Pa february 11, BBC idanenanso kuti msirikali waku India adawombera m'boma la Poonch ku India-Administered Kashmir, kupha atatu mwa anzake. Zochitika ngati izi sizinakhale zachilendo ku Kashmir, komwe kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe kwatsiku ndi tsiku kokumana ndi zochitika zankhanza komanso zowopsa zimagonjetsa onse, anthu wamba komanso asitikali. Chiyerekezo cha asitikali aku India kupita ku Kashmiri ku Kashmir ndiye gulu lalikulu kwambiri la asitikali kwa anthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pali asitikali aku India pafupifupi 600,000 - kuphatikiza asitikali anthawi zonse, asitikali ankhondo, asitikali achitetezo kumalire ndi apolisi - omwe atumizidwa pano ku Kashmir. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi zikwi za "anthu olimbana ndi zigawenga" รขโฌ"zigawenga ndi zigawenga zomwe boma la India laika pamalipiro ake kuti lithetse zipolowe zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwazaka zopitilira khumi tsopano.
Chomwe chikusowetsa mtendere ndi tsoka la Kashmir ndikuti, patatha zaka zoposa 50 zaku Britain kuchoka ku Subcontinent, ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo ziwiri zazikulu ndikumenyana kosalekeza ndikumenyana motsatira mzere wa Kashmiri womwe umalekanitsa India ndi Pakistan, vuto. sikulandirabe chidwi pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakalipano, mayiko awiri a nyukiliya ku South Asia akukonzekera mopusa kuti apite kunkhondo ndipo munthu angayembekezere kuti ngati nkhondo ikayamba, idzayamba ku Kashmir. Nkhani ya Kashmiri yawonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zingapo. Limodzi ndi malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri amawona kuti nkhaniyi ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo omwe amatsutsana pakati pa India ndi Pakistan. Boma la India, nthawi zambiri, limakana kupita mpaka pano; koma adzaiona ngati nkhani yamkati. Komabe, boma la Jammu ndi Kashmir lakhala lodziyimira palokha ndipo a Kashmiri, mosasamala kanthu za chipembedzo chawo, adagawana chikhalidwe ndi cholowa chimodzi. Atanena izi, ndi zoona, monga momwe malemu Eqbal Ahmad ananenera, kuti Asilamu a ku Kashmir "akumana ndi tsankho lalikulu, chisalungamo, ndi kuponderezedwa ndi maharaja aku Kashmir omwe adayikidwa ndi a British." โฌ Zipanduko zanthawi ndi nthawi zidayamba motsutsana ndi mamaharaja osiyanasiyana aku Kashmir makamaka Asilamu omwe akuponderezedwa, komanso kuphatikiza ena ang'onoang'ono omwe amagawana nawo anzawo achisilamu kufunafuna chilungamo ndi ufulu.
Magwero a mkangano wapano pa Kashmir ukhoza kutsatiridwa mpaka kugawikana kwa Subcontinent kupita ku India ndi Pakistan mu 1947. Malinga ndi zida zogawanitsa India, olamulira a mayiko akalonga adapatsidwa mwayi wololera ku India kapena Pakistan, kapena kukhala wodziyimira pawokha. Komabe, adalangizidwa kuti avomereze kulamulira kosagwirizana, ndikuganizira zofuna za anthu awo. Ku Kashmir, komabe, a Maharaja adazengereza. Asilamu ambiri, ataona kuti asilikali a ku India akubwera mofulumira komanso mobisa, anapanduka ndipo zinthu zinachoka m'manja mwa Maharaja. Anthu a ku Kashmir, mosakayikira, "adathandizidwa" ndi magulu ankhondo ochokera ku Pakistan pakupanduka kwawo. A Maharaja, pozindikira kuti boma lake silingathe kupirira zigawenga zodziwika bwino, pamapeto pake adagonjera kukakamizidwa kwa amwenye ndipo adavomera kulowa nawo ku India, monga momwe India amanenera, 'kusaina' Chida chotsutsana cha Accession pa 26 Okutobala 1947. Kashmir adalandiridwa kwakanthawi. Indian Union ikudikirira chigamulo chaulere komanso chopanda tsankho. Izi zinalembedwa mโkalata yochokera kwa Bwanamkubwa Wamkulu wa India, Lord Mountbatten, kupita kwa a Maharaja pa October 27, 1947. Mโkalatayo, povomereza kukhala pampando, a Mountbatten ananena momveka bwino kuti Boma lidzangophatikizidwa mu Indian Union pambuyo pa zidanenedwa za anthu aku Kashmir.
Mu 1947, India ndi Pakistan anamenyana ndi Kashmir. Panthawi ya nkhondo, inali India yomwe inayamba kutengera nkhani ya Kashmir ku United Nations pa 1 January 1948. Chaka chotsatira, pa 1 January 1949, bungwe la UN linathandizira kukakamiza kuthetsa nkhondo pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Mzere woyimitsa moto pambuyo pake unasinthidwa kukhala Line of Control pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1971 India-Pakistani. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti UN Security Council idapereka zigamulo zingapo zaka zingapo pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1947-48 zonse ndi chilolezo cha India ndi Pakistan. Lingaliro la UNSC la 21 Epulo 1948-limodzi mwa zigamulo zazikulu za UN pa Kashmir-lidati "India ndi Pakistan zikufuna kuti funso lolowa m'malo a Jammu ndi Kashmir ku India kapena Pakistan ligamulidwe kudzera munjira yademokalase yaufulu ndi ufulu. plebiscite mopanda tsankho.รข Mfundo zotsatila za UNSC zidabwerezanso zomwezi. Zosankha za United Nations Commission on India ndi Pakistan (UNCIP) za 3 Ogasiti 1948 ndi 5 Januware 1949 zidalimbikitsa zigamulo za UNSC. Prime Minister woyamba waku India a Jawaharlal Nehru adalonjeza kuti athetsa mkangano wa Kashmir motsatira malingaliro awa. Njira yokhayo yothetsera nkhaniyi, adatero, ikhala "zofuna za anthu a Kashmiri". Komabe, nโzomvetsa chisoni kuti lonjezo limeneli likaphwanyidwa ndi Nduna Yaikulu Nehru pambuyo poti zigamulo za UN zaperekedwa. Kashmir idakhazikitsidwa mu Indian Union ndipo Article 370, yomwe idapereka "udindo wapadera" ku "Jammu ndi Kashmir", idayikidwa mulamulo la India. "Jammu ndi Kashmir Constituent Assembly" idakhazikitsidwa pa Novembara 5, 1951 kuti ivomereze lingaliro la India kuti awonjezere Kashmir. Izi zidachitika motsutsana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana a UNSC ndi UNCIP komanso momwe zidakhalira zotsutsana.
Kuyambira pamenepo, olamulira a ku India aphwanya mobwerezabwereza malonjezo awo kwa anthu amtundu wa Kashmiri. Mu 1989, mkhalidwe ku Kashmir Wolandidwa ndi India kudasintha. M'chaka chimenecho, atakhumudwitsidwa ndi kusalabadira kwazaka zambiri kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi pazifukwa zawo zoyenera, kuwopsezedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa boma la India, komanso potsutsa zisankho zazikulu za boma la India, anthu aku Kashmiri adawukira India. Kuyambira pamenepo, zinthu m'magawo omwe atengedwa ku Kashmir zafika poipa. Asitikali ankhondo aku India m'dziko lomwe akukambidwawo achuluka kwambiri, komanso milandu yopha anthu, kugwiriridwa, kubedwa ndi kubedwa kwa anthu ake ndi asitikali aku India awonjezeka kuwirikiza kanayi. Pofuna kuthetsa gulu la ufulu wa Kashmiri, dziko la India lagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zauchigawenga, kuphatikizapo malamulo okhwima, ntchito zolimbana ndi zigawenga, ndi njira zina zopondereza. Kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku India ku Kashmir kumaphatikizanso kupha anthu mosasankha komanso kupha anthu ambiri, kuzunza komanso kupha anthu popanda milandu, kuwononga mabizinesi ndi nyumba zogona, kuchitira nkhanza komanso kugwirira akazi. Izi zalembedwa kwambiri ndi Amnesty International, US Human Rights Watch-Asia, Physicians for Human Rights, International Commission of Jurists (Geneva)-ndi, ku India, ndi Peoples Union for Civil Liberties, Coordination Committee ku Kashmir, ndi Jammu. ndi Kashmir Peoplesรขโฌโข Komiti Yoteteza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe. Ngakhale mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse lapansi monga Amnesty International apempha mobwerezabwereza kwa zaka zambiri, boma la India silinawalole kupita kumadera omwe alandidwa. Mu 1997, linakana ngakhale nthumwi za United Nations kuti zipite kumeneko. Malipoti odziyimira pawokha akuyerekeza kuti anthu wamba pafupifupi 60,000 amwalira ku Kashmir kuyambira 1989.
Tsopano, tiyeni tiwone mbali ina ya Line of Control. Zomwe zikuchitika ku Kashmir yomwe ili ku Pakistan, yomwe imatchedwa รขโฌลAzad Kashmirรขโฌ (Kashmir Yaulere), ndiyabwinoko, koma sizabwino. Mbali iyi ya Kashmir ili ndi boma lawo lamba, lodziyimira palokha ndipo ili ndi mphamvu pazochitika ndi zisankho zapanyumba. Komabe, Pakistan imayang'anira zochitika zakunja, chitetezo, ndi malonda ndi malonda. Choncho, m'mawu othandiza, kudziimira kwake kuli ndi malire kwambiri. Pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu a Kashmiri amakhala ku Azad Kashmir, ndipo enanso mamiliyoni a 2 a Kashmiris athawira kumadera ena a Pakistan chifukwa cha ziwawa komanso kumenyana kumalire ndi India. Udindo waku Pakistani pamkangano wa Kashmir "ndiwowopsa" kuposa waku India, monga anenera Eqbal Ahmad, chifukwa umapatsa a Kashmiris mwayi woti asankhe, koma amangowapatsa mwayi wosankha pakati pa India ndi Pakistan. Chomwe chasiyidwa pazokambirana ndi momwe Kashmiri alili, udindo wa anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi ndi asanu, omwe akhala akufuna ufulu wawo wodzilamulira komanso kumasuka ku ulamuliro wonse wachifumu. Pakistan yatha kupeลตa mtundu wa zipolowe zomwe zikuchitika ku Kashmir-ogwidwa ndi India chifukwa cha: a) kufunitsitsa kwake kupatsa ufulu wodzilamulira ku Kashmir ndi b) kudzipereka kwake kopanda pake kuvomereza chisankho chilichonse chomwe anthu. a Kashmir atha kupanga mwaulere komanso mopanda tsankho. India, kumbali ina, yasankha kuyika ulamuliro wake kwa anthu a Kashmiri popanda kusungitsa komanso mosaganizira zofuna zawo.
Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti sikuti zigawenga za dziko la India sizikunyalanyazidwa lerolino, koma zikuvomerezedwa mwakachetechete ndi maulamuliro omwe ali m'zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo ya ku United States yolimbana ndi uchigawenga ikuwoneka kuti yapereka รขโฌลchilolezo chophaรขโฌ chotseguka kwa mayiko omwe akulimbana ndi zigawenga zotchuka. Prime Minister waku Israeli Ariel Sharon ndi Prime Minister waku India AB Vajpayee akugwiritsa ntchito mawu odana ndi uchigawenga (ndikuchitanso) kupondereza mayendedwe a Palestine ndi Kashmiri kuti amasule dziko. Ngakhale dziko la Sharon's Israel likugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsogola kwambiri kuthana ndi otsutsa ku Israel's Occupied Territories, Vajpayee's India yapambana pa chiwerengero cha anthu wamba omwe amaphedwa tsiku lililonse ku Kashmir komwe kunkakhala Indian. Ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mgwirizano wa asilikali a Israeli-India ndi nzeru, komanso mgwirizano wowonjezereka wa US-Indian Strategic, pali zambiri zoti ziwope za tsogolo la Kashmir.
Zikuwoneka kuti pali zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu zomwe vuto ili silinakhalepo pazochitika za mphamvu zopita patsogolo. Choyamba, zakhala zikuganiziridwa ngati mkangano wokhudzana ndi malo ndi malo pakati pa mayiko awiri. Chachiwiri, pamene zipolowe zaposachedwa kwambiri zolimbana ndi kulanda dziko la India mu 1989, zidakhazikitsidwa m'dzina la ufulu wa anthu, kudziyimira pawokha, ufulu, ndi demokalase. Komabe, pasanathe zaka zingapo, gulu laufulu lidavomerezedwa ndi Asilamu ochokera ku Pakistan omwe adapatsa kulimbanako nkhope yamagulu ndi magulu ampatuko, komanso omwe anayesa kusintha momwe gululo likuyendera. Chifukwa cha zifukwa ziwirizi, mphamvu zomwe zikupita patsogolo ndi South Asia ndi kwina zina zayang'ana kayendetsedwe kameneka ndikukayikitsa, poziwona ngati zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka.
Tsoka, tsopano ndi nthawi yokhazikitsanso kayendetsedwe kake ku maziko ake oyambirira. Ngati atolankhani athu akufuna kusewera limodzi ndi Boma la US kunyalanyaza nkhanza zankhondo zaku India ku Kashmir, chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kutero? Ngati maiko awiri akufuna kuwonetsa kusamvana ngati nkhani ya รขโฌลgawo losagwirizana,รขโฌ chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kugula masewera awo achifumu? Ndikukhulupirira kuti tagwa mumsamphawu kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Monga momwe pomalizira pake tadzukira ku chisalungamo chaupandu chomwe chikuchitidwa kwa anthu a ku Palestine, tiyeneranso kumva kunyansidwa kwakhalidwe komweko motsutsana ndi zigawenga za "wholesale" za boma la India, komanso zigawenga za รขโฌลretailรขโฌ jihadi, motsutsana ndi Kashmiris. Monga nkhani yaku Palestine, Kashmir nayenso ndi amodzi mwa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ulemu wa anthu, kudziyimira pawokha komanso ufulu wa anthu mamiliyoni khumi ndi asanu. Ndikulimbikitsa omenyera ufulu wa anthu kuti achitepo kanthu poteteza zigamulo za UN pa Kashmir, zomwe zimafuna kuti Kashmir achotsedwe usilikali (kuchotsa magulu onse akunja), kutsatiridwa nthawi yomweyo ndi plebiscite moyang'aniridwa ndi UN kuti adziwe tsogolo la Kashmir. Tileke kukhala osadziwanso za nkhaniyi. Kudziyimira pawokha ku Kashmir kuyenera kutengedwa ngati gawo lankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu onse oponderezedwa, makamaka omwe akukumana ndi kuponderezedwa ndi boma komanso kulanda usilikali.
Junaid S. Ahmad ndi wolimbikitsa anthu komanso wophunzira zachipatala ku Norfolk, VA. Angapezeke pa: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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