Katswiri wa ndale wodziwika bwino, Michael Parenti, posachedwapa anafunsidwa ndi wasayansi wina wodziwika bwino wa ndale, Carl Boggs. Kuyankhulanaku kudawonekera koyamba m'magazini yamaphunziro ya New Political Science, June 2012. Zaperekedwa pano kwathunthu.
Carl Boggs (CB): Ntchito yanu yaukatswiri yapambana modabwitsa, mdziko lonse komanso padziko lonse lapansi, kwazaka makumi angapo. Zonsezi, ngakhale kuti anathamangitsidwa ku chilango cha sayansi ya ndale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndipo, makamaka, atakanidwa zothandizira, mphotho, ndi ndalama zomwe akatswiri ambiri - kuphatikizapo omwe ali kumanzere - amaziona mopepuka. Tsopano chabwino mpaka zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, mukukhalabe opindulitsa monga kale. Chakhala chinsinsi chanji kuti muchite bwino?
Michael Parenti (MP): Ndikufuna kunena kuti โkukhala moyo woyeraโ koma palibe amene angandikhulupirire. Kunena zoona, zinthu zokhazo zimene ndinkadziwa kuchita mโmoyo zinali kulemba ndi kulankhula, choncho ndinapitiriza kuzichita. Chimene chinandisonkhezera kupitiriza chinali chikhumbo chofuna chowonadi pakati pa mabodza ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zolamulira. Khama langa linandikokera kaลตirikaลตiri kumalo oletsedwa amtundu wamtundu umene suchititsa kukhala paudindo. Popeza ndinalandidwa udindo wanthaลตi zonse wa kuyunivesite chifukwa cha zochita zanga zosonkhezera zinthu ndi zolemba zanga zodziลตika bwino, ndinadzipereka kuyesa kukhala waluntha wapagulu. Nthawi yomweyo ndidasungabe maulalo ndi maphunziro: ena mwa mabuku anga amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro; Ndimachita maphunziro a alendo m'masukulu osiyanasiyana ndipo ndakhala ndi zoitanira alendo owerengeka kwazaka zambiri. Ndipo khulupirirani kapena musakhulupirire, nthawi zina ndimalembabe nkhani m'mabuku a nkhani zaukatswiri kapena zolemba zamaphunziro. Zachuma zakhala zovuta nthawi zina koma ndapulumuka mpaka pano.
BC: Kudziyankhulira ndekha komanso ena ambiri omwe akupita patsogolo komanso otsalira omwe ndawadziwa, njira zosinthira zomwe tidakumana nazo nthawi zambiri zidabwera mzaka zathu zazikulu. Kodi gwero la kuchoka kwanu ku miyambo yokhazikika ndi ndale zamasiku onse linali chiyani? Ndipo zidachitika liti m'moyo wanu?
MP: Palibe pompopompo thewera lofiira likumera kwa ine. Monga mwana wasukulu ndinawerenga mwa apo ndi apo za ndale zochitika mu New York Daily News ndi nsanza zina zotere. Kwa nthawi yochepa ndili wachinyamata kusukulu yasekondale, ndimadziona ngati wa Republican (musafunse). Ndili ku koleji ndinali wochirikiza chipani cha Liberal ku New York City. Panthaลตiyo nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe inandigwira kwambiri. Kupanda chilungamo kwa Jim Crow kusankhana mitundu kunali koonekeratu. Ndikuganiza kuti ndinasunthira kumanzere chifukwa ndimakonda chilungamo kuposa china chilichonse, kuposa kukongola kapena chikondi kapena chisangalalo chokha. Komabe panali zophophonya. Nthawi yandale kwambiri pa moyo wanga wamkulu inali zaka zitatu kapena kuposerapo ku Yale University kupeza Ph.D yanga. mu sayansi ya ndale, kapena momwe ingatchulidwe bwino "sayansi ya apolitical." Pomaliza inali Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam yomwe idandichotsa kuchoka paufulu wotumbululuka kupita kumalingaliro amphamvu kwambiri. Ndinayamba kukayikira za nkhondoyo, kenako ndinafunsa atsogoleri amene anayambitsa nkhondoyo, ndiyeno ndinafunsanso dongosolo limene linatulutsa atsogoleriwo. Poyamba ndinkaganiza kuti nkhondoyo inali yongochitika mopanda nzeru, kulakwa kwakukulu. Pambuyo pake ndinaganiza kuti nkhondoyo inali yomveka, kupambana komvetsa chisoni (kapena kupambana pang'ono) kutumikira zofuna zamakampani padziko lonse lapansi. Pa nthawiyo ndinayamba kuchoka ku madandaulo omasuka ponena za momwe zinthu zilili zoipa ndikufufuza mozama chifukwa chake zili momwe zilili.
