Mu dontho lililonse la mvula
A wofiira kapena wachikasu mtundu masamba ku mbewu za maluwa.
Misozi yonse inalira ndi anthu anjala ndi amaliseche
Ndi dontho lililonse lokhetsedwa la magazi a akapolo
Ndi kumwetulira koyang'ana m'bandakucha,
Mphuno yosanduka duwa m'milomo ya khanda
M'dziko lachinyamata la mawa, wobweretsa moyo.
Ndipo mvula ikusefukirabe
 
Mawu awa a "Nyimbo ya Mvula" adalembedwa ndi Bader Shaker Al Sayyab ku 1960 pamtunda wa postcolonial nostalgia ya "dziko lachinyamata la mawa" ku Iraq kwawo. Yakhala mvula yamkuntho yoopsa, mwina ikufotokozedwa bwino ngati mphepo yamkuntho kwazaka khumi zapitazi, kwa anthu aku Middle East ndi North Africa, ndipo 2011 yatipeza m'maso mwa zomwe Hilary Clinton ndi Angela Merkel onse adapeza. ngati "mkuntho wangwiro". Mwachiwonekere pali kusintha kwa tectonic m'chigawo cholamulidwa ndi maulamuliro a neo-colonial, omwe adawoneratu Frantz Fanon zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. M'nkhani yaposachedwa, Hamid Dabashi, bwenzi lokhulupirika la Edward Said, adawonetsa chiyembekezo kuti tili pamphambano za pambuyo pa ukoloni:

Pambuyo pakulankhula kwa Gaddafi pa February 22, nkhani ya postcoloniality monga momwe tikudziwira zaka mazana awiri zapitazi yafika kumapeto - osati ndi phokoso koma ndi chipwirikiti. Pambuyo pakulankhula kumeneku timafunikira chinenero chatsopano - chinenero cha postcoloniality, pokhala ndi mbandakucha wabodza pamene maulamuliro a atsamunda a ku Ulaya adadzaza ndi kuchoka, angoyamba kumene. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi anayi ndi ziwiri za chiletso ndi nkhanza zosaneneka, iye ali m'gulu la zotsalira za kuwonongedwa kwa atsamunda ku Ulaya osati kokha chuma cha dziko koma chofunika kwambiri cha malingaliro omasuka a makhalidwe abwino. Pali zingapo mwa zotsalira izi zikadalipo. Awiri a iwo achotsedwa ntchito. Koma komabe nkhanza zaupandu ndi zonyansa zofananira za ena ambiri - kuchokera ku Morocco kupita ku Iran, kuchokera ku Syria kupita ku Yemen - ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa ulemu wotuluka mwachisomo, chete kukhala chete. 

   Dabashi anapitiliza kunena kuti zomwe tikuwona muzosintha zaposachedwa kumayiko a Aarabu ndi "kutsutsa kwapambuyo paukoloni" ndipo kumasulidwa kwa mayiko achiarabu, makamaka kumpoto kwa Africa, kuchokera ku zotsalira zopondereza za postcolonialism kudzatsegula "malo atsopano oganiza. za kumasulidwa, zojambulidwa kutali ndi zabodza ndi zabodza za "Chisilamu ndi Kumadzulo," kapena "Kumadzulo ndi Kutsala." Iye ananena moyenerera kuti malo omasula ameneŵa amapita kutali kwambiri ndi dziko la Aarabu ngakhalenso Asilamu: “Kuchokera ku Senegal kupita ku Djibouti zipolowe zofananazi zikukula. Kuyamba kwa Green Movement ku Iran pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zipolowe za dziko la Aarabu zisanachitike zakhala ndi zotsatira zozama kwambiri ku Afghanistan ndi Central Asia, ndipo lero mpaka ku China pali mantha akuluakulu a "Jasmine Revolution."

