George Baer anali wamkulu wa njanji ndi migodi ya malasha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Pakati pa ziwawa komanso zanthawi yayitali zomwe zidatseka makampani ambiri a malasha mdziko muno, Baer adanyoza pempho la Purezidenti Teddy Roosevelt kuti athetse mavuto omwe ali pachiwopsezo, nati, "Ufulu ndi zofuna za wogwira ntchito zizitetezedwa ndikusamalidwa ... ovutitsa ntchito, koma mwa amuna Achikristu a chuma amene Mulungu wawapatsa ulamuliro wa umwini wa katundu wa dziko.โ Kwa bungwe la Anthracite Coal Commission lomwe likufufuza za chipwirikiticho, Baer ananenetsa kuti, โAmunawa savutika. Bwanji, theka la iwo sadziwa nkomwe Chingelezi.โ
Tinganene zimenezo kutengera udindo wa mfumu. Ma Titans amakampani ndi azachuma nthawi imeneyo nthawi zambiri ankaganiza kuti ali ndi ufulu wochotsa malamulo ndikuphunzitsa ena onse aku America momwe angayendetsere bwino zinthu zake. Iwo ankakonda kusewera Mulungu. Ndi chizolowezi chomwe chabwerera ndi kubwezera mu nthawi yathu.
Abale a Koch ndi odziwika kwambiri pakati pa fuko lonse la mabiliyoni "odzipanga" omwe amadziona ngati omanga kapena omanga a America okonzedwanso, okonzedwanso. Kuyambikanso kwa chimene chingatchedwe kuti dynastic kapena ukapitalist wa banja, mosiyana ndi ukapitalizimu wopanda umunthu umene ambiri a ife tinakulira nawo, kukusintha kachitidwe ka ndale za dziko.
Ambuye athu a chilengedwe chonse, monga โachifwambaโ akale, amachita chidwi mopambanitsa ndi kukwera kwawo kufika pachimake pazachuma. Onjezani kupambana kwawo paubwenzi wanthawi zonse wa chikhalidwe cha America ndi bizinesi - Purezidenti Calvin Coolidge, mwachitsanzo, amakumbukiridwa lero chifukwa chongolengeza kuti "bizinesi yaku America ndi bizinesi" - ndipo muli ndi chilinganizo cha megalomania.
Tengani Jeff Greene, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "Meltdown Mogul." Kalelo mu 2010, adakhala ndi chutzpah kuti achite nawo kampeni ku pulayimale ya demokalase pampando wa senate ku Florida mdera la Miami lomwe linawonongedwa ndi chiwongola dzanja cha subprime - ndendende momwe adakulirakulira. M'menemo, adalimbikitsa anthu ammudzi kuti atsutsane ndi anthu a ku Washington ndipo adawafotokozeranso nkhani za moyo wake monga woyendetsa mabasi ku Breakers Hotel ku Palm Beach. Wotetezedwa ku dzuwa la Florida ndi mithunzi yake ya Prada, adanenanso za chuma chake ngati umboni kuti, monga chiwongola dzanja chambiri, palibe amene amadziwa bwino kuposa momwe angayendetsere chuma chomwe adathandizira kuti chiwonongeko. Iye ananena mawu odabwitsa pa ndawala yakeyo mwa kuwuluka mu jeti yake yachinsinsi pokhapokha atadzimangirira bwino ndi zomangira zake zokutidwa ndi golide.
Amalonda aku Olympian monga Greene nthawi zonse amatha kudziwona ngati tycoons-cum-savants. Akamapikisana nawo paudindowu, amachita zimenezi ngati kuti akufuna kuti asankhidwe kukhala mโbungwe la oyangโanira a America, Inc. Ena sangasokoneze maganizo awo. Katundu, zambiri, mu gulu loperekedwa ku kulambira kwake, zimakhala cheke chopanda kanthu: chirichonse ndi chololedwa kwa iwo omwe ali nacho.
Maloto ndi Zowopsa
Izi, ndiye, ndiye chikondi chachikhalidwe cha American capitalism. Munthu kuchokera kwina kulikonse amakhala Napoleon wa bizinesi ndi ngwazi chifukwa amatsimikizira nthano yofunika kwambiri: ndiyo, kuti ndi mwayi woyamba wa omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhala ku New World kuti atuluke m'malo osadziwika kupita kumtunda wosayerekezeka. Zonsezi, motero nthanoyo imatiuza, zimabwera kupyolera mu kugwiritsira ntchito khama, kuchenjera kwa malonda ndi kuoneratu zam'tsogolo, chibadwa champikisano chopanda akaidi, ndi otchova njuga. magazi ozizira poyang'anizana ndi kuopsa kosakhululukidwa kwa msika. Dziwani zonsezo ndipo mukuyenera kukhala mbuye wa chilengedwe chathu. (Mosiyana ndi izi, iyi ndi nthano yakuda yomwe zigawenga zotsutsana ndi capitalist zazaka za m'ma 1900 zidadziwika kuti "Chirombo cha Katundu.")
Chomwe chimapangitsa kupangidwa kwa titan kukhala kosokoneza kwambiri ndikuti zikuwoneka ngati siziyenera kukhala choncho. M'kati mwa zida zopanda mtundu za malo owerengera nyumba ndi mafakitale, kutanganidwa kwa oyenda pansi ndi phindu ndi kutayika kungayembekezere kusokoneza malingaliro onse omwe timagwirizanitsa ndi wankhondo, mtsogoleri wa boma, ndi wamasomphenya, osatchulapo wankhanza. Monga Joseph Schumpeter, wazachuma wazaka zapakati pa makumi awiri, kamodzi anawona, โNdithu palibe kukongola kulikonse kodabwitsaโ ponena za mabwinja oganiza bwino. Iye sanganene kuti "boo kwa tsekwe."
Komabe, titan ya capitalism imagonjetsa chizolowezi chimenecho. Monga momwe Schumpeter ananenera, iye amadzisintha kukhala mtundu wa munthu amene โangakhotetse mtundu ku chifuniro chake,โ kugwiritsira ntchito โmphamvu zake zakuthupi ndi zamanjenjeโ kuti akhale โmunthu wotsogolera.โ Chinachake chimachitika kudzera mu kugonjetsa malonda moledzeretsa kotero kuti kumabala kudzikuza mwadala ndi chilakolako cha mphamvu zonse za mtundu umene George Baer ankaufunira. Itanani izo absolutism ya ndalama zodzilungamitsa.
Sheldon Adelson, Charles ndi David Koch, Sam Walton, Rupert Murdoch, Linda McMahon, kapena hedge fund honchos monga John Paulson ndi Steven Cohen onse amagwirizana mwanjira ina ndi mbiri yakale iyi. Mphamvu zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwa nazo, amalingalira kuti amadziwa bwino zomwe tiyenera kuphunzitsa ana athu ndi momwe tiyenera kuchitira; mmene angatetezere malire a dzikolo kuti asaukire mayiko ena, kutsitsimutsanso malonda a mayiko, kuchiritsa zimene zavuta njira yoperekera chithandizo chamankhwala, kukhazikitsa ntchito kumene kulibe, kubwezeretsanso malamulo a msonkho, kulinganiza bajeti ya dziko lonse, kuika mabungwe ogwira ntchito mosatekeseka mโmalo mwawo, ndiponso sungani dziko pa makhalidwe ndi mafuko molunjika ndi mopapatiza.
Zonse izi zomwe zimanenedwa kuti ndi nzeru ndi kudzitsimikizira wekha zimabadwa kunyumba. Ndiko kunena kuti, anthu awa poyamba ndi ma capitalist onse a mabanja kapena amitundu, osati amuna opanda nkhope omwe amavala masuti omwe amakwera pamtengo wopaka mafuta omwe amakonza magawo oyang'anira amakampani aku America. Ogwira ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri zamabungwe amakono akhoza kukhala olemera chimodzimodzi, koma ndi gulu losakhazikika, lomwe kukhulupirika kwawo pazovala zilizonse kumatha kutha nthawi iliyonse mukapeza njira yowoneka bwino yamasheya kuchokera kukampani ina.
Kuphatikiza apo, m'nthawi yathu yophatikizika ndi kugula zinthu zambiri, mabungwe amalowa ndikutuluka nthawi zambiri, akusintha kukhala ma acronyms ang'onoang'ono. Ndi zonyamulira mphamvu zazikulu, koma popanda organic ubwenzi kwa anthu osiyana kapena mibadwo mibadwo.
M'malo mwake mafumu akale komanso masiku ano apanga mabizinesi abanja kapena, monga momwe zinalili ndi abale a Koch ndi Rupert Murdoch, adalanda omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi abambo awo omwe amadzipereka kwambiri. Amateteza malo awo opangira mabizinesi powasunga mwachinsinsi, oopa kudalira ndalama zakunja zomwe zingasokoneze ufulu wawo wochita zomwe akufuna ndi zomwe adapeza.
Ndipo iwo amaganiza za zomwe apanga osati mulu wa ndalama, koma ngati mbadwa kumene iwo ali omangidwa ndi zomangira za magazi, chipembedzo, dera, ndi mtundu. Zophatikizidwira izi zimasintha bizinesi wamba kukhala chinthu choposa. Iwo amaimira minyewa ya njira ya moyo, ngakhale filosofi ya moyo. Malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino ponena za ntchito, ufulu wa munthu aliyense, maunansi abanja, kulondola kwa kugonana, meritocracy, kufanana, ndi thayo la kakhalidwe ka anthu amapangidwa kuchokera mโnjira yofananayo yodzipangira yokha imene inabala bizinesi yabanja. Zizolowezi zodziletsa mwadongosolo komanso kulera ndi kuyang'anira mwanzeru zomwe nthawi zina zimasintha luso lodzichepetsa kukhala goliath wodalirika zimalimbikitsa chibadwa cha kulangiza ndi kulamulira.
Palibe Chipani cha Tycoon ku US chomwe chimakhazikitsa malingaliro ofanana pagulu la mabiliyoni omwe, mwachilengedwe chawo รผbermensch, kuguba kwa oimba ngโoma awoawo ndipo amasiyana pa zinthu zambiri. Ena ndi okonda kuthandiza ena, ena osasamala; ena ndi opembedza, ena alibe chidwi. Opanga thumba la Wall Street hedge fund atha kupereka kwa Obama ndikukhala omasuka ndi anthu pankhani zachikondi ndi ukwati, pomwe mitundu yamtima ngati abale a Koch mwachiwonekere amatenganso ndale. Koma onse amavomereza ku chinthu chimodzi: kukhulupirira mwa kudziwa zonse ndi kufuna kosatsutsika.
