Gwero: Defend Democracy Press
Pa Julayi 28, 2021, Peru, ndi anthu ake 33 miliyoni, amakondwerera zaka 200 za Ufulu. Anthu aku Peru mwina adasankha chikondwerero cha Bicentennial ichi, kuti abweretse kusintha kwakukulu kudziko lawo lakunja ndi dziko loyendetsedwa ndi oligarchy. Pachisankho chapakhosi pa 6 June 2021, wa Socialist Pedro Castillo, pulofesa wodzichepetsa wakusukulu ya pulayimale wakumidzi ya Cajamarca, m'chigawo chakumpoto kwa Peruvia, wolemera ndi migodi, komanso minda yaulimi, akuwoneka adapambana ndi lumo lochepa kwambiri la mavoti osakwana 100,000 motsutsana ndi Keiko Fujimori, mwana wamkazi wa Purezidenti wakale Alberto Fujimori, yemwe ali m'ndende - kapena m'malo omangidwa chifukwa cha "matenda" - chifukwa cha katangale ndi milandu yolimbana ndi anthu pautsogoleri wake. 1990-2000.
Zotsatira za zisankho zawonedwa ngati zachilungamo ndi ovomereza-US, pro-capitalist Organisation of American States (OAS). Bungwe lomwelo lomwe linathandizira chisankho chapambuyo pa chisankho chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi US motsutsana ndi Evo Morales mu November 2019. Mwina aphunzirapo za makhalidwe abwino, kapena panali owonera ambiri padziko lonse omwe akuyang'anitsitsa zomwe OAS adachita. Kapena, ngati njira yachitatu, Washington ikhoza kukhala ndi ndondomeko yosiyana ya gawo ili la "kuseri" kwawo.
Keiko Fujimori, asanakhale pulezidenti anali m'ndende atamangidwa motetezedwa, akufufuzidwa za ziphuphu ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Panopa akusonkhanitsa mamiliyoni kuchokera kwa omwe amamutsatira osankhika olamulira ndikuwononga ndalama zake zomwe adabadwa molakwika kuti asinthe zotsatira za chisankho. Patatha masiku khumi chisankhochi chichitike, palibe zotsatira zotsimikizika zomwe zasindikizidwa. Kwa Keiko kukhala Purezidenti sikungokhudza mphamvu, komanso ndi nkhani yaufulu pansi pa chitetezo cha boma, kapena kubwerera kundende, mpaka kufufuzidwa kwa milandu yomwe amamuganizira kumalizidwa.
Zonse ndizotheka m'dziko lomwe ndalama zimagula chilichonse, ndipo zitha kusintha mavoti oponyedwa momveka bwino komanso owoneka ngati osavomerezeka kapena ngati voti kwa wotsutsa. Izi ndi Peru, koma kunena zoona, chinyengo cha chisankho chikuchitika ngakhale m'mayiko ovuta kwambiri, kuphatikizapo m'dera la Peru la North America, yemwe amadziyesa kuti akuyendetsa dziko lapansi.
Komabe, ngati izi zichitika, Keiko Fujimori ndi omuthandizira ake a capitalist akugwira ntchito molimbika kuti akwaniritse, dzikolo likhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Chifukwa iyi ndi nthawi ya anthu ambiri a ku Peru omwe akhala akuyembekezera; anthu a ku Peru omwe akhala akuwoneka ngati "osakhala anthu" ndi oligarchy. Ayenera tsopano kupeza chilungamo chawo, atenge chidutswa chawo cha chitumbuwa cholemera kwambiri chomwe ndi Peru. Pambuyo pa zaka mazana awiri za dziko lolamulidwa ndi oligarchy, anthu ambiri osalankhula awa akuyeneradi kupumula. Iwo anali abwino mokwanira kugwira ntchito, kupeza mamiliyoni kuchokera ku ntchito za migodi za malipiro ochepa, zoika moyo pachiswe, kuchokera ku ntchito zaulimi zolipidwa zotsika, kuchoka mโmiyoyo ya malire chifukwa cha tsankho lochokera kwa olamulira awo achizungu achikapitalist. Basi. "Pedro Castillo ndi m'modzi wa ife."
Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo m'mbiri ndikungosakanikirana mu mphindi zochepa chabe. The 1989 Washington Consensus kuti osati "mwangozi" isanayambe kugwa kwa Soviet Union, koma makamaka makamaka kwa Global South, izo zinatanthawuza kutuluka mu "kuthamanga kwamphamvu" kwa ndale za neoliberal ndi zachuma, ukapolo wa Global South kukhala ukapolo. umphawi - ambiri a iwo mu umphawi wadzaoneni. Panalibe kuthawa. IMF, Banki Yadziko Lonse FED ndi mabanki onse okhudzana ndi omwe amatchedwa mabanki achitukuko adasewera nawo.
Nchifukwa chiyani dziko la Peru ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi momwe amachitira ndi mbadwa zawo, anthu otchedwa amwenye, eni ake enieni a dziko lawo, ngati mutero, mosiyana ndi, mwachitsanzo, Bolivia yoyandikana nayo, Ecuador komanso Colombia? Ndipo nโchifukwa chiyani anthu โochepaโ otsalidwa ameneลตa amachita mosiyana kwambiri ndi mmene amachitira mโmaiko oyandikana nawo ku Peru?
Ndikulingalira kwanga kuti ili ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi Ufumu wa Spain womwe unakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo pa 18 August 1521 (zaka 500 zapitazo - mwangozi?) Ufumu wa "New Spain" mu zomwe lero ndi Peru. Pambuyo pake idakhala imodzi mwama Viceroyalties anayi omwe Spain adapangidwa ku America. Chiyambireni Peru kukhala Viceroyalty woyamba wa ku Spain, mbadwa zoyera za ku Spain, pambuyo pake zinafalikira kwa anthu othawa kwawo kuchokera ku "Old Continent", anali ndi mphamvu zopondereza ndi kusankha anthu amtundu wawo.
Kuyambira lero, awa ndi malingaliro omwe ndimapeza ngati mlendo ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito pang'ono ndikukhala ku Peru pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi zapitazi. Makamaka akuluakulu a Lima amawaona ngati anthu ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale adalowa m'dera lawo, koma amamva ndipo ambiri amadzinamiza kuti ndi mbadwa za Royal Court of Spain. Izo zimawapatsa iwo apamwamba omwe ndi ovuta kuwanyalanyaza. Zikuwonekeranso m'maphunziro omwe akadali apakati, pomwe Lima amasankha zomwe dziko la Peru liyenera kuphunzitsidwa mofanana.
Kupatulapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana, dziko la Peru limagawidwa pazachuma ndi chikhalidwe m'madera atatu osiyana siyana: Dera la M'mphepete mwa nyanja, makamaka chipululu, koma lachonde kwambiri likathiriridwa, kumene 70% ya zokolola zaulimi za Peru zimakula; mapiri a Andes, omwe amatchedwanso Sierra, kumene anthu amangolima m'madera ang'onoang'ono; ndiyeno kuli dera la Amazon lomwe limatenga pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya nthaka ya dziko la Peru, ndi pafupifupi 5 peresenti yokha ya anthu a mโdzikoli. Ndiwo anthu odziimira okha, omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe choyandikana ndi Mayi Earth. Miyoyo yawo ikadali yolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha shamanism, chosiyana kwambiri ndi miyambo yakumadzulo.
Maphunziro, zomangamanga zoyambira koma kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri zachilengedwe zaku Peru zolemera kwambiri zimaganiziridwa ndi Lima, ndi oligarchs, wodzitcha mbadwa ya Spanish Royals - osati m'mawu olankhulidwa, inde, koma muzochita ndi machitidwe. Lima ili ndi anthu okwana 11 miliyoni, kutanthauza kuti, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu a dzikoli, omwe pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu aliwonse amakhala pamphepete mwa umphawi kapena pansi. Izi mwina zidafika poipa kwambiri munthawi ya covid. Kuperewera kwa maphunziro oyenerera komanso ovomerezeka, kwasiya eni ake enieni a Peru, anthu ammudzi, kuphatikiza mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu komanso chotsimikizika.