BC: Munali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Caucus for a New Political Science kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Pachimake cha New-Left radicalism, Caucus idalimbikitsidwa ndi chiyembekezo chakuti chilangocho chikhoza kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi funde la maphunziro opita patsogolo ndi kulimbikitsana - ndikukankhira kumanzere kwambiri. Powona momwe mwambowu umayendera, mukuganiza bwanji za zolinga za Caucus zoyambirirazo?
PM: Zolinga za Caucus zikadali zoyenera monga kale, ndipo sizinakwaniritsidwebe: kulowa m'madera oletsedwa, kafukufuku wovuta, womveka, komanso wokhudzana ndi nkhondo zandale ndi mbiri yakale. Zinali zosalingalirika mmbuyo mu 1967 kuti pafupifupi zaka XNUMX pambuyo pake zinthu zantchitoyo zidzakhala zofanana kwambiri. Masiku ano tili ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi omwe akutsatiridwa apakati omwe akunena zabodza kuti ali ndi zolinga. Masiku ano asayansi ambiri andale amatsutsanabe mafunso omwewo otopa okhudzana ndi kukhwima kwa njira komanso kusintha kwamalingaliro. Zatheka bwanji? Chabwino, apakati ndi osunga malamulo amalamulirabe magulu a matrasti; iwo pa kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndi kulembedwa ntchito, kukwezedwa ndi ntchito; mwachidule, njira zonse kuberekanso mikhalidwe ya ulamuliro wawoโmโkupitiriza kulondola sayansi yandale.
Mโzaka zonse za mโma 1970 mpaka mโma 1980 ndimakumbukira nkhani ya akatswiri okhwima maganizo ndi aphunzitsi omwe anamasulidwa. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri odziwika bwino pazandale analiโndipo akadali ndiโnjira zofewa komanso zotsogola kuposa omwe amagwira ntchito movutikira, ngakhale ndikwabwino kudziwa kuti ziwerengero za anthu opitilira muyeso zapulumuka.
BC: Pamene tinali ophunzira omaliza maphunziro zaka zambiri zapitazo mkangano unabuka pakati pa "ochuluka" sukulu yokhutitsidwa ndi demokalase yaku America ndi "mapangidwe amphamvu" ochirikiza okhudzidwa ndi miyambo ya Marxist ndi ntchito ya anthu otchuka monga C. Wright Mills. Mu chodabwitsa chodabwitsa, pomwe zizolowezi za oligarchic pakati pa anthu aku America zakula m'zaka makumi ambiri, sayansi yazandale yodziwika bwino yatenga malingaliro ambiri ngati malingaliro opatulika, osatengera nthawi pomwe malingaliro otsutsa amakhalabe otsalira. Kodi kutsutsana kochititsa chidwi kumeneku tingakufotokoze bwanji?
PM: Zomwezo zachitikanso pazachuma. Mโmadipatimenti azachuma mโdziko lonselo, chipembedzo cha Marxism chazimiririkaโosati kuti chinayamba chachitikapoโkomanso chiphunzitso cha Keynesian! Pafupifupi akatswiri onse azachuma tsopano ndi ochita malonda aulere. Ufulu wamalingaliro wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi za theka lapitalo, kulembera anthu osamala za utolankhani ndi wailesi, sukulu zamalamulo ndi oweruza, mfundo za boma ndi maudindo aboma, maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa ku koleji. Ochita kafukufuku amamvetsetsa kuti anthu amakhudzidwa ndikulamuliridwa ndi mawu ndi malingaliro. Pakali pano omasuka achita zochepa m'njira ya maphunziro amalingaliro kusiyapo kupondereza omwe ali kumanzere kwa iwo okha. Mpaka lero, omasuka komanso ambiri "opita kumanzere" akupitirizabe kumenyana ndi magulu ongoyerekeza a malingaliro a Marxist pomwe iwowo akukwapulidwa pafupipafupi ndi kumanja kwawo. Achi Republican adawamenya gehena ndipo amangofikira, akulota za bi-partisanship. Ma liberals ndi Democratic Party onse (kupatulapo) amafanana ndi mkazi womenyedwayo muubwenzi wozunza.
BC: Ponena za oligarchy, gulu laposachedwa la Occupy lakhazikitsidwa ponena kuti akuluakulu amakampani ndi mabanki (a 1%) tsopano akulamulira dzikolo ndi mphamvu zowonjezera komanso nkhanza ndipo asokoneza mochititsa manyazi mabungwe ndi machitidwe a demokalase. Kuyang'ana "populism" yatsopanoyi, kodi mumaiona kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pazandale - vuto lomwe lingakhale lokhazikika, lovuta kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu?
