akunja, United States 'omwe alibe chochita ndi udindo wawo wa' mtolankhani'(8).
Kuphatikiza apo, zikalata zovomerezeka za United States 'ya 1992 Torricelli Act, 1996 Helms Burton Act ndi Report of Commission for Assistance to Free Cuba ya Meyi 2004' akuti pali bajeti yomwe idaperekedwa kuti pakhale otsutsa amkati. ku Cuba. Dongosolo la 2004 limalimbikitsa $50 miliyoni pa izi. Ponena za njira zaposachedwa kwambiri zolimbana ndi Cuba zomwe Purezidenti Bush adachita pa Julayi 10, 2006, apereka ngakhale 'kuphunzitsa ndi kukonzekeretsa atolankhani odziyimira pawokha pamawu olembedwa, wailesi ndi kanema wawayilesi ku Cuba,' ndipo ndalama zochititsa chidwi za $80 miliyoni zaperekedwa cholinga ichi, mwa zina. Kodi RSF inganyalanyaze moona mtima izi (9)?
RSF pomaliza imavomereza kuti Washington imathandizira kudzera mu National Endowment for Democracy (NED), bungwe lopangidwa ndi oyang'anira a Ronald Reagan ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa ndondomeko ya White House padziko lonse lapansi. Koma amayesa kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa ndalama zomwe amalandira ndikulongosola kuti 'zimangoperekedwa kuti zigwire ntchito ku Africa osati ku America'(10).
RSF imavomerezanso kuti imalandira ndalama kuchokera ku Center for a Free Cuba, bungwe lazabwino kwambiri lomwe cholinga chake ndikugwetsa boma la Cuba. Imadzinamizira kuti sichinabisepo ndalama izi, zomwe idalandira kuyambira 2002. Izi ndi zabodza popeza sizikuwoneka pamasamba a 2002 ndi 2003. RSF imanyalanyazanso kunena kuti wotsogolera gululi ndi a Frank Calzón. Panthawi ina anali mkulu wa Cuban American National Foundation (CANF), yomwe yakhala ikukhudzidwa ndi zigawenga zolimbana ndi Cuba, monga mkulu wakale Jose Antonio Llama adanena (11). Chifukwa chiyani RSF imabisa chowonadi ichi kwa anthu? Kodi RSF ingalandire bwanji ndalama kuchokera kwa mkulu wakale wa bungwe lomwe limalimbikitsa uchigawenga?
RSF ikukana 'mlandu woukira dziko la Cuba' ndipo ikunena kuti palibe 'udindo kwa omwe amapereka ndalama.' , Stuart Eizenstat, mu 1996 ku Paris? Chifukwa chiyani idatenga ofesi ya zokopa alendo ku Cuba ku France pa Epulo 24, 2003? Chifukwa chiyani idakonza chochitika ku Theatre du Rond-Point ku Paris pansi pa mawu andale, 'Cuba inde, Castro no,' mu Seputembala wa 2003? Chifukwa chiyani bungweli lidakumana ndi oyimira ufulu waku Cuba ku Florida pa Januware 16, 2004, kuti asayine mapangano ndikupanga komiti yomwe mlembi wamkulu wa RSF Robert Menard ndi membala wake? (12)
Momwemonso, n’chifukwa chiyani linayambitsa makampeni ofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa uthenga (m’manyuzipepala, pawailesi ndi pawailesi yakanema) pofuna kuletsa alendo odzaona malo kupita ku Cuba, monga zalembedwera mu pulani ya Bush ya May, 2004? N’chifukwa chiyani ikubisa mfundo yakuti ndi bungwe lokhalo limene latchulidwa kuti ndi chitsanzo chabwino patsamba 20 la dongosolo lomweli? Chifukwa chiyani ulalo wokhawo patsamba loyambira patsamba lake lazilankhulo zitatu ukukhudza Cuba, ngakhale, malinga ndi zomwe akufuna, China ndiye woyang'anira ndende wamkulu wa atolankhani padziko lapansi? Chifukwa chiyani Cuba ndi dziko lokhalo lomwe Robert Menard adafuna kuti European Union ikhazikitse zilango zachuma? Chifukwa chiyani mawu omwe amatsagana ndi 'press freedom index' ya 2003 amayang'ana kwambiri ku Cuba, ndi mutu wakuti, 'Cuba, wotsatira mpaka wotsiriza, North Korea isanachitike'(13)?