   Mosakayikira zomwe a Dabashi adaziwona zili bwino, zomwe zidanenedweratu kudzera mu ntchito ya Said ndi Fanon omwe adatengera malingaliro awo ochulukirapo a utsamunda makamaka kuchokera ku zochitika za Palestine ndi Algeria. Koma mfundo imodzi yofunika ikufunika kuwonjezeredwa ku zomwe Dabashi adaziwona: Chisilamu cha ndale, mosakayikira, chidzatenga gawo lodziwika bwino mu "malo atsopano ongoganizira za kumasulidwa" ndipo ali ndi mwayi wa mbiri yakale wosintha ndondomeko yomwe yakhala ikulamulira ndale za Orientalist pakati pa "Islam" ndi "West". Zowona zazaka khumi zapitazi zawonetsa kuti zokambirana zenizeni pakati pa mayiko a "Kumadzulo" ndi Asilamu sizingachitike kudzera mu kutanthauzira kwa olankhula Chisilamu aku Western komanso akatswiri amaphunziro okha, omwe akukumana ndi vuto lofotokozera zofuna za Asilamu kuti agwirizane. koma omvera akunja ndi opanda chifundo. Malingana ngati gulu la Asilamu "oipa" likukhalabe lokhazikika, ndipo likuphatikizapo Asilamu onse kuyambira ku Al Qaeda kupita ku Muslim Brotherhood mu fuko loopsya lomwelo, mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa magulu a Muslim ndi omwe si Asilamu, ngakhale pakati pa oganiza za Muslim okha, sichitha. kubala zipatso. Ndipo mphindi ya "malo atsopano ongoganizira zaufulu" a Dabashi idzayimitsidwanso. 

Pamfundoyi, kugawa kwa Olivier Roy kwa osewera anayi akuluakulu amalingaliro ku Middle East ndikothandiza kwambiri. Maguluwa ali ndi Asilamu omwe amachitira kampeni zandale; “okhulupirira mwachikhazikitso” amene akufuna kukhazikitsa lamulo la Shariya; jihadi amene amapeputsa mizati ya Kumadzulo kupyolera mu kuukira kophiphiritsa; ndi Asilamu azikhalidwe omwe amalimbikitsa chikhalidwe chamitundumitundu kapena kudziwika kwa anthu (51). Roy adanena kuti mayendedwe anayiwa nthawi zambiri amatsutsana, kuwonetsa "kukangana pakati pa deterrorialization ndi deculturation mbali imodzi (zigawenga ndi multiculturalists), ndi reterrorialization ndi acculturation ina (Islamists ndi fundamentalists)" (52). Kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kumayendera limodzi ndi chikhumbo chofuna kusokoneza chikhalidwe ndikukhala gawo la anthu ochulukirapo komanso apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso chikhumbo chotsutsana chofuna kudziwikiratu komanso chikhalidwe ngati chofunikira kwambiri poyang'anizana ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, kugawanika kwenikweni sikuli pakati pa secularism ndi Islam, koma pakati pa mphamvu zomwe zimakoka pakati pa deculturation, zomwe zimatenga mawonekedwe a universalism nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi secularism ndi capitalism yapadziko lonse, ndi acculturalization, yomwe ikutsutsana ndi kuchotsedwa kwadziko lonse la liberalism yapadziko lonse lapansi. kutsitsimuka kwa chidziwitso chakwawo. Ndi njira yachirengedwe yachirengedwe iyi yomwe imafotokoza bwino za mikangano yomwe ili mkati mwa Asilamu, ndi magulu ena ambiri. Monga Roy adatsutsa mwachidule "Mwachidule, pali zitsanzo zambiri, koma palibe ku Middle East komwe kuli nkhondo ndi Asilamu mbali imodzi ndi demokalase yadziko ina, pamene mikangano yofalitsa nkhani ku Ulaya ikupereka lingaliro lakuti ichi ndiye chachikulu. kusiyana” (60). 

Pokhapokha ngati binary yopanda phindu iyi itamangidwanso, Asilamu sangavomerezedwe kukhala ogwirizana nawo pazandale zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa, mwachitsanzo, kuti magulu atatu oyamba a Roy onse adapangidwa ngati Asilamu "oyipa", popanda kusiyanitsa pakati pawo. Kumanga kumeneku kwa gulu lalikulu la Asilamu "oyipa" ndi nkhambakamwa zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyanjana kwenikweni ndi mikangano yochokera kumayiko ambiri achisilamu - akuti machitidwe achisilamu atha kupereka njira ina kapena "ndale zotsutsa". Pachifukwa ichi, Alastair Crooke's Kukaniza: Chiyambi cha Chisilamu Revolution   ndi chopereka chapadera komanso chamtengo wapatali pamene chimayang'ana pa kusanthula mwadongosolo filosofi, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, chuma, maganizo, dziko ndi ndale za Islamism. Crooke wakhala akuyang'ana kwambiri kusiyana kwa filosofi ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa Islamism ndi miyambo yakumadzulo yomwe yamasuliridwa kukhala ndale zogwira ntchito ndi anthu angapo amphamvu omwe akuphatikizapo Sayyed Qutb, Mohammed Baqer al-Sadr, Musa al-Sadr, Ali Shariati, Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadallah. , Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, and Khaled Mesha'al. Crooke wanena kuti Asilamu akufuna kubwezeretsanso chidziwitso china - chochokera ku miyambo yake yanzeru yomwe ingapikisane ndi malingaliro aku Western ndipo motero ikuyimira kusinthika kwathunthu kwa ufulu wadziko. Kwa Crooke kusintha kwa Chisilamu kumaposa ndale; ndikuyesa kupanga chidziwitso chatsopano - mosakayikira, chidziwitso cha postcolonial.
 
Komabe, pakati pa otanthauzira pambuyo pautsamunda, pali kusowa kofunitsitsa kuchita nawo ndale Chisilamu. Mwachitsanzo, Anouar Majid ananena kuti Chisilamu sichinatenge nawo mbali pa mkangano wokhudza utsamunda chifukwa mkanganowu ukuchokera pa mfundo zamaphunziro zomwe zawonjezera “kutalikira kwa Chisilamu” ndipo chifukwa chake wayika malire pamalingaliro okhudzana ndi kuphatikizika komanso kuphatikizidwa. adatalikitsa chikhulupiliro chakuti mgwirizano wapadziko lonse umakhalabe wovuta osati chifukwa cha ubale wa capitalist koma chifukwa cha mikangano yachikhalidwe (3). Iye watsutsa mfundo yakuti "chiphunzitso cha postcolonial sichinayang'ane makamaka pa funso la Chisilamu pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, chikuwulula kulephera kwake kuphatikizira maulamuliro osiyanasiyana a chowonadi kukhala masomphenya a zikhalidwe zambiri padziko lonse lapansi" (19).
 
Zowonadi, pali cholowa chachitali chosiya Chisilamu kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha atsamunda. Mu Kuphimba Chisilamu, lofalitsidwa koyamba mu 1981 ndi kusindikizidwanso mu 1997, Said adajambula chithunzi chodetsa nkhawa cha chisilamu cha ndale: ku Algeria, kudzudzulidwa pazandale Chisilamu chifukwa cha "zikwi za aluntha, atolankhani, ojambula ndi olemba [omwe] aphedwa"; ku Sudan, anatchula Hassan al Turabi kukhala “munthu wankhanza kwambiri, Svengali ndi Savonarola wovala mikanjo yachisilamu”; mu Igupto analemba za ubale wachisilamu ndi Jamát Islamiya, monga “umodzi wachiwawa ndi wosalolera kuposa winawo”; ku Palestine adanena kuti Hamas ndi Islamic Jihad "asintha kukhala zitsanzo zowopsa komanso zolembedwa m'nyuzipepala zachisilamu monyanyira"(xiii). Zonsezi, mndandanda wa Said wa Asilamu anali gulu lofanana la anthu achiwawa - osati gulu lodalirika la omenyera ufulu lomwe lingakhudze kusintha kwenikweni kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, zikwapu zazikulu zomwe adajambulapo za Muslim Brotherhood ndi Jamát Islamiya ngati imodzi ndizodabwitsa komanso zabodza chifukwa malingaliro amagulu awiriwa ndi osiyana, makamaka pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito ziwawa. Kudana ndi Chisilamu kwa Said kumawonekera makamaka pamalingaliro komanso chilankhulo chomwe amalankhula za Hamas. Ganizirani zomwe adalemba koyamba za Hamas mu 1993: 

Mu 1992 pamene ndinali kumeneko, ndinakumana mwachidule ndi atsogoleri angapo a ophunzira omwe akuimira Hamas: Ndinachita chidwi ndi kudzipereka kwawo pazandale koma osati ndi malingaliro awo. Ndinawapeza kuti anali odekha pankhani yovomereza chowonadi cha sayansi yamakono, mwachitsanzo….atsogoleri awo sanali owoneka bwino kapena ogometsa, zolemba zawo zimabwereza mathirakiti akale okonda dziko lawo, omwe tsopano akufotokozedwa m'mawu a "Chisilamu".Ndale za Kulanda 403). 

Pambuyo pake, adatcha kukana kwa Hamas ""kwankhanza komanso mitundu yakale yotsutsa. Mukudziwa, zomwe Hobsbawn amachitcha pre-capital, kuyesa kubwereranso kumitundu yamagulu, kuwongolera machitidwe amunthu ndi malingaliro osavuta komanso osavuta ochepetsera ”(Mphamvu, Ndale, ndi Chikhalidwe 416). Muzoyankhulana zinanso, zosindikizidwanso mu Power Politics ndi Culture, Said adayankha funso loti kaya zimamuvutitsa kapena ayi kuti ntchito yake nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa ndi Asilamu:
 

Ndithudi, ndipo kawirikawiri ndasonyeza nkhaŵa yanga pankhaniyi. Ndimaona kuti malingaliro anga amatanthauziridwa molakwika, makamaka pomwe akuphatikiza zotsutsa zamagulu achisilamu. Choyamba, ine ndine wakunja; chachiwiri, sindimakhulupirira magulu achipembedzo ndipo chachitatu sindimagwirizana ndi njira, njira, kusanthula ndi zikhulupiriro zamagulu awa (437). 

Mwachiwonekere, ngakhale Said adateteza Chisilamu ku zigawenga za imperialist ndi dziko, zinali zovuta kuti awone njira zina zomwe zikupita patsogolo mumagulu otsutsa Chisilamu. Kunena zowona, mawu a Said adasintha kwambiri m'buku lake lomaliza Humanism ndi Democratic Criticism; momveka, positi 9/11 dziko linasintha mawu a Said koma osati malo ake apakati - kuti ateteze Chisilamu kuchokera kumalingaliro akudziko koma osachita nawo kwambiri zomwe Islamism ingachite kuti aphunzire kapena kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. 

Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti Said adawona Fanon ngati ngwazi yanzeru, ngakhale sanali wokondwa ngati Fanon pankhani ya nkhanza zomwe zimachitika pakusintha. Fanon, komabe, anali ndi ubale wosangalatsa kwambiri ndi Chisilamu womwe waponderezedwa kudzera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso cha postcolonial chomwe chinapangidwa kuchokera ku ntchito yake. Ngakhale anali wosintha zinthu, Fanon adasintha pepala la FLN El-Moudjahoid, potero amachirikiza kusintha komwe kunanenedwa ngati a jehad. M'kalata yopita kwa Ali Shariati, waluntha yemwe adayambitsa kusintha kwa Iran komanso womasulira onse a Che Guevara ndi Fanon, Fanon adawonetsa nkhawa kuti chipembedzo chitha kukhala cholepheretsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wachitatu komanso kulimbikitsa Shariati kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha Chisilamu kuti apange dziko. gulu latsopano logwirizana: "pumirani mzimu uwu mu thupi la Muslim Orient" (qtd ku Slisli). Fanon anali womveka bwino za chikoka cha Chisilamu pamalingaliro ndi zochita zake m'modzi mwa mabuku ake osadziwika bwinoAtsamunda Akufa, lofalitsidwa koyamba ngati Ndilo lingaliro la Revolution algerienne mu 1959. Munali m'bukhu ili pamene analemba mwachindunji za "ma comrades ake a Moslem" (165) ndipo anasimba za msonkhano wosangalatsa umene adakhala nawo ndi Asilamu ndi Ayuda ku Algeria zomwe zinayambitsa chitukuko cha malingaliro ake pa zachiwawa monga "kuwonjezera komwe kunatheka ndi kuchuluka kwa utsamunda” (165). Fanon analongosola za kulimbana kwake kwamkati ndi kuvomereza chiwawa monga gawo lofunika la nkhondo ya ku Algeria ndi momwe, pamapeto pake, adakhutitsidwa ndi wokamba nkhani wachiyuda pamsonkhano amene adamunyengerera ndi "chikhulupiriro cha chikhulupiriro" chomwe chinali "chokonda dziko, nyimbo komanso wokonda” (166). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Fanon adaganiziranso zomwe ankakonda komanso kuti anali wodalirika kwambiri ndi Myuda kuposa Msilamu, ponena kuti "Ndinali ndi malingaliro ambiri odana ndi Aarabu mwa ine" (166). Ponseponse Kufa kwa Colonialism, Fanon analongosola momwe chiphunzitso chake cha kufunikira kwa chiwawa chinakula kupyolera mu zokambirana zake ndi Asilamu ndikutchula za "chikumbumtima chawo ndi kudziletsa", ponena kuti "pang'ono ndi pang'ono ndinayamba kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la nkhondo ndi kufunikira kwake" (167) . Poganizira zovuta zake zamkati kuti akhale membala wa FLN, Fanon analemba kuti: 

Kutsamira kwanga kumanzere kunandipangitsa kuti ndikwaniritse cholinga chofanana ndi cha Asilamu okonda dziko. Komabe ndinali wozindikira kwambiri za misewu yosiyana yomwe tidafikira kulakalaka komweko. Independence inde ndinavomera, koma ufulu wanji? Sena tulakonzya kuzumanana kubamba cisi ca Moslem cateokrasi cakali kubikkilizya abaalumi bambi? Ndani anganene kuti tili ndi malo ku Algeria yotere? (168) 

Yankho la funsoli linabwera mwanzeru kuchokera kwa mnzake wa FLN yemwe adayankha kuti zinali za anthu a ku Algeria kuti asankhe. Ndipo ili ndi yankho lomwelo lomwe mayiko achisilamu aku Middle East ndi North Africa ayenera kufotokoza lero.

N’zochititsa chidwi kudziwa kuti posachedwapa kufanana kwachitika pakati pa kuukira kwa Arabu ndi kuukira kwa Eastern Europe, Central ndi South America m’ma 1980. Tiyenera kukumbukira, komabe, kuti zopita ku demokalase ku Central ndi South America zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso chaumulungu cha Katolika. Mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil, mabungwe achipembedzo anachita mbali yaikulu m’kusintha kwake ndipo chipani cha Workers Party (PT), chimene pakali pano chili ndi mphamvu, chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1978 monga mgwirizano pakati pa anthu oyambitsa zipolowe, omenyera ufulu wachipembedzo a Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu. Momwemonso, zosintha za 1989 ku Eastern Europe zitha kutsatiridwa mpaka ku Poland komwe, mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Lech Walesa's Solidarity Movement idachirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Zatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza kuti zonena za Marx kuti chipembedzo ndi opiate ya anthu zinali zolakwika chabe.