PM: Gulu la Occupy lidayamba kukhala gulu lalikulu komanso lodziyimira pawokha m'malo mazana ambiri, zolimbikitsa kwambiri kwa ambiri omwe amaganiza kuti ali okha komanso opanda mphamvu. Gululi linafalitsa njira yochepetsera nkhondo yamagulu yomwe ikuchitika ku United States ndi kwina kulikonse: 1% vs. 99% Kwa zaka zambiri ena a ife takhala tikuyesera kuti anthu azindikire kusiyana kwakukulu (ndalama) m'gulu lino. ndipo chifukwa cha khama limenelo tinatengedwa monga "ochita monyanyira" ndi "malingaliro a Marxist" ndi omwe sankafuna mbali ya kusanthula magulu ndi mikangano yamagulu (monga kuti akhoza kuthawa polengeza kuti passรฉ). Ndipo tsopano mwadzidzidzi mazana masauzande a otsutsa azindikira kuti gulu lalikulu ligawanika, momveka bwino komanso mwachidule. Ngakhale ena olemba nkhani tsopano amalozera za 1%. Pamene tikulankhulira, gulu la Occupy likuponderezedwa mwadongosolo ndi apolisi ankhondo. Anthu akayamba kutengeka maganizo, amanyozedwa, amanenedwa molakwika, ndipo amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi apolisi.
BC: Ambiri owonera ndale - kuphatikiza ena kumanzere - amawona kufanana pakati pa gulu la Occupy ndi "populism" ya gulu la Tea Party. Ndemanga yanu ndi yotani?
PM: Chipani cha Tea chimakhala ndi anthu omwe amatenga madandaulo awo ovomerezeka okhudza misonkho ndi ntchito zawo ndikuwasokeretsa kwa adani osayenera. Onyamula tiyi alowetsamo zambiri zamalingaliro a Republican - omwe amawadyetsa mosalekeza ndi Fox News ndi ofalitsa nkhani pawailesi. โMakhalidwe opatulikaโ awo akuphatikizapo: chichirikizo chopanda malire kaamba ka asilikali, kukonda kwambiri dziko lathu, chikapitalzimu chosadetsedwa, ufulu wakuphulitsa maiko ena mwa kufuna kwawo, kusalekanitsa tchalitchi ndi boma, mabanja a makolo, kutenga mimba mokakamizidwa, kudulidwa koopsa mโmautumiki a boma, ndi kuphwanya malamulo a boma. anagwiritsa ntchito chilango cha imfa mwachikhumbo. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti โmakhalidwe amtengo wapataliโ ameneลตa akuwukiridwa ndi โanthu apamwamba a chikhalidwe,โ khamu la โanthu odana ndi Amereka,โ omasuka otayirira, asoshosholisti, anzeru amphamvu, okhulupirira zamalonda, osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, ma gay, omenyera ufulu wa akazi, anthu angโonoangโono, osamukira mโmayiko ena. ndi ziwanda zina zamthunzi. The Tea Party ndi amene amatsata reactionary populism ndi rightist libertarianism.
Mwachidule, Chipani cha Tiyi sichimafanana kwenikweni ndi gulu la Occupy kupatula kuti onsewo ndi ziwonetsero (ngakhale, m'modzi yekha ndiye amamenyedwa ndi apolisi). Mwina tsiku lina tidzafika kwa osunga tiyi ndikuwawonetsa momwe akuchitiridwa nkhanza. Koma pakadali pano sitiyenera kuchepetsa kukhazikika kapena kugonja ku malingaliro olakalaka.
BC: Mwalemba zambiri pamafunso okhudza mphamvu zapadziko lonse zaku America komanso mphamvu za imperialism yaku US kubwerera ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso m'mbuyomu. Zakhala zachilendo, ngakhale kumanzere, kutsutsa ziphunzitso zakale za imperialism (monga, mwachitsanzo, zochokera ku Lenin, Luxemburg, ndi Hobson kapena pambuyo pake kuchokera kwa Williams ndi Baran/Sweezy) monga zachikale, monga kukhazikika kwambiri pazachuma. zinthu. Kodi mumawona bwanji gwero lalikulu lankhondo zaku US?
PM: Kunena kuti kulowererapo kwa US padziko lonse lapansi kumalimbikitsidwa ndi zinthu zachuma sizikutanthauza kuti kupeza zinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri kapena chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ufumuwo ukule. Cholinga cha imperialism chikadali chomwe chakhala nthawi zonse, kufunitsitsa kulamulira ena kuti awalande malo, ntchito, zachilengedwe, misika, ndi chuma chawo. Cholinga chabwino ndikuchotsa ndi kuwononga mtsogoleri, boma, kapena gulu lililonse lomwe likufuna njira ina (kawirikawiri yolumikizana ndi anthu kapena gulu) kunja kwa ufumu wapadziko lonse. Anthu oterowo ayenera kuphunzira kuti dziko lawo siliri lawo; ndi ya imperium ndi mabungwe ake akunja.