Koma chithandizo chomwe chasungidwa ku Cuba ndi nsonga chabe. M'malo mwake, ndale za RSF zimapitilira nkhani imodzi ya Cuba. Mwachitsanzo, RSF yangokumbukira posachedwapa 'pambuyo pa zaka zisanu' mlandu wa Al Jazeera cameraman Sami Al-Haj, ndipo pambuyo nkhani zingapo zinasindikizidwa kutsutsa 'kusiya izi.' za mgwirizano ndi Al-Qaeda.'Chifukwa sizikudziwika ngati Sami Al-Hak adamangidwa chifukwa chokhala mtolankhani komanso chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso chokhudza iye, RSF yadikirira isanayambe kuchita zina,' mawuwo akutero. 14).
Chifukwa chake RSF idafunikira kafukufuku wazaka zisanu kuti adziwe kuti Sami Al-Haj adamangidwa, kubedwa ndikuzunzidwa chifukwa chokhala mtolankhani. Mwina ndichifukwa chake mtolankhani waku Sudan wasowa mu malipoti a 2004 ndi 2005 pomwe RSF imalemba atolankhani onse omwe ali mndende padziko lonse lapansi. Kumbali inayi, RSF sinazengereze mphindi imodzi asanaganize kuti boma la Cuba linatsekera m'ndende 'atolankhani'(15).
Kuphatikiza apo, sikoyamba kuti RSF ikudandaula za nkhanza zomwe atolankhani omwe amagwira ntchito ku Al Jazeera zomwe 'mwangozi wina mosakayikira' zili pamndandanda wakuda wa United States chifukwa cha lipoti lake, zomwe zikuwonetsa milandu yomwe asitikali aku US adachita. ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Mu Seputembala 2003, Taysser Alouni adamangidwa ku Spain chifukwa chongoganiziridwa kuti akugwirizana ndi Al Qaeda. Atafunsidwa za nkhaniyi, a Robert Menard adangonena kuti atolankhani sali pamwamba pa malamulo ndipo '¦ palibenso china (16).
RSF imavomereza kuti 'kukhala chete' pa Sami Al-Haj kunali 'cholakwa' komanso kuti 'kulankhula kwake ndi kuvomereza kulakwa kumeneku.' palibe koma 'kusiya' kwatsoka komwe, ngakhale kunatha zaka zisanu, sikukugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti ali m'manja mwa asilikali a US (17).
Pachifukwa ichi, nchifukwa chiyani RSF imakhala chete ponena za Bilal Hussein, mtolankhani waku Iraq komanso wojambula zithunzi yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Associated Press, yemwe adamangidwa ndi asitikali ogwidwa kuyambira Epulo 12, 2006 ku Iraq 'kwa miyezi isanu yapitayi? Bilal Hussein adamuimba mlandu wowopseza chitetezo ndipo adatsekeredwa m'ndende, koma mpaka lero palibe mlandu womwe waperekedwa, palibe umboni womwe waperekedwa komanso sanamutengere kwa woweruza (18).
AP yakana milanduyi. Limanena kuti 'kuwunika mkati mwa ntchito yake sikunapeze chilichonse chosonyeza kukhudzana kosayenera ndi zigawenga, ndipo umboni uliwonse wotsutsa iye uyenera kubweretsedwa ku bungwe lamilandu la Iraq.'
"Tikufuna kuti malamulo azitsatira," akutero Purezidenti wa AP Tom Curley. ' Ayenera kutsutsidwa kapena kumasulidwa. Kutsekeredwa m'ndende kosatha sikuloledwa.'Curley anapitiriza, 'Tafika potsimikiza kuti izi n'zosavomerezeka pansi pa malamulo a Iraq, kapena Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva, kapena njira iliyonse yankhondo.' Chowonadi ndi chakuti Bilal Hussein adamangidwa chifukwa cha zithunzi zomwe adajambula ku Ramadi ndi Fallouja, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuphana komwe kunachitika ndi gulu lankhondo la Purezidenti Bush, malinga ndi loya wake, Badie Arief Izzat (19). Chifukwa chiyani kungokhala chete koteroko kumbali ya RSF?
Kodi RSF ingasungire bwanji kukhulupirika kwake poyang'anizana ndi 'kusiya' kwatsopanoku, komwe kukudetsanso, mtolankhani womangidwa ndi United States? Zingakhale bwanji zodalilika pomwe nthawi yomweyo, pa Seputembara 18, 2006, idafulumira kudzudzula kumangidwa kwa 'mtolankhani wazaka 21' ku Cuba, popanda kufufuzidwa koyambirira komanso osadziwa chifukwa chake aboma adamumanga? Komanso, RSF ikuvomereza kuti sadziwa zifukwa zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Ahmed RodrÃguez Albacia amangidwe. Kwa RSF, palibe chokambirana: ndi Cuba, kotero ayenera kuti adamangidwa chifukwa chokhala 'mtolankhani'(20).
Koma izi sizokwanira kwa RSF. Patatha masiku awiri, pa Seputembala 20, 2006, likudzudzula mwamphamvu 'kumangidwa popanda chifukwa kwa OdelÃn Alfonso,' popanda kudziwa chifukwa chomwe anamumanga. Pano palibe kufufuza koyambirira komwe kuli kofunikira ndipo palibe mthunzi wokayikitsa: udindo wake monga 'mtolankhani' ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomangidwa malinga ndi RSF. Zilibe kanthu kuti OdelÃn Alfonso amalipidwa ndi tsamba la webusayiti ya Cubans olondola kwambiri, Cubanet, yomwe imathandizidwa ndi thandizo la USAID ndi NED. RSF imakakamizika kuvomereza izi ndikuvomereza kuti OdelÃn Alfonso ndi 'mtolankhani waku Cuba,' popanda kuvutitsa kudziwitsa anthu za zomwe tsamba ili ndi (21).
Kodi RSF ingayembekezere bwanji kuwoneka yodalirika chifukwa cha momwe idachitira kuphedwa kwa mtolankhani waku Spain Jose Couso ndi mnzake waku Ukraine, Taras Protsyuk, ndi asitikali aku US ku Baghdad (22)? Zingakhale zodalirika bwanji pamene ndi wopepesa chifukwa cha kuukiridwa kwa Iraq, ponena kuti 'Kugonjetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Purezidenti Saddam Hussein kunathetsa zaka zoposa 30 zofalitsa zaboma ndikutsegula nthawi yatsopano yaufulu, yodzaza ndi chiyembekezo ndi kusatsimikizika, kwa Iraqi. atolankhani'(23)? Zoyenera kunena powonjezera kuti 'Zaka zambiri zaufulu wa atolankhani zidatha kwa atolankhani aku Iraq pomwe nyumba ya Unduna wa Zazidziwitso ku Baghdad idaphulitsidwa pa 9 Epulo'(24)? Ndani angakhulupirirebe zolinga za RSF? Ndani angaganizebe kuti RSF imateteza 'ufulu wa atolankhani' ndipo ilibe ndale?
Haiti, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Jean-Bertrand Aristide, analinso chandamale cha RSF. Pamene adagwetsedwa m'chiwembu chomwe chinakonzedwa ndi United States, France ndi Canada, RSF inayamikira mwachikondi kulanda boma mu lipoti lotchedwa, 'Press freedom returns: a gain to be nurtured'(25).
Nthawi zina, bungwe la Parisian limachita chidwi kwambiri potchula mayiko omwe ali pamndandanda wawo: 'RSF' imakhala yolimba ndi maulamuliro ena monga Iran, China, Zimbabwe kapena Belarus, "akutero. Zinangochitika mwangozi? Ndi maiko omwewo omwe ali ku Washington. Nthawi ino, RSF sichimakana (26).
Venezuela ndi Purezidenti Hugo Chavez, wonyozedwa ndi olamulira a Bush, nawonso akhala m'gulu la omwe ali ndi mwayi woyang'aniridwa ndi RSF. Panthawi ya chiwembu cha Epulo 2002, a Robert Menard adakana kudzudzula gawo lalikulu lomwe atolankhani achinsinsi adatsutsana ndi Purezidenti wosankhidwa mwa demokalase. Pambuyo pake, RSF yachulukitsa malipoti ake otsutsana ndi boma la Bolivarian, ndikupereka, mwachitsanzo, kumangidwa kwa mtolankhani yemwe anali ndi mlandu wachinyengo komanso kuwononga ndalama za boma monga kuphwanya ufulu wa atolankhani (27).
Mlandu waposachedwa uwu unali udzu womaliza ndipo udachititsa kuti boma la Venezuela liyankhe motere:
'Kumangidwa kwa mtolankhani Gustavo Azócar, yemwe akuimbidwa milandu yodziwika bwino ya chinyengo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika ndalama za boma zomwe zidachitika mu 2000 motsutsana ndi lottery ya Tachira, zidayambitsa gulu la zigawenga zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe a Bush adalipira kuti azinyoza anthu komanso boma la demokalase la Venezuela.
'Bungwe la 'Atolankhani Opanda Malire,' lothandizidwa ndi mabungwe azamalamulo aku US kudzera mu National Endowment for Democracy (NED), lati 'likukhudzidwa' ndi mlandu wachilungamo wamba. Mogwirizana ndi zigawenga zaku Venezuela, mabizinesi awo ofalitsa nkhani komanso wotsutsa, akuyesera kusandutsa nkhaniyi kukhala kuwukira ufulu wa atolankhani ('¦).
'Pamodzi ndi kayendetsedwe ka Bush, ntchito zake zachinsinsi, magulu ake akutsogolo ndi antchito ake aku Venezuela, 'Reporters Without Borders' ayamba ntchito zowononga zotsatsira zotsutsana ndi kusintha kwa dziko la Bolivia'(28).
Pankhani iyi, RSF idagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo zomwe idafotokoza mu 2003 ndi 'atolankhani aku Cuba'omwe amaphatikiza kusandutsa nkhani zaupandu kukhala kuphwanya ufulu wa atolankhani (29).
Kumbali inayi, munthu angakhulupirire bwanji kuti RSF ikufuna 'kuteteza ufulu wa atolankhani,' podziwa kuti sizinavutikepo kuti zitengere mlandu wa Mumia Abu-Jamal, mtolankhani wakuda yemwe wavutika m'ndende zaku US chifukwa cha zambiri. kupitilira zaka makumi anayi chifukwa chodzudzula nkhanza za apolisi kwa anthu ochepa mu lipoti lake? Chifukwa chiyani RSF siyineneza dziko la United States kuti likuletsa zopinga kuti atulutse ufulu wawo pomwe amaletsa atolankhani aku Cuba kuti azichita ntchito yawo m'gawo lake, pomwe ma TV ambiri aku US ali ndi tinyanga zokhazikika ku Havana?
Pomaliza, ndalama za RSF zimadzutsa mafunso angapo. Bungweli limati limalandira 48 peresenti ya bajeti yake (2003) kuchokera ku malonda a makalendala ndi mabuku a zithunzi. Ndiye kuti, ma euro 1,984,853 amachokera pazogulitsa izi. Kalendala kapena bukhu la zithunzi limagula ma euro 8. Izi zikutanthauza kuti RSF imagulitsa makope 248,106 pachaka, kapena pafupi ndi 680 patsiku, masiku 365 pachaka. Kodi zingatheke bwanji kukhulupirira zopanda pake zoterozo? (30).
Onse omwe amatsutsa kugonjera kwa RSF pamaso pa malo olamulira, omwe amatsutsa kugwirizana kwake ndi ndondomeko za kayendetsedwe ka Bush ndikukayikira thandizo lake lachuma si kanthu koma 'Fidelistas,' Castro supporters' and 'recalcitrants' malinga ndi bungwe la Parisian. Monga kuti zotsutsazo zimangokhudzana ndi chithandizo chomwe chasungira Cuba komanso chiwonetsero chachikulu cha mgwirizano pakati pa RSF ndi Washington sichinali chofunikira (31).
RSF imadzinamiza kuti ilibe chobisala. Zikhale choncho. Ndiye iyenera kukhala ndi kulimba mtima poyera za malingaliro ndikufalitsa yankho ili pa tsamba lake la intaneti, monga Voltaire Network inali ndi ulemu ndi luntha lanzeru kuti ilole kuti iwonetsere pa tsamba lake. Iyeneranso kukhala ndi mphamvu yoyankha mfundo iliyonse pa mfundo zonsezi. Koma tisamadzipusitse tokha.
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