Kumeneko pa Chirengedwe
Akuluakulu amalonda apanga sewero lachifumu kuyambira chiyambi cha capitalism yaku America - inde, makamaka panthawiyo, mabungwe ogulitsidwa poyera ndi oyang'anira capitalism asanayambe m'malo mwa omwe adatsogolera mabanja awo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. John Jacob Astor, miliyoneya woyamba waku America, yemwe maofesi ake anali pachilumba cha Manhattan komwe kuli Zucotti Park tsopano, anali womanga ufumu weniweni. Pogwirizana ndi a Thomas Jefferson, adayesa kukulitsa "Purezidenti"ufumu kwa ufuluโ mpaka kumalekezero akumadzulo kwa kontinenti ndi kukankhira kunja British. Kumeneko, pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Oregon, adakhazikitsa malo ogulitsa ubweya wa Astoria kuti aphatikize ulamuliro wake wapadziko lonse wa malonda apamwamba a ubweya.
Pamgwirizanowu, Purezidenti ndi tycoon onse adalephera. Astor, komabe, anali wokonzeka kunyoza ulamuliro wapamwamba kwambiri m'dzikoli ndikuchita ndi British pamene zinali zofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake Jefferson ataletsa malonda ndi dzikolo pokonzekera Nkhondo ya 1812, woyambitsa umodzi mwamafumu owoneka bwino kwambiri mdzikolo adangothamangitsa. Katswiri wodzidalira, Astor adasilira Napoleon, adaganiza kuti unyinji suyenera kusiyidwa kuti ungochita zomwe akufuna, ndipo amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti katundu ayenera kukhala wofunikira kuti akhale ndi udindo komanso mphamvu zandale.
Makhalidwe monga kufunitsitsa kwa Astor ndi kudzidalira kwake adakula pafupipafupi m'badwo woyamba wa "akapitawo amakampani" aku America. Nthawi zambiri iwo ankatsagana ndi kugunda pachifuwa braggadocio ndi chala-m'maso mwanu mopanda ulemu. Cornelius Vanderbilt, wotchulidwa ndi wolemba mbiri yake waposachedwa "tycoon woyamba,โ mโtsiku lake ankadziwika kuti โCommodore.โ Akuti, adachenjeza munthu wopusa kuti atsutse ukulu wake pabizinesi ya sitima zapamadzi kuti "Sindingakusumireni, ndikuwononga."
Kapena tengani "Jubilee" Jim Fisk. Anadziyesa ngati wolamulira koma sanali mmodzi, ndipo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni, atagwidwa akubera Erie Railroad, adadzitamandira kuti "anabadwa kukhala woipa." Pambuyo pake, pamene chiwembu chimene anakonza chofuna kulepheretsa kupatsa golide wa dzikolo chinamโlepheretsa kutsatira malamulo, Jim anafotokoza mwachidule nkhani yochititsa manyaziyi motere: โPalibe chimene chimatayika koma ulemu.โ
Zaka zoposa 100 Mitt Romney ndi Bain Capital asanabwere, Jay Gould, katswiri wofufuza za njanji ndi capitalist wamba, adafufuza dziko lonse kuti makampani agule, kulanda, ndi kugulitsa. Amadziwika ndi ambiri omutsutsa kuti "Mephistopheles wa Wall Street,โ iye ananenapo nthaลตi ina, atakumana ndi sitalaka yolimbana ndi imodzi ya njanji zake, kuti โakhoza kulemba ganyu theka la ogwira ntchito kuti aphe theka linalo.โ
George Pullman, wotchedwa "Duke" m'dziko la America lachifumu lodzipangira yekha, sanachite manyazi kulimbana ndi "gulu" laphokoso. Monga wogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ku Chicago m'ma 1870, iye - pamodzi ndi anyamata ena ochokera kuosankhika atsopano opanga mzinda - adatenga zida kuti athetse zigawenga ndikulipira ndalama zomanga zida zankhondo zakutawuni, zokhala ndi zida zaposachedwa, kuphatikiza mfuti yatsopano yogulitsidwa ngati "Tramp Terror." (Ichi chinali chochitika chimodzi mwa zigawenga zambiri zochokera kumwamba ndi mphamvu za "lamulo ndi dongosolo.")
Komabe, Pullman adadziwika bwino chifukwa chowonetsa utsogoleri wake mwanjira ina. Pokhala ndi chidwi chofuna kukhala ndi udindo waukulu, anamanga tauni yachitsanzo, imene moyenerera anaitcha Pullman, kunja kwa mzinda wa Chicago. Kumeneko anthuwo sanangolimbikira kupanga magalimoto ogona a sitima zapamtunda, komanso anaphunzitsidwa mmene angakhalire ndi moyo wolemekezekaโkusamwa mowa, kutchova njuga, kuvala koyenera ndi khalidwe labwino โ akukhala mโnyumba za kampani, kugula zinthu mโmasitolo a kampani. , kupembedza mโmatchalitchi a kampani, kusewera mโmapaki amakampani, kuลตerenga mabuku ovomerezedwa ndi kampani mu laibulale ya kampani, ndi kuphunzira โma Rs atatuโ kusukulu zapasukulu za kampani. Ganizirani izi ngati mudzi wa anthu ogwira ntchito ku Potemkin, malo ochita malonda a mgwirizano wa feudal - mpaka sizinatero. Malotowo adasanduka zoopsa pomwe "Duke" mwadzidzidzi adayamba kuchepetsa malipiro ndikuthamangitsa "ophunzira" ake mkati mwa kupsinjika koipitsitsa kwazaka za zana la XNUMX. Izi zinapangitsa kuti dziko lonse liyambe kunyanyala ndi kunyanyala, zomwe zinaphwanyidwa ndi asilikali a boma.
Olamulira abizinesi a M'badwo Wokongola amatha kukhala amwano komanso amwano ngati Gould, Vanderbilt, ndi Fisk kapena kutengera chitukuko ngati Pullman. Ena mwa โakatswiriโ amalonda aakulu ameneลตa anali a chimene Achimereka ankachitcha โufumu wamba.โ Fisk, pambuyo pake, adayamba ngati munthu wodalirika m'mabwalo ndipo Gould adapeza "malipiro oyambira" poyendetsa bizinesi yake. "Amalume" a Daniel Drew, galu wapamwamba pa Wall Street nthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni (ndipo wopembedza pamenepo, yemwe adayambitsa Drew Theological Seminary), anali kale woweta ng'ombe. Asanabweretse ngโombe zake kumsika wa ku New York, ankazidyetsa nyambi zamchere kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili ndi ludzu ndiyeno nโkuzidzaza ndi madzi kuti zikafike kumalo ogulitsirako zinthu zolemera kwambiri kuposa mmene thupi ndi mafupa awo akanatha kuwerengera. Anapatsa America mchitidwe wa "madzi amchere."
Osati onse omwe adayambitsa tycoonery yathu yoyambirira, komabe, anali osawoneka kapena othawa kwawo kuchokera kumadera oyipa amalonda. Akhozanso kuchokera kumadera apamwamba kwambiri a kaundula wa anthu. A Morgans anali gulu lodziwika bwino la banki ndi inshuwaransi kuyambira nthawi yautsamunda. Chifukwa chake JP Morgan anali kwa manor wobadwa. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, adagwira ntchito ngati mabanki apakati adzikolo, kutanthauza kuti anali ndi mphamvu zogawira likulu lalikulu lomwe anthu aku America amadalira. Komabe, atafunsidwa za kukhala ndi udindo waukulu wotero wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, iye anayankha mosapita mโmbali kuti, โSindili ndi ngongole kwa anthu.โ
Kusayanjanitsika kotereku kwa umoyo wabwino kunali kofala ndipo sikunathe m'zaka za zana latsopano. Panthawi ya Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, oyang'anira mabungwe ena akuluakulu aboma adamva kuti akukakamizika ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe linali litangoyamba kumene komanso kusintha kwa ndale komwe kunatsagana ndi Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal kuti azindikire ndikukambirana ndi mabungwe opangidwa ndi antchito awo. Osati kale kwambiri, ena a mabungwe ameneลตa, makamaka United States Steel, anali atasiya magazi mโmakwalala a matauni achitsulo a Pennsylvania ndi Ohio pamene anaphwanya Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Zitsulo ya 1919. Koma nthaลตi zinali zitasintha.
Sichoncho, komabe, kwa makolo akale omwe adakondabe omwe adakhalabe ndikuyendetsa makampani amtundu wa "zitsulo zazing'ono" (omwe anali ochepa). Amuna ngati Tom Girdler wa Republic Steel amadana ndi kusokonezedwa kulikonse ndi ufulu wawo wolamulira zomwe zinachitika pa malo awo ndipo amadana ndi New Deal, komanso ogwirizana nawo mu kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, chifukwa adatsutsa kuti absolutism. Zinali choncho, pa Tsiku la Chikumbutso cha 1937, omenyera nkhondo 10 anawomberedwa kumbuyo ndi kuphedwa pamene akutola fakitale ya Girdler ku Chicago.
The Great U-Turn
Komabe, kwakukulukulu, zaka zapakati pazaka za m'ma 2000 zidali ndi nkhawa zamakono monga US Steel, General Motors, ndi General Electric, omwe ma CEO awo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zitsenderezo za madera awo angapo. Izi sizinaphatikizepo antchito okha, komanso magulu a eni ake, makasitomala, ogulitsa, ndi akuluakulu aboma am'deralo ndi zigawo.
Mabungwe omwe ali pagulu, nthawi zambiri, si a banja, mzera wachifumu, kapena mabizinesi ochepa chabe, koma ndi eni ake ambiri. "Eni" amenewo alibe chochita pang'ono ndi kuyendetsa makampani "awo" ovuta. Izi zasiyidwa kwa ma manejala omwe amatsogozedwa ndi mabwanamkubwa omwe adalandira mphotho zambiri. Zodetsa nkhawa zawo ndi zandale, koma osati zamalingaliro. Amada nkhawa ndi mbiri ya mtundu wawo, amachita zinthu zingapo ndi mabungwe ambiri aboma, amayang'ana kusangalatsa andale a zipani zonse ziwiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala tcheru kuti asankhe bwino pazandale pankhani zamtundu, jenda, ndi zina. nkhani zovuta. Kuchita mwanjira iyi, pambuyo pake, njira yotsatsira yomwe ikuwonetsa komwe kuli kofunikira kwambiri - pamapeto pake.
Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, komabe, mbiri yapanga U-turn. Mabizinesi akale akulu akulu abwereranso modabwitsa. Mwa zina, izi ndi zotsatira za momwe boma la feduro lalimbikitsira mabungwe aboma kudzera pamakhombo amisonkho, ndondomeko yogwiritsira ntchito malo, ndi ndalama zothandizira. Ndi zotsatira za dongosolo latsopano la capitalism yokhazikika, yosinthika momwe mabungwe akulu, ovuta adatsitsa ntchito zomwe zidachitika mkati mwamakampani akunja, odziyimira pawokha.
Family capitalism yakumana ndi kutsitsimuka. Ngakhale makampani akuluakulu tsopano nthawi zambiri amawongoleredwa ndi eni ake momwe Andrew Carnegie adagwirirapo ntchito yake yachitsulo kapena Henry Ford kampani yake yamagalimoto. Zina mwa izi makampani atsopano abanja anali makampani ogulitsa malonda omwe adapita kwachinsinsi. Chilakolako chogula chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi makampani abizinesi omwe akufuna kuti apindule mwachangu, monga Mitt Romney's Bain Capital wodziwika bwino, adathandizira kwambiri ntchitoyi. Izi zitha kuganiziridwa ngati capitalism yamabizinesi kwakanthawi kochepa, njira yoyendetsedwa ndindalama.
Koma makampani okhazikika mโmabanja mmenemo kwa nthaลตi yaitali nawonso achulukana ndi kupita patsogolo mโnthaลตi ino yamavuto azachuma. Izi sizilinso zovala zolimba, zamakono zamakono, zoperekedwa pang'onopang'ono kutulutsa chinthu chimodzi, choyesedwa nthawi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala aluso kwambiri poyankha kusinthana pamsika, nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyanasiyana pazomwe amapanga ndikugulitsa, ndipo - chifukwa chakukula kwa misika yayikulu - tsopano ali ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma osati wosiyana ndi wa makolo awo akale. m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, omwe adadalira zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa mkati kuti zisungidwe m'mabanki. Akhala akukula m'magawo atsopano azachuma, kuphatikiza malonda, zosangalatsa, mphamvu, zachuma, ndiukadaulo wapamwamba. Komanso sikuti ndi ntchito zazing'ono za amayi ndi pop. Gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu a Fortune 500 tsopano akugwera mโgulu la olamulidwa ndi mabanja.
Mapazi okhazikika m'mabizinesi awo, makolo akale a m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, akubwereketsa mpweya wobwerera ku mtsogolo. Amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pazandale. Amalankhula mokweza ndipo amanyamula ndodo zazikulu. Ndalama zawo zimasankha akuluakulu, zimapezera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za boma, ndipo zikukonzanso chikhalidwe chathu chandale mwa kuthira feteleza m'nkhalango za anthu oganiza bwino, magazini, ndi makomiti andale. Mtundu womwe, m'badwo wapitawo, udasiya kukana kwawo chuma chadongosolo ndi mphamvu walola mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa "chifwamba" kulamulira mabwalo a anthu kumlingo womwe ukanadabwitsa ngakhale John Jacob Astor ndi Cornelius Vanderbilt.
Zofunika Zandale
Mbadwo wa makolo umenewo, womwe unkakhala mโnthaลตi imene boma linali lofooka ndipo linali ndi chakudya chachifupi, sunafunikire kuloลตerera kwambiri mโzandale. Kulumikizana ndi senator wosungidwa kapena woweruza wa federal pakufunika kunali kokwanira. Boma lamakono loyang'anira komanso loyang'anira zaumoyo lafikira patali kwambiri kotero kuti likufunika kuwongolera, ngati silinathetsedwa.
Ena mwa ma tycoon athu atsopano amayesa kuchita chimodzi kapena china kuchokera pagulu kudzera m'mabungwe akutsogolo ndi omwe adasankhidwa pamanja paudindo waboma. Enanso amadumphira mubwalo lachisankho. Linda McMahon, yemwe ndi mwamuna wake adapanga ufumu wa World Wrestling Entertainment, ndiwotayika kawiri pamipikisano ya senate ku Connecticut. Rick Scott, wazamalonda wazamankhwala, adachita bwino, kukhala bwanamkubwa waku Florida. Ziwerengero zotere, ndi mitundu ina ya opambana monga iwo, amati kukwera kwawo kwa ukulu wa bizinesi monga chizindikiritso chawo chachikulu, nthawi zambiri chizindikiritso chawo chokha, pothamangira maudindo kapena kungouza omwe ali paudindo zoyenera kuchita.
Ma maestro athu azamalonda amabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe ake. Pamawonekedwe, "Donald" ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri. Monga ambiri mafumu a zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, makolo ake ndi ochepa. Agogo aamuna a ku Germany amene anafika kuno mu 1885 anali wopanga vinyo, wometa, ndi woyangโanira saluni ku California; bambo Fred adakhala Henry Ford yomanga nyumba, mothandizidwa ndi ndalama zotsika mtengo za New Deal. Mwana wake wamwamuna adatsata ma splashier, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ngati kasino, malo opumira, mahotela apamwamba, ndi nyumba za 1%. Muzonsezi, dzina la banjali, lomwe linawaza pa nsanja zamtundu uliwonse ndipo fano la "Donald's" - lopangidwa ndi tsitsi lonyowa ndi zonse - linakhala chuma chachikulu cha kampani yake.
Wodziwika popanda china koma kukhala wolemera kwambiri, a Trump amakhala omasuka kuyankha pamutu uliwonse womwe angakalandire kuchokera ku ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kupita kumayiko aku Middle East. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amaponya chipewa chake m'bwalo lachisankho. Koma amadzionetsa ngati munthu wanthabwala. Alinso ndi masewera omwe adadziwika kuti: "Trump - The Game," yemwe ndalama zake zosewerera zimakhala ndi nkhope ya Donald ndipo chipembedzo chake chotsika kwambiri ndi $ 10 miliyoni. Nzosadabwitsa kuti palibe amene amatenga bluster yake yakumanja mozama kwambiri. "Jubilee Jim Fisk" wamasiku ano, wolakalaka chidwi kwambiri amalolera kudzipangitsa kukhala wopusa, a Donald ndi pulogalamu yake yapa TV.
Koma Rupert Murdoch, amawoneka ndi kuvala ngati wowerengera ndalama ndipo amakhala makamaka m'mithunzi. Monga Trump, adatengera bizinesi yabanja. Mosiyana ndi a Trump, banja lake linali labwino kwambiri. Abambo ake anali Sir Keith, wofalitsa nkhani wochokera ku Melbourne, Australia, ndipo Rupert anapita ku Oxford. Tsopano, zofalitsa za m'banja zimakokera m'makontinenti, monga momwe Rupert amayesera - nthawi zina ndi kupambana kwakukulu - kupanga kapena kusokoneza ntchito zandale ndikuwongolera zipani zonse zandale kumanja.
The News Corporation ndi bungwe lamakono lamakono momwe Murdoch amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa komanso makina ovuta amakampani kuti azisamalira komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mwamphamvu. ulamuliro wa banja. Pamene Ford Motor Company potsiriza inadziwika mu 1956, idachita zofanana kuti ikhalebe ndi udindo waukulu wa banja la Ford. Momwemonso, Google, omwe "gawo la magawo awiri" adalola omwe adayambitsa Larry Page ndi Sergey Brin kuti apitirize kuyimba. Ufumu wa Murdoch ukhoza, poyang'ana koyamba, ungawoneke ngati ukugwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. M'malo mwake, zimakhazikika kwambiri ku umunthu wa Murdoch komanso zomwe amakonda pandale komanso pamiyala yotsatizana ya Murdoch. Zili choncho nthawi zonse ndi mtundu wathu watsopano wa ma dynastic capitalist.
Sheldon Adelson, ndi CEO a Las Vegas Sands Corporation ndi shuga daddy kwa ofuna kumanja andale kuchokera kuholo yamzindawu kupita ku White House, alibe chindapusa cha Murdoch koma amagawana zomwe amakhulupirira komanso chikhumbo chake chofuna kulamulira ndale. Iye ndi munthu wachisanu ndi chitatu wolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma anakulira wosauka monga Myuda wa ku Ukraine yemwe amakhala m'dera la Dorchester ku Boston. Bambo ake anali oyendetsa galimoto ndipo amayi ake anali ndi shopu yoluka. Anapita ku sukulu ya zamalonda kuti akhale mtolankhani wa khoti ndipo adasiya koleji. Anayambitsa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono angapo omwe adalephera, kupambana ndikutaya chuma. Kenako anatchova njuga ndi kuchita njuga, nโkuyambitsa mahotela ndiponso malo ochitira juga apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene adatayanso nthawi yayikulu panthawi yachuma cha padziko lonse cha 2007-2008, iye Anayankha momwe kapitalist aliyense wa galu wa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi angakhalire: "Chotero ndinataya madola mabiliyoni makumi awiri ndi asanu. Ndinayamba ndi ziroโฆ [palibe] chinthu chonga mantha, osati kwa wochita bizinesi aliyense. Nkhawa, inde. Mantha, ayi.โ
A Zionist wodzipereka, Adelson nthawi ina anali Democrat. Koma adalumphira ku Israeli chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ndondomeko za chuma za chipanichi zikuwononga dziko. (Iye wafotokoza cholinga cha Obama ngati โchuma cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.โ) Anakhazikitsa gulu landalama zakuda la Freedom Watch ngati lolimbana ndi George Soros's Open Society ndi MoveOn.org. Malinga ndi akaunti imodzi, Adelson "amafuna kulamulira ndale ndi ndondomeko za anthu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopanda ndalama." Izi, mwachitsanzo, zikutanthauza kuthandizira Newt Gingrich mu primaries wa Republican wa 2012 motsutsana ndi Mitt Romney, yemwe adamudzudzula ngati "kapitalist wolanda" (kulankhula za mphika womwe umatcha ketulo yakuda!), ndipo posakhalitsa, kubweretsa ndalama kwa woyimira Romney.
Misika Yaulere ndi Wamphamvuyonse
Charles ndi David Koch ndi zitsanzo zabwino za izi mtundu watsopano wa capitalists mabanja pa steroids. Koch Industries ndi msonkhano waukulu womwe uli ku likulu la mzinda wa Wichita, Kansas. Charles, yemwe amayendetsadi kampaniyi, amakhala kumeneko. David, theka la anthu okondana komanso othandiza pagululi, amakhala ku New York City. Osati mosiyana ndi George "Duke" Pullman, Charles adatero kusintha Wichita kukhala china ngati mzinda wamakampani, komwe kutsutsidwa kwa Koch Industries kumasiyidwa bwino.
Ndalama zomwe kampaniyo imapeza pachaka imakhala pafupi ndi $ 10 biliyoni, yopangidwa ndi mafakitale oyenga mafuta, mapaipi masauzande ambiri, matawulo amapepala, makapu a Dixie, matabwa a Georgia Pacific, Lycra, ndi Stainmaster Carpet, pakati pa mabizinesi ena. Ndi kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku United States. ( Cargill, gulu la chakudya la padziko lonse lapansi, limakhala loyamba.) Abale ali olemera mopambanitsa, ngakhale kaamba ka โmalonda athu achumaโ atsopano. Warren Buffett ndi Bill Gates okha ndi omwe ali olemera.
Ngakhale ochita bizinesi wamba kapena wamkulu wamakampani akuyenera kukhala wopanda malingaliro, abale a Koch ndi odzipereka odzipereka. Msika wawo waulere umawapangitsa kukhala otsutsa mwamphamvu mitundu yonse ya malamulo aboma. Popeza makampani awo ali m'gulu la anthu 10 owononga mpweya ku United States, zomwe zimagwirizananso ndi zofuna zawo zakuthupi - ndipo a Koch amabwera ndi zikhulupiriro zawo mwachibadwa, kunena kwake.
Bambo awo, Fred, anali mwana wa wosindikiza mabuku wachidatchi amene anakhazikika ku Texas ndipo anayambitsa nyuzipepala. Kenako anakhala katswiri wokonza mankhwala ndipo anatulukira njira yabwino yosinthira mafuta kukhala mafuta. M'modzi mwa nthabwala zazing'ono za mbiriyakale, adathamangitsidwa mumakampani ndi zimphona zamafuta zomwe zidamuwona ngati wowopseza. Masiku ano, Koch Industries nthawi zina amatchedwa "Mafuta Okhazikika anthawi yathu," zomwe sizikudziwika kuti banjali lingayamikire. Atakhala mlendo ku Soviet Union ya Joseph Stalin (ya madera onse), akuthandiza akatswiri opanga mafuta a sitima, Fred anabwerera ku stateside kukakhazikitsa bizinesi yake yoyenga mafuta ku Wichita. Kumeneko, analowa mโbungwe la John Birch Society ndipo anadzudzula kuti Chikomyunizimu chatsala pangโono kulanda boma. Mโchigwirizano chimenecho iye anali ndi nkhaลตa makamaka kuti โmunthu wachikudayo akuoneka kuti ali wamkulu mโchilinganizo cha Chikomyunizimu cholanda America.โ
Bambo Fred analera ana awo aamuna mโdongosolo lokhwima la makhalidwe abwino a ntchito ndipo analangiza anyamatawo katekisimu wa libertarian. Izi zinawasiya adani a moyo wawo wonse a New Deal ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma kuyambira pamenepo. Izi sizinaphatikizepo njira zodziwikiratu monga inshuwaransi yazaumoyo yaboma, chitetezo cha anthu, ndi misonkho yamakampani, koma chilichonse cholumikizidwa ndi boma la Leviathan. Ngakhale CIA ndi FBI ali pa chopping block cha Koch.
Dynastic conservatism yamtunduwu nthawi zina yatenga m'badwo kuti ukhwime. Sam Walton, mofanana ndi mafanizo ake ambiri a mโzaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, sanali nyama yandale. Iye ankangofuna kuti asiyidwe yekha kuti achite zinthu zake ndi kuyika mphamvu zake pamsika. Chifukwa chake adapewa kulowerera ndale zachisankho komanso zipani, ngakhale adadalira kwambiri tsankho, jenda, komanso ndale zaku South wakale, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malipiro azikhala ochepa komanso mabungwe akunja, kuti amange bizinesi yake ku Ozarks. Komabe, atamwalira mu 1992, olowa m'malo a Sam adalowa m'bwalo la ndale kwambiri.
M'njira zina Sam Walton adagwirizana ndi kutayipa. Iye anali adachita chidwi ndi iyemwini, kudziลตa kuti โlikulu silisoลตa; masomphenya ndi" (ngakhale lingaliro lake la "kusiya kugula" linali kale gawo la malonda ogulitsa asanayambe Walmart). Zoyambira zake zinali zochepa. Anabadwira pafamu ku Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Bambo ake anasiya ulimi kwa kanthawi kuti akakhale wobwereketsa nyumba, zomwe mu Great Depression zimatanthauza kuti anali wopezanso famu ya Metropolitan Life Insurance. Sam ankagwira ntchito zaulimi, kenako anadutsa ku koleji, ndipo anayamba ntchito yake yogulitsa malonda ndi ntchito yaing'ono yomwe inathandizidwa ndi apongozi ake.
Nthawi zonse, kukula kwa kampaniyo kumatengera maukonde abanja. Posakhalitsa, masitolo ake anaphimba kumidzi ndi tawuni yaing'ono ya America. Pazaka zonse zaulemerero, tsiku la Sam lidayamba kusanache pomwe adadzuka m'nyumba yomwe adakhalamo zaka zopitilira 30. Kenako, atavala zovala za m'modzi mwa masitolo ake ochotsera mtengo, anapita kukagwira ntchito pagalimoto yake yofiira ya Ford.
Ma dynast ena ndi opembedza ndipo ena amalowetsa awo malonda ndi chipembedzo. Sam Walton adachita zonse ziwiri. Mu โmoyoโ wake wodzichepetsa wophunzirira, munali mtundu wina wa umulungu wakunja. Kukhala wopanda chinyengo, mphuno, ndi kumangirira banja mwadongosolo kwakhala ndi tanthauzo loipa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kusiya zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo za Chipulotesitanti. Koma kunalinso kudzinenera. Ngakhale kuti sanali wotsatira mfundo zachikhazikitso, iye anali chiลตalo chokhulupirika cha Mpingo Woyamba wa Presbyterian ku Bentonville, Arkansas, kumene iye anali โmkulu wolamuliraโ ndipo nthaลตi zina ankaphunzitsa Sande sukulu (chinthu chimene anachitanso ku koleji monga pulezidenti wa Burall Bible Class Club) .
Chikhristu chikadakhala ndi gawo lothandizira pazantchito zake ku Walmart. Ogwira ntchito ake - "othandizana nawo," adawatcha - adachokera kudziko la Ozark la abale achikhristu omwe oyang'anira Walmart adakulitsa. โUtsogoleri wautumikiโ linali lingaliro lolinganizidwa kulimbikitsa antchito kuchita ntchito zawo zotumikira makasitomala a kampaniyo ndi mzimu wofanana ndi wa Yesu, amene ankadziona ngati โmtsogoleri wantchito.โ
Izi zidathandizira kufooketsa udani pakati pa ogwira ntchito, komanso kukhumudwitsa - kwa Walton - chikhumbo chowopsa chofuna kuchitapo kanthu pa iwo kudzera mukugwirizana kapena kuyankha mwanjira ina iliyonse kumakampani omwe akuwagwirira ntchito ndi malipiro. Aura ya uzimu wachikhristu kuphatikiza nyimbo zolembedwa ndi kampani komanso chisangalalo chokhazikika pakulimbikitsa kukhulupirika kwamakampani, njira zogawana phindu, ndi mabonasi ochita bwino zidapanga mtundu wazaka makumi awiri wa idyll ya tawuni ya Pullman.
Zonsezi zidakhalabe m'malo Sam atamwalira. Chimene chinasintha chinali chosankha cha achibale ake olemera kwambiri cholowa mโndale. Ntchito zokopa za Walton tsopano zikukhudza zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza kutsitsa misonkho yamabizinesi ndikuchotseratu msonkho wanyumba, popeza olowa m'malo ake amapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu aku Republican komanso zomwe zimayambitsa. Chodziwika kwambiri mwa onse akhala akuyesa kwa Walton kubisa maphunziro awo kudzera mu ma voucha kapena njira zina, nthawi zambiri zokwanira kusandutsa mabungwe aboma kukhala masukulu ogwirizana ndi zipembedzo.
Wall Street sinadziwikepo chifukwa cha umulungu wake. Koma ma tycoon omwe adayambitsa ndalama zopindulitsa kwambiri za hedge mu Street - amuna ngati John Paulson, Paul Tudor James II, ndi Steve Cohen, pakati pa ena - nawonso ali. wotsimikiza kutsiriza dongosolo la masukulu aboma. Iwo ali m'gulu la anthu omwe amalimbikitsa kwambiri masukulu obwereketsa. Monga JP Morgan wakale, amuna awa adakulira mwamwayi, adapita kusukulu za prep ndi Ivy League, ndipo alibe chidziwitso ndi maphunziro aboma kapena ochepera omwe amakonda kupanga gawo lalikulu la mabungwe asukulu ya charter.
Osatengera. Ndipotu ena mwa anthu amenewa amapeza ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni angapo patsiku. Ndi elixir bwanji! Aphatikizidwa nawo pankhondo yophunzitsa iyi ndi anzawo omwe adagonjetsa mabizinesi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chocheperako ngati a Mark Zuckerberg, yemwe wawonetsetsa kuti Facebook ikhalabe yabanja ngakhale "ikupita poyera." Chitsanzo china chikanakhala Bill Gates, wotchuka kwambiri wa gulu la techno-frontiersmen omwe - nthano ikanakhala nayo - anachita upainiya m'magalaji apanyumba, ngakhale zodabwitsa zomwe adazipanga zikadakhala zosamvetsetseka popanda zaka zambiri za ndalama za boma zokhudzana ndi nkhondo. sayansi ndi luso. Kodi anthuwa sangachite chiyani, sadziwa chiyani? Iwo ndi omanga maufumu ndi omasuka ndi malangizo awo ndi ndalama pankhani yoyendetsera maphunziro a dziko. Iwonso kupindula bwino kuchokera pamakonzedwe amisonkho omwe adachitika mzaka za Clinton zomwe zimawapatsa mphotho chifukwa chopanga "mabizinesi" monga masukulu obwereketsa.
Ma tycoons athu achifumu ndi osakanikirana. Amachokera ku akatswiri a m'chiuno monga Zuckerberg mpaka akatswiri amatsenga ngati Bill Gates, ndipo amaphatikizapo miyambo yakale monga Sam Walton ndi abale a Koch. Zomwe amagawana wina ndi mnzake komanso makolo awo achifwamba ndi chikhumbo chofanana ndi chamulungu chopanga dziko lapansi m'chifanizo chawo.
Kuwona wina akusewera mulungu kukhoza kutiseketsa, monga momwe "Donald" angachitire mwanjira yowopsya. Komabe, ndi masewera owopsa omwe ali ndi zotsatira zowopsa pa moyo wademokalase womwe uli kale ndi chithandizo chamoyo.
Steve Fraser ndiye wolemba Wall Street: America's Dream Palace, mwa ntchito zina, ndi a TomDispatch nthawi zonse. Buku lake lotsatira, Age of Acquiescence: Moyo ndi Imfa ya American Resistance to Organised Wealth and Power, idzasindikizidwa ndi Little Brown mu February. Iye ndi wolemba, wolemba mbiri, komanso woyambitsa nawo gulu la American Empire Project.
Nkhaniyi idayamba kupezeka TomDispatch.com. Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga za novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: Momwe Nkhondo Za Bush Zinakhalira za Obama (Mabuku a Haymarket).
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