Ufumu wa US umawona mitundu iwiri yokha ya mayiko kupyola m'mphepete mwa nyanja: (1) ma satellites (omwe amatchedwanso "client states") omwe amamvera ndale komanso otseguka kuti alandidwe kunja, kuphatikizapo ogwirizana athu omwe ali okwatirana mwachuma kumayiko akumadzulo ndi omwe gwirizana ndi Washington pazinthu zambiri; ndi (2) adani kapena adani omwe angakhale adani, mayiko omwe amadzitukumula okha kunja kwa msika waufulu wapadziko lonse, mayiko "ovuta" monga Yugoslavia, Iraq, Cuba, Panama (pansi pa Noriega), Haiti (pansi pa Aristide), Nicaragua (pansi pa Sandinistas), Libya (pansi pa Gaddafi), Venezuela (pansi pa Chavez); wina akhoza.
Mโmalo moti adziphunzitse okha za zofunika pazachuma za ufumuwo, olemba ambiri amakono, monga Chalmers Johnson, amati imperialism imangonena za kudzikuza, mphamvu chifukwa cha mphamvu, maziko ankhondo, ndi ulamuliro waumesiyaโmonga ngati kuti zinthu zimenezi nโzogwirizana kwambiri ndi ufumu wa imperialism wachuma. Cholinga chachikulu cha olembawa ndikupewa kukambitsirana mwanzeru za zofunikira za mphamvu zamagulu potumikira zofuna zamagulu. Pali zochepa zomwe zimaperekedwa pa momwe mphamvu (m'manja mwa anthu ochepa) imagwiritsidwira ntchito kusonkhanitsa chuma, komanso momwe chuma chimagwiritsidwira ntchito pofuna kupeza mphamvu. M'modzi mwa mabuku anga ndimawatcha "ABC theorists," (Chilichonse Koma Kalasi).
BC: Otsutsa ambiri amakono a ndondomeko zakunja za US - ntchito ya Chris Hedges ndi Andrew Bacevich imabwera mofulumira m'maganizo - alemba kuti mphamvu zapadziko lonse za US tsopano zikuchepa kwambiri, kuti mphamvu ya Washington kulowererapo padziko lonse lapansi yasokonezedwa ndi kufooka kwachuma. ndi kufunitsitsa kwambiri kufikira mayiko. Tili ndi malingaliro akuti chimphona chachifumu chomwe chikulefuka mochulukira sichikuthanso kutsata zikhumbo zake zamphamvu zamphamvu. Kodi mumayankha bwanji kwa otsutsawa?
PM: Ndikufuna kuganiza kuti ndi zolondola koma palibe umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti ufumu wa US ukugwedezeka. Ufumuwu uli ndi maziko ochulukirachulukira komanso otukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuposa kale. Ili ndi mphamvu zowononga zochulukirapo komanso nkhokwe zambiri za "imperialism yofewa" kuposa kale. Yalowa m'misika yambiri komanso m'malo opangira zinthu kuposa kale. Lawononga bwino atsogoleri ndi kukonza magulu m'maiko ambiri omwe ayesa kupanga njira yofanana komanso yodziyimira pawokha. Ufumuwo wafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, kuchoka pachipambano chimodzi kupita ku chinaโpamodzi ndi vuto limodzi kapena awiri monga ku Afghanistan. Ngakhale pamene ufumuwo ukugonjetsedwa, ukhozabe kupitiriza kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri. Ganizirani za kugonjetsedwa kwa US ku Vietnam. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ufumu wa US wakula ndi mphamvu. Ndipo chaka chilichonse amapatsidwa ndalama zambiri zankhondo zankhondo, tsopano mothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Obama yemwe amaimirira akupereka moni ku Pentagon, wokonzeka nthawi zonse kutumikira.
Inde, ndizowonanso kuti ufumuwo umadyetsa dziko la Republic. Ndalama zake zonse zimalipidwa ndi republic. Imadyetsedwa kuchokera kumalo odyetserako anthu pamtengo waukulu kupita ku gulu la anthu wamba. Ndi lipabuliki lomwe likuchepa kwambiri osati ufumuwo. Koma mofanana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ngati ufumuwo ukuyenda bwino kwambiri ndiponso wosaugwira mtima mโzakudya zake za tiziromboti, mโkupita kwa nthaลตi udzapha mwini wakeyo ndi iwowo. Pakali pano ikusangalala ndi Keynesianism yankhondo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pagulu zomwe zimathandizira (molakwika) chuma cha Republic ndi phindu la Corporate America.
BC: M'buku lanu Kupha Fuko, kuyang'ana kwanu pa milandu yambiri yomwe ikuchitika ndi asilikali a US ndi NATO pafupifupi miyezi itatu ya mabomba a ndege - zomwe zisanachitike pafupifupi zaka khumi za ntchito zachuma, ndale, ndi zankhondo zowononga Yugoslavia monga dziko logwirizana - . komanso omasuka omwe adavomereza mosatsutsika kuti azungu a Aserbia ndi chipani chomwe chili ndi mlandu wankhanza pankhondo yapachiweniweni yayitali komanso yakupha. Ndemanga yanga yomwe ili yabwino m'buku lanu inandipatsa mayankho ankhanza ofanana. Kodi, m'malingaliro anu, zitheka bwanji kuti anthu aku America omwe nthawi zambiri amatsutsa kulowererapo kwa US kumayiko ena mwadzidzidzi kukhala owopsa kwambiri ku Yugoslavia?