Ndipo mosakayikira zonena zotchuka za Marx zidzatsimikizidwanso kuti n’zolakwika pamene zigawenga zikusesa Middle East ndi North Africa. Pali mwayi wosaneneka kuti magulu achisilamu azikhala ndi mtsutso wokhudza udindo wa Chisilamu pakukhazikitsa moyo wawo wandale komanso wandale, zokambirana zomwe zayimitsidwa kuyambira pomwe adasiya ambuye awo atsamunda. Sitiyenera kuiwala, komanso, gawo la "nkhondo yachigawenga" lakhala likulepheretsa zokambiranazi popeza ma autocrats onse omwe adachotsedwa tsopano anali ogwirizana nawo "pulogalamu yodabwitsa" ya CIA ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo cha kusatetezeka kupondereza. mawu andale. Mwachitsanzo, Martin Scheinin, mtolankhani wapadera wa bungwe la United Nations pa nkhani yoteteza ufulu wa anthu, anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene malamulo ndi mfundo zothana ndi uchigawenga za ku Tunisia zinathandizira kwambiri kuti boma lakale lithetseretu anthu otsutsa ndale. Ndemanga zomwezo zomwe Ben Ali adagwiritsa ntchito ndi Mubarak ndipo, posachedwa, Qaddafi pochepetsa kusintha kotchuka, kudzudzula otsutsa, Asilamu ndi al Qaeda chifukwa chosokoneza ubongo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa achinyamata. Zikuwonekeratu kuti katundu wamanyazi ndi wovuta wa "nkhondo yowopsya", makamaka kumpoto kwa Africa, akubwera kudzazunza Kumadzulo.

Pali umboni ku Egypt ndi Tunisia, kuti anthu, atabwera mpaka pano, sangavomereze kulowetsedwa kwa wolamulira wankhanza wina ndi mnzake, mogwirizana ndi zokonda zaku America, ndipo akufunitsitsa kufufuza mapangano osiyanasiyana omwe akuphatikizapo Asilamu andale. Ku Egypt zionetsero zikupitilira pomwe anthu akufuna kuyankha mlandu komanso chilungamo ndipo gulu la Muslim Brotherhood lakhala gawo lodziwika bwino pa zokambiranazi. Ku Tunisia chipani cha Rashid Ghanooshi cha Al Nadha chavomerezedwa. Zomwe zikuchitika ku Libya ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa chosowa anthu amphamvu, monga omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ndale zachisilamu zachisilamu za Ubale ku Egypt mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa Islamism yamitundu yonse ndi Qaddafi. Pachifukwa ichi, Libya ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu chogwera muzandale zachisilamu komanso wajihadist magulu. Ndipo ndithudi tikhoza kuneneratu kuti ziwawa zilizonse kapena tsankho zochitidwa ndi magulu a Islamist okhwima m'derali ziyenera kuwonetsedwa ngati umboni wakuti Asilamu ndi akale kwambiri komanso akhanda kuti adziwe tsogolo la madera awo.

Pamene neo-colonialism ikuwopsezedwa, Asilamu tsopano adzakhala ndi zokambirana zomwe akuyenera kukhala nazo kuti apange "dziko lachinyamata la mawa" lomwe Al Sayyab ankaganizira asanakwane. Ndikofunikira kuti Asilamu akumbukire malingaliro achinyengo a America ndi Europe, zomwe zikuwonekera ngakhale kwa munthu wodabwitsidwa kwambiri, pamene "gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi" likuyesera kudziwombola m'maso mwa midzi yachisilamu ponena kuti likuthandizira monyinyirika. demokalase m'derali, yomwe, kwenikweni, ikukwaniritsidwa motsutsana ndi zofuna za olamulira omwe adachotsedwa omwe America ndi Europe adathandizira, komanso kudzipereka kwa miyoyo ya anthu amderali. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa komanso kuti Asilamu atengenso ndi kufotokoza za zopereka zapadziko lonse zomwe Chisilamu chapanga kuti akhazikitse ndale zachitsamunda ndikufunsa momwe utsamunda udapeza nyumba yotetezeka m'masukulu aku Western maphunziro, adayiwala kuti abambo ake, Frantz Fanon anali. membala wokangalika wa FLN anaikidwa m'manda ku Algeria pansi pa dzina Ibrahim Fanon m'manda kwa shahid. Kodi Chisilamu ndi "mndandanda" wosawoneka mu chiphunzitso cha postcolonial? Nanga zingatheke bwanji kubwezeretsanso malo ake mu malingaliro otsutsa omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mayiko a mayiko?

Pamene Asilamu akuchulukirachulukira poyambitsa mawu awo, zokhumba zawo, ndi ndondomeko za ndale ndi filosofi kumadzulo, ndipo popeza Kumadzulo tsopano akukankhidwira kukona komwe amakakamizika kumvetsera, mwinamwake ma demokalase enieni akhoza kutuluka. ndi mfundo zachisilamu zomwe zimakhazikitsa maziko a moyo watsiku ndi tsiku m'derali, ndipo sizikutanthauza kuvomereza mwachibwana ndale zachisilamu zamagulu monga Al Qaeda, omwenso ndi otsalira pambuyo paukoloni. Koma chinkhoswe choterocho chiyenera kukana kusiya Chisilamu kukambitsirana za tsogolo la chisinthiko cha Arabu, kupangidwa kwa maiko enieni pambuyo pautsamunda, komanso zosintha zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zatsala pang'ono kubadwa pamene mvula ikupitilira kugwa.
 
 
Zothandizira

Crooke, Alastair.  kukana: Chiyambi cha Chisilamu Revolution. London: Pluto Press, 2009. Sindikizani.
 
Dabashi, Hamid. "Kuchedwa Kukana".  Al Jazeera. 26 February 2011. Webusaiti. 01 March 1011. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/2011224123527547203.html. Webusaiti
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Fanon, Frantz. Atsamunda Akufa. 1959. Trans. H. Chevalier. New York: Grove Press, 1965. Sindikizani.

 Majid, Anouar. UKuwonetsa Miyambo: Chisilamu cha Postcolonial in a Polycentric World. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. Sindikizani.

Roy, Olivier. Chisokonezo cha Ndale ku Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Sindikizani.
Adati, Edward.  Kuphimba Chisilamu. 1981. Revised Edition. New York: Vintage, 1997.
 
-. Humanism ndi Democratic Criticism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
 
-. Mtendere ndi Kusakhutira Kwake: Zolemba pa Palestine ku Middle East Peace Process. New York: Vintage, 1996. Sindikizani.
 
-. Mphamvu, Ndale ndi Chikhalidwe: Zokambirana ndi Edward Said. Mkonzi. Gauri Viswanathan. 2001. New York: Vintage, 2002. Sindikizani.
 
--. The Ndale za Kutaya: Kulimbana ndi Kudzilamulira kwa Palestine 1969-1994. 1994. New York: Vintage, 1995.Sindikizani.
 
Schein, Martin. "Lipoti la Mtolankhani Wapadera pakulimbikitsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wofunikira polimbana ndi uchigawenga".  United National General Assembly. A/HRC/16/51. 04 22 December 2010. Webusaiti. March 2011. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/178/98/PDF/G1017898.pdf?OpenElement. Webusaiti.
  
 Slisli, Fouzi. “Chisilamu: Njovu ku Fanon Wosauka Wa Dziko Lapansi". Maphunziro Ovuta a Middle East 17.1 (March 2008). Webusaiti. February 10, 2011.
http://ouraim.blogspot.com/2008/03/absence-of-islamism-in-fanons-work.html 
 
 

Jacqueline O'Rourke ndi mlangizi wa kafukufuku ndi mauthenga omwe amakhala ku Qatar ndi Canada. Walemba mabuku ophunzirira zinenero, posachedwapa wasindikiza buku la ndakatulo ndipo akuyembekezera kusindikizidwa kwa chiphunzitso chake cha PhD chotchedwa R.kuwonetsa Chiwawa: Jihad, Theory, Fiction. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa jacmaryor@hotmail.com

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