Ndende simalo opatsa nzeru kwambiri, koma mbali zocheperako zaulamuliro waupandu zitha kukhala malo abwino kwambiri omasulira malingaliro otayidwa. Ntchito yatsopano ya White House yopereka Pell Grants kwa ophunzira omwe ali m'ndende yatsala pang'ono kuyesa momwe dongosolo lathu lotchedwa zowongolera lingathetsere.
Dongosolo lokulitsa mwayi wopezeka ndi Pell Grant m'ndende likufotokozedwa ngati "pulogalamu yoyendetsa pang'ono" yovomerezeka kudzera mu pulogalamu ya federal yochotsa thandizo lazachuma pansi pa Lamulo la Maphunziro Apamwamba. Akuluakulu omwe ali m'ndende atha kulembetsa ndalama zokwana $5,775 zophunzirira ndi zolipirira zina, pamapulogalamu apakoleji omwe amaperekedwa kundende m'dziko lonselo. Zokonzedwa kuti zilolere kuphunzira zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za maphunziro pa recidivism, pulogalamuyi ikupita ku kubwezeretsa mwayi wa Pell Grant kwa anthu omwe ali m'ndende, zomwe Congress inachotsa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990.
Koleji kuseri kwa mipiringidzo imakhalabe yovuta kugulitsa kwa ena osunga malamulo ndi dongosolo - chifukwa chake amatchedwa kutsutsa malamulo, "Kids Before Cons" Act. Koma nthawi zambiri, lingaliro lochotsa ndende kundende limapangitsa kuti anthu aku Republican azikhala omasuka chifukwa, pankhani yazachuma, mabuku ndi maprofesa amapeza phindu pazachuma kuposa zipinda zolemetsa komanso ntchito yochapira.
Komabe kafukufuku wamaphunziro a ndende ikusowabe, maphunziro omwe adatsata mgwirizano pakati pa kubwerezabwereza ndi kupeza maphunziro nthawi zambiri amalozera kuchepetsedwa kubwereza komanso kukonzekera bwino kubwerera kumadera awo komanso ogwira ntchito akamasulidwa (pafupifupi anthu 690,000). amatuluka m’ndende chaka chilichonse, ndipo mamiliyoni angapo adzadutsa m'ndende zakomweko). Digiri ya koleji ingathandize kuthetsa zopinga zazikulu zomwe anthu omwe anali m'ndende amakumana nazo.
Kafukufuku wa 2013 RAND Corporation anasonyeza kuti kutenga nawo mbali m’maphunziro a m’ndende, kuphatikizapo maphunziro ndi maphunziro a ntchito zamanja, kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa 40 peresenti m’kubwerezabwereza—kupulumutsa $4 mpaka $5 pa dola iliyonse imene yawonongedwa.
Koma kulowererapo pamaphunziro kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri pagulu. Kupita ku makalasi akukoleji kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwongolera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kulankhulana pakati pa anthu andende, ndipo "kuchepetsa mavuto ndi kuphwanya malamulo," malinga ndi kusanthula kwa Institute of Higher Education Policy (IHEP). Kafukufuku wokhudza amayi omwe ali m'ndende ku Bedford Hills ku New York adalumikizidwa ndi kuwongolera kwa ubale wabanja, mwa kuwonetsa kwa achibale kudzipereka pakukonzanso ndikusandutsa makolo kukhala "zitsanzo zabwino".
Izi sizongosintha akaidi kukhala njuchi zantchito zabwino. Monga a gulu lochititsa chidwi la ndende ku New York lawonetsa, maphunziro a kusekondale amalimbikitsa kuganiza mozama mwa kukakamiza anthu omangidwa kuti azitha kutsata nzeru zawo zanzeru za m'misewu m'njira zotsogola zofufuza ndi kusanthula.
Glenn Martin, mkulu wa gulu lokonzanso zinthu Basi Utsogoleri USA, zomwe zinathandiza kuchirikiza ntchito ya Pell Grant pamodzi ndi njira zina zochotsera anthu m'ndende, anapita ku koleji pamene anali kundende ku New York. Atamasulidwa, iye anakanidwa mobwerezabwereza chifukwa cha ntchito, akukumbukira motero, koma “chomwe digiri ya koleji inandichitira chinali [nanso] kukonzanso kampasi yanga ya makhalidwe abwino ndi kundithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino chifukwa chimene ndinali kuyang’anizana ndi zopinga zonsezo ku msika wa ntchito; kusalidwa kumene ndinali kukumana nako.… Ndinatha kusanthula mkhalidwe wanga m’njira yovuta kwambiri.”
Maphunziro a ndende kwa iye sikuti amangophunzira luso logulitsa; ndi za kuphunzitsa anthu kudzera mwa gulu la opatsidwa mphamvu omwe apulumuka kundende ya mafakitale:
[P] anthu omwe amaponderezedwa kwambiri ndi machitidwe ali ndi njira yofotokozera vuto lomwe limasiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu ndi mwayi. Ndipo ndikuganiza [tili ndi] mkangano wothetsa kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri omwe ndi otsika kwambiri…ndipo alibe mawu a anthu…ndi madera omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri.
Sikuti alumni onse akukoleji yakundende adzakhala omenyera ufulu, koma aliyense adzayimilira ngati umboni wa mwayi waukulu wobwera chifukwa cha kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri. Center for Economic and Policy Research kuyerekezera kuti kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri mu 2008 kunasokoneza chuma cha "chofanana ndi antchito 1.5 mpaka 1.7 miliyoni, kapena kuchepetsa 0.8 mpaka 0.9 peresenti pa chiwerengero chonse cha ntchito." Ndipo izi sizimawerengera kuwonongeka kwa ubale wabanja ndi anthu ammudzi, ndi kuwononga maganizo achinyamata m'zaka zawo zofunika kwambiri.
Chitsutso chokhazikika cha ndondomeko ya Pell Grant ndikuti ndalamazo "zimatenga ndalama" kuchokera kwa omwe sali m'ndende, koma pulogalamu yoyesayi imawononga mtengo wofanana ndi cholakwika chokhazikitsa bajeti. Ngakhale Pell Grant asanalandire mwayi m'ma 1990, ophunzira omwe adatsekeredwa m'ndende adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosakwana 1 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za Pell, pafupifupi 2 peresenti ya anthu amene ali m’ndende.
Kulembetsa ku koleji kuseri kwa mipiringidzo kumakhalabe kotsika kwambiri. Ngakhale malo ambiri aboma ndi aboma amapereka maphunziro amtundu wina, mwayi wopita kukoleji kumatsalira kwambiri pa GED ndi mapulogalamu aukadaulo. IHEP imawerengera kuti "pafupifupi 11 peresenti ya anthu oyenerera omwe ali m'ndende adachita nawo maphunziro a sekondale m'dziko lonselo mu 2003-04." Mapulogalamu ambiri tsatirani malangizo oyambira m'kalasi yolumikizidwa ku makoleji am'deralo, koma kukulitsa kwatsopano kwa ndalama za federal kutha kuyitanitsa zatsopano zambiri monga nsanja za digito za kuphunzira patali ndi kumanga luso laukadaulo.
Ndipo Pell Grants yekha sangabwezere ndalama zomwe zawonongeka chifukwa cha maphunziro akundende kuyambira ma 1990s. Malinga ndi Urban Institute, magawo ochepera a maphunziro apamwamba kwa omwe ali m'ndende, zambiri zomwe zimayikidwa pambali pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zophunzitsira anthu ogwira ntchito, zatha kapena zatha. Mapulogalamu a maphunziro a achinyamata omwe ali m'ndende adatsika ndi 25 peresenti pakati pa 2008 ndi 2009.
Komabe kufunikira kwakukulu kwa maphunziro apamwamba okhazikika kundende kumawonetsa momwe zinthu zofunika kwambiri zaupandu zasinthiratu. Momwe kupambana kwamaphunziro kungatheke m'ndende, zomwe zidayenera kuchitika m'ndende zikuwonetsa kulephera kwa anthu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Martin akudziwa kuti zomwe amatchedwa "mwayi wachiwiri" m'ndende zimayimira mwayi wotayika mwaunyamata:
Dongosolo la chilungamo chaupandu mwatsoka likuwoneka ngati njira yayikulu yoperekera chithandizo ndi zinthu zina kwa anthu osauka ndi madera amitundu ku United States. Koma ngakhale tili ndi anthu ambiri otsekeredwa, ndipo anthu ambiri adapalamula, ndikuganiza kuti tili ndi udindo ngati dziko kuthetsa chisokonezo chomwe talowamo.
Ndikosavuta kukhala ndi chidwi ndi "makonzedwe owongolera" ngati msonkhano wokonza zosayenera, koma anthu ambiri sanakhalepo paliponse pafupi ndi dongosolo loswekali kuyambira pomwe. Kupereka mwayi wamaphunziro omwe akhala akuletsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali si njira "yowongolera" anthu omwe ali ndi zolakwika m'katimo koma kukonza zinthu zopanda chilungamo zomwe zazungulira madera akunja.
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