PM: Ambiri aku US akumanzere akufuna kutsegulira omwe ali kumanja kwawo ndikuthamangitsa omwe ali kumanzere kwawo. Chilakolako chawo chachikulu chikuwoneka kuti chikumenyana ndi chikominisi kapena zomwe amachitcha "Stalinism," chiwanda chosadziลตika bwino komanso chodziwika bwino. Ndikulankhula za anthu omwe ali kumanzere kwanzeru ndi ampatuko, osati ochita nawo Tea Party. Ambiri mwa omasuka kumanzere adawona Milosevic ngati Stalinist womaliza ku Europe yemwe adayenera kuchitidwa. nkhani za nkhanza zophera fuko zomwe akuti anachita ndi Aserbia. Iwo adayimilira phewa ndi NATO, CIA, Pentagon, White House ndi media wamba, omwewo omwe amawakayikira omwe amati sitiyenera kuwakhulupirira. Iwo ankakhulupirira nkhani iliyonse yokhudzana ndi ziwanda imene ankapatsidwa yonena za Asebu. Kupereka chitsanzo chimodzi chokha: iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anthu 100,000 ku Kosovo anaphedwa ndi Aserbia ndi kuti migodi ya Trepca inali yodzaza ndi mitembo. Palibe manda ambiri otere omwe adapezeka ndipo m'miyendo ya Trepca simunapezeke ngakhale lamba la nsapato kapena lamba. Kwenikweni Aserbia ndi amene anali ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri mโripabuliki yawo, kuphatikizapo Akroati, Alubaniya, ndi Asiloveniya; a Serbs anali osati kuchita kuyeretsa fuko osati kuphana. Anthu a ku Kosova omwe ankathawa kumwera pa nthawi ya nkhondo adafuula poyera kuti akuthawa mabomba a NATO osati ku Serbian Juggernaut. Ndili ndi magwero onse ndi zolembedwa Kupha mtundu, pafupifupi magwero onse akumadzulo kuphatikiza ochokera ku United Nations komanso NATO.
Koma ndizochitika zodziwika bwino: Atsogoleri aku US amachitira ziwanda mtsogoleri yemwe akufuna, pomwepa Milosevic wosankhidwa mwademokalase, ndipo izi zimawapatsa chilolezo chophulitsa anthu ake - ndi uranium yatha. M'buku langa Nkhope ya Imperialism Ndimachitcha "Privatization by Bombing." Ndinali ku Serbia masabata angapo pambuyo pa masiku 78 a kuphulitsa mabomba ndipo adawona kuti mafakitale okhawo ndi aboma ndi antchito, othandizira, mahotela ndi zina zotere ndi zomwe zidaphulitsidwa. Hilton Hotel yaumwini ndi makampani ena apadera analibe zoyambira.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti otsalira ambiri adalowa mu "nkhondo yothandiza anthu" iyi. Monga ndikunena, ndikuganiza kuti ena a iwo akumenyana ndi mzimu wa Stalin, wogwidwa ndi maondo awo odana ndi chikominisi. Anthu a ku Serbia ankazunzidwa ndi ma imperialists a ku United States chifukwa chakuti iwo anali fuko lalikulu koposa, lotsutsa kwambiri kudzipatula, ndi gulu la antchito limene linali la sosholisti kuposa mโmalipabuliki ena aliwonse a Yugoslavia.
BC: Mchitidwe wa kudalirana kwa mayiko nthawi zambiri umafotokozedwa muzokambirana zodziwika bwino (ndi sayansi yandale) ngati chinthu chachilengedwe - chizoloลตezi chosapeลตeka cha chuma cha padziko lonse pakukula kwa mgwirizano, kulankhulana pakati pa mayiko, chitukuko, ndi (m'mawerengedwe ena) demokalase. Mwalemba, mosiyana, kuti kudalirana kwadziko lapansi si njira yosasinthika koma ndi malingaliro, okonzedwa ndi mabungwe amitundu yambiri kuti awonjezere malo a misika ya capitalist ndi phindu, ndikupangitsa kukhala china chilichonse koma chitukuko chokomera chitukuko cha zachuma ndi demokalase ya ndale. Kodi mungafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane mkanganowu?
PM: In Nkhope ya Imperialism Ndili ndi mutu wokhudza kudalirana kwa mayiko; Ndimatenga masamba angapo kuti ndidzudzule anthu achipembedzo cha Marx amene ankaoneka kuti satha kumvetsa chimene kudalirana kwa mayiko kulili. Mofanana ndi osunga malamulo, a Marxists ambiri (koma osati onse) adaphonya chikhalidwe chonse cha kulimbanako. Iwo adawona kudalirana kwa mayiko ngati njira yowonjezeretsa ndalama - zomwe Marx ndi Engels adazifotokoza kalekale, ndiye chifukwa chake pali mkangano. Koma ife amene tinkadziลตadi kanthu kena ponena za ndondomeko ya malonda aufuluโkuphatikizapo alimi, antchito, ophunzira, ndi anzeru padziko lonse lapansiโtinamvetsetsa kuti pansi pa mapangano a malonda aulere a dziko lapansi ntchito za anthu zikhoza kuthetsedwa chifukwa zimachititsa โkutaya mipata ya msika. .โ Malamulo amene amayesa kuteteza chilengedwe kapena miyezo ya ntchito ndi thanzi aphwanyidwa kale mโmaiko ambiri chifukwa cha โkupanga zotchinga ku malonda aulere.โ Kudalirana kwa mayiko kumapangitsa kupanga zinthu pochotsa chitetezo kwa olima ang'onoang'ono ndi alimi omwe amagulitsidwa pang'ono ndikuthamangitsidwa ndi mabungwe omwe amalandila ndalama zambiri.
Chomwe chikugwetsedwanso ndi demokalase yokha, the Chabwino kukhala ndi malamulo oteteza malipiro a anthu, ntchito za anthu, ndi chuma cha mderalo. Kudalirana kwa mayiko kumakweza ufulu wopereka ndalama kuposa maufulu ena onse. Kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse kumayesetsanso kulamulira chilengedwe pachokha, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mabungwe azitengera zinthu zofunika pamoyo, monga mbewu zaulimi, mpunga, chimanga, ngakhale madzi amvula. Si malonda aulere; ndi monopoly investment. Zotsatira zake ndi zowopsa kwa mayiko a Dziko Lachitatu ndipo sizothandiza aliyense wa ife kupatula 1%.
BC: Mavuto azachuma omwe tidakumana nawo ku US - komanso padziko lonse lapansi - m'zaka zingapo zapitazi nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati kugwa kwakanthawi kapena kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono mkati mwa dongosolo la "msika" lathanzi, lokhazikika. Kupatula apo, zovuta zam'mbuyomu zimatsatiridwa ndi magawo okhazikika a chitukuko. Kodi pali china chake chodziwika bwino, chokhazikika komanso chokhalitsa, chokhudza zovuta zomwe zilipo?
PM: Kutsika kwachuma ndizovuta komanso zowawa kwa ife koma sizinthu zoyipa ku Corporate America. Kutsika kwachuma kumapangitsa makampani akuluakulu kumeza ang'onoang'ono (kapena zimphona zina) potero kukulitsa ndende ya oligopolistic ndikuchepetsa mpikisano. Phindu limapitirirabe pamene mitengo yamisonkho yamakampani imakhalabe yopepuka kuposa kale (monga momwe Wall St. Journal posachedwapa inafotokozera). Kutsika kwachuma kumapangitsanso kapena kugonjetseratu mabungwe ogwira ntchito. Ndipo anthu onse amaphunziranso kudzichepetsa. 1% safuna anthu omwe ali ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso odziwa bwino, opanda ngongole, okhoza kulinganiza ndi kupanga zofuna, motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro amphamvu oyenerera ndi kuyembekezera kwakukulu, kulimbikitsa mapulogalamu ndi mautumiki osapindulitsa. Kutsika kwachuma nthawi zambiri kumaphunzitsa anthu ogwira ntchito kukhala pamalo otsika ndikugwira ntchito molimbika ndi mocheperapo. Mavuto, mantha, kugwa kwachuma, ndi umphawi ndizochitika zomwe zimachitika m'misika yaufulu ya capitalism. Yang'anani padziko lonse lapansi ku (kutchula ochepa chabe) chikapitalist Nigeria, Indonesia capitalist, Hungary capitalist, Bosnia capitalist, Haiti capitalist, Honduras capitalist, komanso Libya yomwe idzakhala capitalist posachedwa.
Koma ukapitalism ndi chilombo chodziwononga. Ntchito imodzi ya boma lachikapitalist limene silimatchulidwa kaลตirikaลตiri, ngakhale ndi a Marxists, ndiyo kuteteza ukapitalist kwa makapitalist. Ngati 1% ichita bwino kwambiri pakufunafuna kwawo phindu komanso kufunitsitsa kwawo kubweza malamulo onse ndi zoletsa, atha kuwononga dongosolo lawo. Ma plutocrats adzalanda chilichonse ndi aliyense amene akuwona, kuphatikiza ma capitalist ena. Yang'anirani zovuta zadziko lonse lapansi pazachilengedwe za mfitiyi ndipo titha kukumana ndi tsoka lalikulu. Pakati pa zonsezi tili ndi purezidenti (Obama) yemwe amangokhalira kusokoneza bajeti ya asilikali ndipo tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito mabiliyoni ambiri kuti amange chomera cha nyukiliya (ndi choopsa kwambiri) kwa zaka zambiri, kulengeza monyadira kuti "Ndimakhulupirira mphamvu za nyukiliya."
BC: Mwalemba, mu bukhu lanu Malingaliro Otsutsana, kuti "zizindikiro zofunika zovomerezeka za chikhalidwe chathu zimayendetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe apakati, omwe ali ndi ndalama. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pazidziwitso zakuthambo zomwe msika wawo umakhala woyendetsedwa ndi makampani ofalitsa nkhani. " Izi zimapereka mawonekedwe a monolithic a chikhalidwe cha media ku US Kodi mukuwona zizindikiro zilizonse, kapena magwero, a ming'alu m'dongosolo lino - za kupuma kwa dongosolo la hegemonic?
MP: Makanema omwe ali ndi makampani samayankha bwino momwe eni ake azama media angafune. Zidziwitso zamtundu uliwonse zitha kupezeka m'masamba akumbuyo a New York Times, Wall St. Journal, ndi zofalitsa zina zofalaโkapena zinakhazikika pamitu yankhani. Zina mwa izo zitha kukhala zowululira, ngati mukudziwa momwe mungalumikizire madontho. Zochitika zovuta zimangoyang'ana m'chiwungwecho: kuchepa kwachuma, umphawi, ngongole zazikulu za anthu, kulowererapo kowopsa kwa asitikali, opanga malamulo achinyengo, akuba ndalama, matembenuzidwe ndi kuzunza, masoka achilengedwe omwe sanachitikepo - koma izi sizinthu zomwe ife otsalira timangotulutsa zipewa zathu. Iwo alipodi. Chowonadi ndi chokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri atolankhani amayenera kupereka lipoti Chinachake za zenizeni zosasangalatsa izi, ndipo zikatero, izi zimatsimikizira opeza ndalama kuti pali "nkhani zowulutsa zokondera" zomwe zimayesa kupangitsa kuti anthu achikapitalist awoneke oyipa.
Ponena za "mikwingwirima" m'chilengedwe cholumikizirana, palinso mawayilesi mazana angapo osachita phindu komanso mawayilesi apampasi omwe nthawi zina amalola kuti mawu otsutsana azikhala mlengalenga. Ndimachita zoyankhulana ndi wailesi pafupifupi 35 pachaka pamawayilesi ang'onoang'ono kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi omwe amawulutsa kwa omvera ochepa kwambiri. Palinso magazini ang'onoang'ono omwe alibe ndalama zambiri omwe amapereka malingaliro otsalira. Ndiyeno pali Intaneti yomwe ili ndi zolakwika za ubwino wake, ndi mawebusaiti ndi mabulogu omwe amafalikira pamagulu onse a ndale, ndi mazana a olemba nkhani ndi olemba ndemanga amitundu yonse ya ndale.
Komabe gulu landalama ndi ma acolyte ake amalamulira pafupifupi chilengedwe chonse cholankhulana. Kumvedwa ndi anthu akuluakulu ndi nkhondo yokwera ngati mulibe mwayi wopeza ma media akuluakulu. Ndimalankhula kuchokera ku zomwe zandichitikira. Nthawi zambiri ndimalandira kugunda kwa 100,000 pamwezi patsamba langa, pomwe Glenn Beck amalandila mamiliyoni ambiri owonera ndi omvera (ndipo amapanga madola mamiliyoni ambiri). Kodi angakhaledi wanzeru ndi wodziลตa zambiri chotere kuposa enafe? Kapena kodi ali wolondola mwamalingaliro kotero kuti amagulitsidwa bwino ndi zokonda zapamwamba? Choncho Intaneti yapereka njira yopezera ndalama, koma malinga ndi mmene ndalama zimagawidwira, nโkovuta kuti tigwirizane.
BC: M'buku lanu Mulungu ndi ziwanda Zake mumalemba kuti: โZozizwitsa za Mulungu sizimagwira ntchito mosadziwika bwino komanso mowononga โ kuposa kufalitsa chipembedzo chokha. Chipembedzo chimayamikiridwa mofala kukhala gwero lalikulu la makhalidwe abwino, koma tikayangโana zochitika zenizeni za mโmbiri sitingalephere kuona mmene zipembedzo zakhala zikugwiritsidwira ntchito kaลตirikaลตiri monga zida zochiritsira kusalolera, ulamuliro waufulu, ndi nkhanza.โ Kodi zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zamtundu uwu zakhudza bwanji kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa ndale za ku America, pomwe okhulupirira kuti akhristu (pakati pa ena) akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zikhulupiriro zolungama, kudana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, komanso ulamuliro wankhanza wandale?
PM: Monga ndikuwonera mu Mulungu ndi ziwanda zake, magulu ambiri a chifandamentalisti amadana kotheratu ndi demokrase yadziko โyopanda umulunguโ; iwo ali ateokratiki opondereza osanyengerera ndipo amalankhula momasuka. Iwo ndi odzipereka kuti alowe m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana a dziko lino. Pafupifupi zaka 25 zapitazo ndinaitanidwa kuti ndikalankhule kusukulu ya zankhondo za ku United States. Dipatimenti ya ndale ya Academy inali kugwiritsa ntchito buku langa, Demokalase kwa Ochepa. Osasewera. Ndinali ndi nthawi yosangalatsa komanso ndinapeza mabwenzi abwino. Koma lero sindikanaloledwa kulowa pachipata. Sukuluyi yatengedwa ndi okhulupirira Chiprotestanti monga momwe zilili ndi malo ena ankhondo ndi mabwalo onse ankhondo. Kaลตirikaลตiri, olambira a chikhazikitso achita mbali yokangalika kuloลตetsamo makhalidwe ateokrase mโnkhani zandale, makamaka ndi mapurezidenti olabadira monga Reagan ndi George W.
Nkhani yomveka bwino ya kulowerera kwaumulungu mu ndale zadziko inali Papa John Paul Wachiwiri kuwononga zamulungu zaufulu ku Latin America, CIA yothandizidwa ndi kuponderezedwa komwe kumafunikira mavumbulutso ambiri kuposa masamba ochepa omwe ndidapereka m'buku langa. Ndipo ndithudi pali zozungulira zotsatira. Mabungwe andale amapereka ndalama kwa okhulupirira mfundo zoyambira m'njira iliyonse yomwe angathe ndipo amaika ena a iwo pa maudindo aboma. Choncho kukhudza kwa mpingo pa boma ndi boma kumalimbikitsa mpingo, zonse mofanana, ukwati wopangidwa kumwamba, kapenanso kwinakwake.
BC: Kubwerera ku gulu la Occupy ndi mphukira zake zambiri, kodi tingapeze chifukwa chokhala ndi chiyembekezo pano panthawi yomwe zomwe takumana nazo ndi magulu ena amasiku ano sizinali zabwino. Zigawenga zodziwika bwino zozikidwa pa chilungamo chapadziko lonse lapansi, ndale zolimbana ndi nkhondo (Iraq), ndi ufulu wolowa anthu othawa kwawo, mwachitsanzo, zayimitsidwa ndipo zalephera kukwaniritsa zambiri zandale kapena kukhazikika. Kodi munthu angazindikire china chake chosiyana kwambiri ndi zigawenga zatsopanozi - zosiyana mokwanira kuti zitsimikizire chiyembekezo chatsopano chamtsogolo?
PM: Ndilo funso la mpira wa kristalo. Ndani anganene? Ndikanakwaniritsa zomwe ndinanena kale za imperium. Ndi mphamvu yowopsya koma yosagonjetseka kapena mphamvu zonse. Pakhala kupambana ndi kusintha. M'moyo wanga ndawonapo Jim Crow akuthamangitsidwa pamaziko ake. Ndawona gulu lamtendere lomwe pamapeto pake lidasokoneza nkhondo ya US ku Indochina ndikukweza mphamvu yakunyumba yomwe idasokoneza mabungwe athu komanso miyoyo yathu. Pakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri za omenyera ufulu wachikazi ndi ma gay, ndipo tsopano kuphulika kwadzidzidzi kwa gulu lolimbana ndi gulu la Occupy. Zipolowe ndi zinthu zosayembekezereka. Palibe amene ankayembekezera kugonjetsedwa kwa Mubarak ku Egypt, ngakhale akatswiri a Egyptologists ndi Middle East akatswiri. Ngati akanatero, ndithudi anali kusunga kwa iwo eni. Chilichonse chikhoza kuwoneka chopanda chiyembekezo ndipo mwadzidzidzi anthu amapeza chinachake mwa iwo okha ndi wina ndi mzake ndipo demokalase ili m'misewu.
Ndikuganiza kuti njira yabwino kwambiri ndi yoperekedwa ndi Antonio Gramsci yemwe adati tiyenera kukhala ndi "malingaliro opanda chiyembekezo komanso chiyembekezo cha chifuniro." Ndiko kuti, tiyenera kukhala okhoza kuyang'ana momwe zinthu zingasinthire ndi kusakhala ndi malingaliro a dzuwa pa zomwe timakumana nazo, koma tiyeneranso kupitiriza kumenyana ngati kuti zasintha ndipo zimakhudza - chifukwa nthawi zina zimatero.
Ndiroleni ine nditsirize ndikuthokoza Carl Boggs chifukwa cha khama lake poyika zokambiranazi pamodzi. Ndi mwayi waukulu kufunsidwa mafunso ndi munthu wamtundu wake.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama