Ndale za Indian Poverty Line
Kumanzere kumadzudzula motsutsana ndi zotsatira za mfundo zosadziwika bwino za "globalization" pa
Kumvetsetsa mikangano yomwe imathandizira magawo onsewa kuli ndi tanthauzo lodziwikiratu kwa anthu okhudzidwa ndi umphawi
Mabungwe osiyanasiyana ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera umphawi. Mwachitsanzo, Banki Yadziko Lonse imagwiritsa ntchito mulingo wopeza ndalama pofotokozera umphawi. Koma boma la India lidatengera kadyedwe koyenera. Tanthauzo lovomerezeka la mzere waumphawi waku India, monga wanenera Unduna wa Zowerengera ndi Kukhazikitsa Mapulogalamu [1] ndi motere.
"Ziwerengero zovomerezeka za umphawi zimachokera ku chiwerengero cha 2400 calories pa munthu tsiku lililonse kumadera akumidzi ndi 2100 pa munthu pa tsiku kumidzi."
Kalelo mu 1973 pamene njira imeneyi inayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, mtengo wa mwezi uliwonse wogulira dengu la chakudya limene limapereka chiŵerengero chochepa cha ma calorie ofunikira chinatsimikiziridwa. Mtengo wamweziwu wasinthidwanso pakukwera kwamitengo ndi mitengo yazakudya. Munthu amaonedwa kuti ali pamwamba pa umphawi ngati ndalama zonse zomwe amawononga pamwezi zimaposa ndalama izi.
Pali zotsutsa zingapo za njira iyi yodziwira ziwerengero zaumphawi. Choyamba ndi chakuti okwana ndalama zagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambapa, osati gawo la ndalama zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chakudya. Izi zimatengera kuti munthu amawononga ndalama zake zonse pogula chakudya, osaphatikizanso zinthu zina zofunika monga thanzi ndi maphunziro. Chachiwiri, njira zomwe zikufotokozedwa ndi tanthauzoli ndizosakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 2004-05, boma lidawona munthu wosauka kumidzi
Kudzudzula kwachitatu kwa njirayi ndikofunika kwambiri. Zinapezeka kuti National Sample Survey yaku India yomwe ndi maziko owerengera ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma calories. Funso limadzuka mwachilengedwe chifukwa chiyani osagwiritsa ntchito ma calorie enieni, chifukwa chiyani mukuvutikira ndi ziwerengero zonse zandalama. Chochititsa chidwi, kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zama calorie kumabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri [2]. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zama calorie zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mu 55th Kafukufuku wa National Sample Survey akuwonetsa mwachindunji kuti 87% ya anthu akumidzi ku India amadya zopatsa mphamvu zochepa kuposa
2400kCal patsiku ndipo ili pansi pa umphawi.
Tanthauzo la kuwunikaku sitinganene mopambanitsa. Chiwerengerocho ndi chokwera mochititsa mantha. Mosiyana ndi izi, ziwerengero zovomerezeka zaumphawi zimanena kuti kuyambira 2004-05 ndi 28.3%. Chachiwiri, chawonjezekanso pakapita nthawi - kuchuluka kwa anthu akumidzi omwe amadya pansi pa 2400kCal patsiku anali 75% mu 1993-94. Ziwerengerozi zitha kuwoneka ngati zotsutsira mfundo za boma zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazi. Zomwezo zachitikanso m'maphunziro ena [3].
Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa ziwerengero zaumphawi za boma ndi ziwerengero zochokera ku calorie zawunikidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina ndi akatswiri azachuma. Meenakshi ndi Vishwanathan[4] amasanthula kuchuluka kwa umphawi monga momwe boma likukhalira ndikuwona kuti zomwe zikuchitikazi zimakhudzidwa ndi komwe ma calorie amakhazikitsidwa. Choncho, ngati tiika calorie m'chigulugulu kumidzi
Mahendra Dev [5] akuwona kuti kuchuluka kwa kalori kumapereka lingaliro lina lopanda nzeru kuti mayiko omwe amadziwika kuti ndi olemera kwambiri monga Tamil Nadu ali ndi umphawi wochuluka (86.5%) kuposa ena olemera kwambiri monga Rajasthan (56.7% ).
Kodi zilidi choncho kuti zakudya za Amwenye zakhala zikusiyana kotero kuti amadya zochepa monga momwe amachitira ndi ma calories? Ngati izi zikuwoneka ngati zotsutsana, kodi timathana bwanji ndi mikangano yomwe yaperekedwa pamwambapa? Mfundo yakuti gawo lalikulu la anthu olemera amadya zopatsa mphamvu zochepa nzodzifunira. Mkangano wa Meenakshi ndi Vishwanathan woti zomwe datayo zimakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zakhazikika ndizokhazikika. Zoonadi deta idzakhala tcheru ku mtengo wa chikhalidwe chenichenicho. Izi sizodabwitsa ayi. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe palibe mwa mfundo zomwe tafotokozazi ndi yakuti ma calorie a anthu ambiri atsika pakapita nthawi ndipo izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kutidetsa nkhawa.
Pronab Sen amapereka malingaliro osiyana [6]. Iye akuti chifukwa chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito deta yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito deta ndi yakuti ndalama zimasonyeza ngati dengu la zakudya zomwe zimapatsa chiwerengero choyenerera cha zopatsa mphamvu zingathe kuperekedwa, pamene kwenikweni zakudyazo zingakhale zosiyana ndi dengu lazakudya ili. Amapeza kuchuluka kwa ma calories omwe amadyedwa pa rupee omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya. Amagawa deta m'magulu atatu: pansi pa umphawi (
Komabe, pali funso lofunikira lomwe limadza pa kusanthula uku tikafufuza mozama kuti kuchuluka kwa calorie pa rupees kumawerengeredwa bwanji.
Pronab Sen akuti ma calories pa rupee amawerengera
Gawo loyamba likufanana ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu pamlingo womwe wapatsidwa wa MPCE. MPCE imayimira Mean Per-Capita Consumer Expenditure yomwe imaphatikizapo ndalama pa zinthu zonse kuphatikizapo chakudya. Izi zimagawidwa m'magulu - mfundo yofunika kwambiri pamene tikuwerengera ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa rupee, ndi zina zotero. Gawo lachitatu likutiuza kagawo kakang'ono ka ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya. Gawo lotsatira ndilo kudya kwa calorie pa munthu aliyense. Ndime yomaliza ilibe
Zowonjezera Anthu |
Mtengo wa MPCE |
MPCE High |
% pa chakudya |
kuchuluka Pa chakudya |
Per-capita Zakudya zama calorie (kCal/tsiku) |
Kalori / Rupee |
5 |
0 |
225 |
0.67 |
75.375 |
1232 |
490.3483 |
10 |
225 |
255 |
0.67 |
160.8 |
1488 |
277.6119 |
20 |
255 |
300 |
0.66 |
183.15 |
1662 |
272.2359 |
30 |
300 |
340 |
0.66 |
211.2 |
1780 |
252.8409 |
40 |
340 |
380 |
0.66 |
237.6 |
1871 |
236.2374 |
50 |
380 |
420 |
0.65 |
260 |
1990 |
229.6154 |
60 |
420 |
470 |
0.64 |
284.8 |
2096 |
220.7865 |
70 |
470 |
525 |
0.62 |
308.45 |
2212 |
215.1402 |
80 |
525 |
615 |
0.61 |
347.7 |
2381 |
205.4357 |
90 |
615 |
775 |
0.56 |
389.2 |
2458 |
189.4656 |
95 |
775 |
950 |
0.53 |
457.125 |
2754 |
180.7383 |
Gulu la umphawi ndilo mzere wachitatu pa tebulo ili (pomwe ma calories amadya ndi 1662 patsiku). Funso lalikulu ndi ili: Kodi tingawerengere bwanji calorie/rupee pa
Koma mwina kutanthauzira wozindikira kwambiri wa
“Kuchepa kwa phala m’zaka za m’ma nineties kungaoneke ngati kosagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti umphawi watsika nthawi yomweyo. Zowonadi, njira iyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati umboni wa "kusauka" m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi anayi. Ngati phala likuchepa, umphawi ukuchepa bwanji?
Ndikoyenera kudziwa, komabe, kuti kuchepa kwa phala sikwachilendo. Kutsika kofananako kunachitika (malinga ndi deta ya National Sample Survey) m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu, pamene umphawi unali kuchepa. Kuyerekeza kwaposachedwa kwa Hanchate ndi Dyson's (2000) kwa njira zakudyera zakumidzi mu 1973-74 ndi 1993-94 kumapereka kuunika kothandiza pankhaniyi. Monga momwe olemba amasonyezera, panthawiyi kumwa phala kwa anthu akumidzi kunatsika kwambiri (kuchokera pa 15.8 mpaka 13.6 kgs pa munthu pamwezi), koma ananyamuka pakati pa mabanja osauka kwambiri. Kutsika kwapakati kumayendetsedwa ndi kuchepetsa kudya pakati pa Apamwamba magulu a ndalama. Kutsika kwapakati sikungatheke kuyendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwamitengo yachibale; ndithudi, pakhala kusintha pang'ono pamitengo ya zakudya, poyerekeza ndi mitengo ina, mu nthawi yomweyi. M'malo mwake, njira iyi ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonetsa kusinthana kwa mbewu monga chimanga kupita ku zakudya zina pamene ndalama zimakwera (kupitirira malire ena). Kudya kwa zakudya "zapamwamba" monga masamba, mkaka, zipatso, nsomba ndi nyama kudakwera kwambiri panthawi yomweyi, m'magulu onse omwe amawononga ndalama. Mwachiwonekere, kuchepa kwa kadyedwe kameneka sikungakhale nkhani yodetsa nkhawa. Zowonadi, kudya kwa phala kumayenderana ndi ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza m'maiko onse (mwachitsanzo, ndizochepa
Zambiri zakudya zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB)
kuwunikiranso pankhaniyi. Kupatulapo zambiri za kadyedwe, kafukufuku wa NNMB akuphatikiza kuyerekeza kwa ndalama zapakhomo.… Kuchotsa mbewu monga chimanga m'malo mwa chakudya chapamwamba ndi kukwera kwa ndalama za munthu aliyense kukuwonekera momveka bwino. Njira iyi, ngati itatsimikiziridwa, ingagwirizane bwino ndi zomwe zasintha pakapita nthawi. Zikutanthauzanso kuti kuchepa kwa chakudya chambiri m'zaka za m'ma nineties sikukugwirizana ndi zomwe tapeza m'mbuyomu za kuchepa kwa umphawi.
Kodi izi zitisiya kuti?
Kwa munthu wokhudzidwa ndi umphawi mu
Kumbali imodzi, tili ndi Utsa Patnaik akunena kuti: "Zizindikiro zambiri zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zikusonyeza kuti si mlingo wa umphawi weniweni
Kumbali ina, tili ndi Deaton ndi Dreze akunena kuti: "Pamapeto pake, akuti zaka khumi zapitazi zakhala nyengo yakusintha kwambiri kwa moyo, chifukwa cha kumasula. Kumapeto ena, zaka za makumi asanu ndi anayi zakhala zikufotokozedwa ngati nthawi ya "umphawi" wofala kwambiri, chifukwa cha ufulu. Mwachionekere, kuŵerenga kumeneku sikungagwirizane ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zochitika zaposachedwapa.” M'malo mwake, Deaton ndi Dreze amapeza chithunzi chovuta kwambiri akatembenukira kuzizindikiro zina zaumphawi. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero cha opita kusukulu chawonjezeka m’zaka zonse za m’ma 1990 pamene chiwerengero cha imfa za makanda chinachepa.
Chofunika kwambiri, amatsutsananso ndi "njira yamakina" momwe umphawi umatsutsana
Ndizodabwitsa kuti funso lomwe liyenera kukhala loona limatsutsana kwambiri ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana a data yomweyi malinga ndi momwe munthu amaonera ndale. Kwa olimbikitsa okhudzidwa ndi
Zothandizira
[1] Ndemanga pa Kuyerekeza Umphawi http://mospi.nic.in/compenv2000_appendix%206.htm
[2] Utsa Patnaik. Neoliberalism and Rural Poverty in
[3] Madhura Swaminathan. Eleventh Plan imanyalanyaza kusowa kwa chakudya ndi zakudya. http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/01/stories/2006090102841000.htm
[4] JV Meenakshi, Brinda Vishwanathan. Kuchepa kwa Ma calories Kumidzi
[5] Mahendra Dev. Kalori Zizolowezi ndi Umphawi. Zachuma ndi Zandale Sabata ndi mlungu.
[6] Pronab Sen. Umphawi-kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi. Nutrition Foundation ya
[7] ibid, Table 2.
[8] Deaton A. and Drèze J. Poverty and Inequality in
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama