Cochabamba, Bolivia
Mwina 18, 2004
October watha, anthu aku Bolivia adachotsa Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada paudindo wapulezidenti. Nkhani zambiri zidapangitsa kuti achotsedwe, koma mwina yofunika kwambiri inali nkhani yotumiza mafuta ku Chile. Panalinso kuyesa kusungitsa madzi ku Cochabamba. "Goni," monga amadziwika kuti adapereka mgwirizano ku kampani yaku France. Panalinso kutsutsa kolinganizidwa ndi "cocaleros" kutsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya US "yothetsa mbewu". Coca ili ndi tanthauzo losiyana kwambiri ndi anthu pano (ndikhoza kuwonjezeranso ku Peru ndi Ecuador. Zambiri pa izi pambuyo pake).
Nkhani ya "kutumiza gasi kunja" yadzutsanso mutu wake ndipo mwina ikhoza kuwopseza utsogoleri wa Carlos D. Mesa. Chiwopsezocho chimawonjezeka pomwe zovuta zina zimakumana kuti ziwopsezo zikhale zenizeni. Izi ndi (osafunikira kwenikweni):
1. Kutumiza gasi kunja, nthawi ino ku Argentina pamtengo wotsikirapo kuposa woperekedwa kwa aku Chile. Anthu ambiri aku Bolivia amakhulupirira kuti dziko lino litumizanso ku Chile. Anthu a ku Bolivia amakumbukira kuti anataya mwayi wawo wopita ku nyanja ya Pacific pankhondo imene inamenyana ndi dziko la Chile mu 1879. Choncho pali mbiri yakale yosonyeza chidani chimenechi ndi dziko la Chile.
Koma choposa nkhani yotumiza kunja ndi nkhani yoti dziko la Bolivia liyenera kugulitsa zinthu zopangira kunja osati zosinthidwa. Magulu otsutsana ndi kutumiza kunja angakonde kugwiritsa ntchito malo opangira zinthu pano zomwe zingathandize kuti dziko likhale lolemera. Iwo adatchulapo maphunziro omwe amatchula makampani atatu akunja omwe adadzipereka kuchita izi kuphatikiza kampani yaku Japan, Mitsubishi. Mabungwe asanu a transnational ali ndi mphamvu zonse pamakampani amafuta mdziko muno.
(Uruguay, Argentina ndi Chile akuvutika ndi vuto la mphamvu zomwe zidzawonjezeka pamene nyengo yozizira ikuyandikira. Maikowa adzafunika mpweya kuti azitenthetsa nyumba zawo, ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wa gasi ukhale wokwera kwambiri ndi kuphedwa kwa mwamuna wa Georgie Boy ku Iraq)
2. Mlungu watha, Constitutional Tribunal (yogwira ntchito yofanana ndi Khoti Lalikulu lanu) inagamula kuti akuluakulu a asilikali okhudzidwa ndi "febrero negro" massacre (Black February) akhoza kuzengedwa m'makhoti a anthu wamba. Nthawi yomweyo, mkulu wa asilikali anatsutsa chigamulochi ndipo analengeza poyera udindo wawo. ( Asilikali adati chisankhochi chikuwopseza mabungwe ademokalase. Inde, ndikudziwa kuti izi zikumveka pakhoma koma iwo adanena. Loweruka lapitalo ku likulu la La Paz, asilikali adawoneka mumzinda wonse. Ngakhale kuti anali opanda zida, anthu ena a ku Bolivia anamasulira izi. ngati chiwopsezo chobisika). Nyumba ya Senate ya ku Bolivia inavomereza kuti igwirizane ndi asilikali. Otsatirawo angakonde bwalo lamilandu lankhondo komwe amatha kumenyedwa pamkono.
Dzulo, Constitutional Tribunal idatsimikiziranso chigamulo chake.
3. Sabata yatha, Nyumba ya Malamulo idavomerezanso lamulo lopereka chitetezo kwa asitikali aku US pamilandu iliyonse yomwe angapatsidwe m'dziko muno. Muyesowo udadutsa Senate popanda kutsutsana ndipo idangotenga mphindi 10 zokha.
US imasunga gulu lankhondo ku Trinidad mu dipatimenti ya Beni. Mwachiwonekere iwo ali kumeneko monga gawo la pulogalamu yoletsa mankhwala / kuthetsa mankhwala ( Paulendo wanga woyamba wopita ku Cochabamba kuchokera ku La Paz, angapo anali paulendo umodzi wamalonda ndi ine. Zikuoneka kuti sankaganiza kuti sindimadziwa Chingerezi. Kumeta tsitsi lawo lalifupi lankhondo ndi nsapato za Danner ndipo kaimidwe kamakhala kakufa).
4. Carlos D. Mesa adasainanso Decreto Supremo 27457 (Ndikukayikira kumasulira izi ngati Supreme Decree, zikumveka ngati Lamulo la Purezidenti) lomwe lingasamutsire bwino udindo wa maphunziro, thanzi ndi kukonza misewu kumadera.
Nthawi zambiri, kugawa magawo ndi chinthu chabwino. Koma malinga ndi amene ndinafunsidwa naye, mtsogoleri wa bungwe la aphunzitsi ku Sucre, izi zidzachititsa aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo, ogwira ntchito yokonza misewu m'manja mwa mabwana andale omwe apanga "zokopa zandale" njira zosungitsira ntchito. Boma la Federal lipereka ndalama ku zigawozo koma izi ndizomwe zidzayendetse mapulogalamuwa. Palinso mantha kuti chifukwa cha ziphuphu zomwe zakhala zikufalikira, phindu lachikhalidwe (monga aguinaldo kapena mabonasi, ndi zina zotero) sizingawafikire ogwira ntchito m'boma.
5. Nkhani ya nthaka. Malamulo okhudza za nthaka alipo koma sakukhazikitsidwa, makamaka kumadzulo kwa dziko. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Movimiento Sin Tierra kapena Movement of the Landless yakhala ikugwira ntchito zamtunda, zaposachedwa kwambiri ku dipatimenti ya La Paz dzulo.
6. Boma likunena pa malonda a masamba a coca ndi oti ndi zololeka mโmisika ya makolo basi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovomerezeka m'malo ochepa chabe. A cocaleros amaumirira kuti pali misika yambiri yachikhalidwe kuposa momwe boma limazindikirira. Inde, masamba a coca akugulitsidwa mโmisika yalamulo yosazindikirika imeneyi.
7. Ophunzira akufuna kuchulukitsidwa kwa bajeti ya maphunziro a mayunivesite awo. Monga momwe ndalama zimakhalira m'mayunivesite ena ndizosakwanira. Mayunivesite ena atsekedwa ndi ophunzira.
8. Nkhani zina zambiri, zomwe sindinadziwebe mokwanira. Ogwira ntchito m'migodi, ogwira ntchito, etc.
ZOTSANIZA
Wina angaganize kuti magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu aku Bolivia angagwirizane ndikupanga zofuna zawo kukhala zamphamvu. Izi zikhoza kuchitikabe. Koma polemba izi sizili choncho. Koma magulu ena atenga nkhani zingapo monga zifukwa zawo.
Central Obrera Boliviana (COB), ndi wothandizana nawo m'chigawo cha Central Obrera Regional de El Alto (COR): Ili ndi gulu lomwe lidapereka nkhonya kwa Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada Okutobala watha. El Alto ili pafupi kwambiri ndi La Paz ndipo iyenera kukhala dera lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Maestros Urbanos ndi Maestros Rurales atenga ntchito yothana ndi zovuta zingapo. Kupatula magulu otchulidwawa magulu ena apanga "kukhazikitsa ma hydrocarbons (mwachitsanzo, gasi), nkhani yawo yayikulu pomwe akukwaniritsa zofuna zawo. Pankhani ya aphunzitsi, Decreto Supremo 27457.
Ndinali ku Sucre dzulo, koma ndinatha kuwonera msonkhano wochititsa chidwi ku Plaza yaikulu ya likulu, Plaza de San Francisco pa TV. Panali ulendo wopita ku likulu womwe unayamba sabata yatha: Patacamaya wotchedwa Marcha por la Vida, la Dignidad y la Recuperacion de los Hidrocarburos. Pamene inkapitirira, chiลตerengero cha oguba chinapitirizabe kukula ndipo pamene chinadutsa El Alto, chinakuladi. Ulendowu udatha dzulo ku Plaza de San Francisco.
Kumapeto kwa msonkhano wa Marichi, mneneri wa COR adafunsa khamu la anthu zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika ndi mafakitale amafuta. Yankho lodziwikiratu linali "Nacionalizar." Funsoli likukhudzana ndi referendum yomwe ikubwera pa nkhani ya "kutumiza kunja kwa gasi." Anthu ambiri a ku Bolivia akuopa kuti referendum sidzafunsa funso lofunika kwambiri limeneli. Koma ingofunsani ngati akuvomereza momwe Carlos Mesa amayendetsera "nkhani ya gasi". M'malo mwake, funso lachitsanzo lopangidwa poyera lidawonetsa kuti ili likhala limodzi mwa mafunso angapo omwe adzafunsidwa mu referendum ya Julayi 18.
Pali mafunso ambiri osayankhidwa okhudza referendum yomwe ikubwerayi. Pali kutsutsidwa ndi mbali zina za Senate ndi m'madipatimenti ena (monga Santa Cruz, Tarifa, Beni). Sizikudziwikabe ngati referendum ingokhala kukambirana kapena kutsimikiza. Ndiye mafunso ati adzafunsidwa. Komanso kodi padzakhala nthawi yokwanira ya kampeni yodziwitsa anthu zomwe zidzafotokozere nkhanizo m'njira yomwe nzika zambiri zimvetsetse?
Zipani zingapo za ndale (osati mbali ya mabungwe a anthu) akhala kumbali ya mabungwe a anthu pa nkhani zina. Movimiento Izquierda Revolucionario (MIR) yomwe ili ndi nthumwi zingapo ku Senate imakonda kukhazikitsidwa kwamakampaniwo. Chodabwitsa nโchakuti, Evo Morales yemwe amatsogolera bungwe la Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) sanaulule za MAS ngakhale kuti iye ndi atsogoleri ena anayi achipanicho anali ndi msonkhano wachinsinsi ndi purezidenti.
(Zipani za ndale pano zili ndi mayina ochititsa chidwi koma sizigwirizana ndi tanthawuzo la mayina a zipani zawo. Kungolankhula mawu opanda kanthu monga gulu la Mexico la Partido Revolucionario Institucional lomwe linkalamulira kwa zaka zoposa 70. Institutionalized inde, koma Revolutionary? M'maloto anu Srs. Salinas de Gortari, Zedillo, ndi ena. Ndipo kotero tili ndi Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario otsogola omwe sakhala okonda dziko kapena kusintha zomwe zidapangitsa kuvomerezedwa kwakupereka chitetezo kwa asitikali aku US).
MACHITIDWE
Mabungwe osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana monga kutsekereza misewu (kotchuka kwambiri), sitiraka, ziwonetsero, kuguba koma kukambirana ndi boma. Inemwini, ndinapeza njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aphunzitsi otchedwa "bloqueo de mil esquinas" (kutsekeka kwa ngodya chikwi) yosangalatsa kwambiri. Zinandikumbutsa za "manifestaciones de tormentas" kapena ziwonetsero zamphezi zazaka zankhondo ku Philippines. Izi zimakhala ndi timagulu tating'ono m'malo osiyanasiyana amzindawu mwadzidzidzi akutulutsa zikwangwani, zikwangwani zowonetsa ziwonetsero ndipo apolisi asanachite chilichonse ziwonetserozo zidasungunuka m'khamulo.
Kusiyana apa ndikuti aphunzitsi amatchinga mphambano, amawulutsa nkhani pomwe magalimoto ali payima, ndipo samasungunuka m'gulu la anthu. Amasamukira ku mphambano ina ndikuchitanso chinthu chonsecho. Tangolingalirani, magulu a aphunzitsi mu New York City akuchita zimenezi kulikonse!
Chibu Lagman amaphunzitsa za sociology ndi Latin America Studies ku Athabasca University ku Alberta, Canada.
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