Umu ndi momwe mafuko a ku Peru alili: Anthu a ku America (kapena amwenye) amakhala 45 % ya anthu; 37 % ndi mestizo (osakaniza Amerindian ndi woyera), 15 peresenti ndi oyera - ndi-yakuda, . . . ndi akuda, A akuda , oa a a amerindi aamwe aamerindi aazungu aazima ndioyela. Onani izi https://www.google.com/search?q=peruvian+mixed+indigenous-white+population+in+percentage%3F&sxsrf=ALeKk00IpgzbpnA-9Ki5hL9pxb-uG_-ZHA%3A1623753276265&ei=PILIYL3SD42WsAeIrpygBw&oq=peruvian+mixed+indigenous-white+population+in+percentage%3F&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAw6BwgAEEcQsAM6BAghEApQ_LoCWLaxA2CNyANoAXABeACAAVaIAZANkgECMjOYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwi94O-puJnxAhUNC-wKHQgXB3QQ4dUDCA4
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, 85% ya anthu akulamulidwa ndi ochepa alendo ochokera kunja. Yakwana nthawi yoti dziko la Peru lipeze purezidenti wachilengedwe yemwe amasamalira zosowa zenizeni ndi zofuna za anthu ambiri aku Peru. Nthawi ino, zikuwoneka, patatha zaka zoposa 500 zaulamuliro wopanda malire, 85% ya anthu adzafuna boma logwirizana kwambiri. Pedro Castillo akhoza kukhala mwamuna wawo.
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Nayi mbiri yolumikizira madontho mpaka Juni 2021 ndikuthandizira kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika ku Peru. Chisalungamo chambiri komanso kusiyana pakati pa anthu wamba ambiri ndi olamulira ang'onoang'ono, adabweretsa kusintha kwa "Shining Path" mu 1980, motsogozedwa ndi Abimael Guzmรกn, kapena "nom de guerre" wake, Chairman Gonzalo. Iye anali pulofesa wa filosofi wosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso za Marxism ndi Maoism. Anayambitsa nkhondo yankhondo, yomwe idadziwika kuti "Njira Yowala" - Chisipanishi, "Sendero Luminoso" - pofuna kupatsa mphamvu anthu amtundu wonyalanyazidwa komanso ovutika. Zigawenga zinachuluka m'zaka zonse za m'ma 1980, komanso makamaka zomwe zinawononga anthu wamba.
Njira Yowala idawonekera pomwe dzikolo lidachita zisankho zake zoyambirira zaufulu pambuyo paulamuliro wazaka 12 wankhondo, woyamba ndi Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (1968 - 1975), kutsatira zomwe a Peruvi adatcha kuti Maoist socialism. Velasco adakonza zosintha malo osakonzekera kotheratu, ndikukhazikitsa ndalama zambiri zakunja, kupangitsa ulova wambiri ndikupitilira umphawi. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, Velasco adadwala kwambiri khansa ndipo adasankhidwa pa 29 August 1975 Pulezidenti wake, Francisco Morales Bermรบdez, monga wolowa m'malo mwake. Bermรบdez adayamba gawo lachiwiri la Revolution ya Peruvia, ndikulonjeza kupita ku boma la anthu wamba.
Komabe, Bermudez posakhalitsa adakhala wolamulira wankhanza kwambiri wankhondo wakumanja, akutsata mfundo yoyeretsa anthu akumanzere. Anasunga lonjezo lake, ndipo adatsogolera Peru ku chisankho cha demokalase mu 1980, pamene Fernando Belaรบnde Terry anasankhidwa, Belaรบnde yemweyo, yemwe adachotsedwa ngati pulezidenti mu 1968 Velasco asilikali.
Panalibe kukayikira, kuti chitsanzo choonekeratu cha maulamuliro ankhanza ankhondo akumanja a US adakhala ponseponse ku Latin America, ndi General Jorge Rafael Videla ku Argentina (1976-1981); General Augusto Pinochet ku Chile (1973 mpaka 1981); Alfredo Stroessner waku Paraguay (1954 - 1989); General Juan Marรญa Bordaberry waku Uruguay (1973 - 1985); Ulamuliro wankhondo waku Brazil wa atsogoleri osiyanasiyana otsatizana (1964 - 1985). Mbiri ya Bolivia ya maulamuliro ankhanza otsatizanatsatizana (1964 - 1982), nawonso amafanana ndi nthawiyo.
Ulamuliro wankhanza wankhondo waku South America wothandizidwa ndi US, udapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Njira Yowala ku Peru, motsatira zolinga za gulu la zigawenga la Uruguayan Tupamaro, lotchedwa Tรบpac Amaru II, mtsogoleri wazaka za zana la 18 kupandukira ulamuliro wa Spain ku Peru.
Njira Yowala inali yotseguka komanso yowonekera ponena za kufunitsitsa kwake kupha imfa ndi mitundu yambiri ya nkhanza monga zida zokwaniritsira cholinga chake, kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa ndale zomwe zilipo kale.
โIfe ndife mtsinje wokwera umene adzaponyamo moto, miyala ndi matope; koma mphamvu yathu ndi yaikulu. Timasandutsa zonse kukhala moto wathu, moto wakuda udzakhala wofiira, ndipo kuwalako ndikofiira. Abimael Guzman |
Guzman adagwidwa mu 1992 ndikuweruzidwa kukhala m'ndende moyo wonse.
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Mu 1990, Alberto Fujimori, wodziwika pang'ono Rector ndi pulofesa pa Agrarian State University of Lima, mothandizidwa ndi Washington, anakhala Purezidenti, kugonjetsa Nobel Prize-wopambana mdani Mario Vargas Llosa, mu chigonjetso cha 62.4% motsutsana 37.6 %. Fujimori adakhazikitsa neoliberalism ku Peru kuyambira pomwe adakhala purezidenti mu 1990. Adatsata mosamalitsa zomwe IMF ndi World Bank idachita. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kumaliza ndi Njira Yowala.
Kupatulapo kuletsa uchigawenga pazifukwa zothandiza anthu, panalinso zinthu zambirimbiri zamalonda ndi zachuma zimene zinali pangozi. Mwachitsanzo, bizinesi yonse ya migodi inali kuyang'anira kwambiri mabungwe akunja. Atangosankhidwa, Fujimori "anapatsidwa" mkulu wa CIA "mlangizi", Vladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos. Wothandizira CIA posakhalitsa adayimba kuwombera pazinthu zonse zofunika padziko lonse lapansi. Panatsala pang'ono kuti Fujimori asankhe, osasiyapo za Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Peru.
Mu 1992 Fujimori adayambitsa chiwembu, ndi chilolezo cha Washington, kuthetsa Nyumba Yamalamulo ndikukhala wolamulira yekhayo, yemwe adasinthanso Constitution yolola kuti "asankhidwenso" kwa zaka zina 5, mpaka 2000, pomwe adathawa mdzikolo kubwerera kwawo. "Mbadwa" ku Japan. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti iye anabadwira ku Japan ndipo amanama kuti anabadwira ku Peru, kotero kuti akhoza kukwera ku pulezidenti. Kungolemba, tsiku lobadwa lake lolembetsedwa pa 28 Julayi - Tsiku Lodziyimira pawokha la Peru - ndi zokayikitsa. Fujimori anaimbidwa mlandu wakatangale, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu.
Paulendo wopita ku Chile mu 2005, Fujimori adamangidwa ndipo adatumizidwa ku Peru komwe adapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa mu 2009 mpaka zaka 25 m'ndende chifukwa cha katangale, kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu komanso udindo wake pakupha komanso kubedwa ndi gulu la Grupo Colian Death Squad panthawi ya boma lake. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi Senderos Lumiosos mu 1990s.
M'zaka makumi awiri za Shining Path, anthu pafupifupi 69,000, makamaka alimi aku Peru adamwalira kapena kusowa. Malinga ndi bungwe la Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC), pamapeto pake anthu ambiri adamwalira m'manja mwa asitikali ankhondo a Fujimory, monga adaphedwa ndi Njira Yowala. PTRC imatchedwanso kuti Hatun Willakuy, mawu achiquechuan otanthauza nkhani yaikulu, kusonyeza kukula kwa zochitika zimene zafotokozedwa. Bungweli lisanachitike, dziko la Peru linali lisanawunikepo zachiwawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika, kapena kusalungama. Onani izi https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/subsites/peru-hatun-willakuy-en/
Mpaka lero abambo a Fujimori ali m'ndende - kapena ali m'ndende chifukwa chodwala - pomwe mwana wawo wamkazi Keiko Fujimori amayendetsa Congress ndi ambiri achipani chake "Popular Force" - Fuerza Popular. Sikukokomeza kunena kuti m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi Fujimorismo ndi APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance - chipani chokhota kumanja) adayendetsa dzikolo ndi umbanda ndi ziphuphu, kugulitsa chuma cha dzikolo kumakampani apadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka kumayiko ena. ku US - komanso kuti apindule ndi oligarchs a ku Peru, koma kusiya ambiri a Peruvia kumbuyo.
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Peru ili ndi za mineral zambiri. Mkuwa, chitsulo, lead, zinki, bismuth, phosphates, ndi manganese zilipo mu unyinji wa miyala yamtengo wapatali yokolola. Golide ndi siliva zimapezeka kwambiri, monganso zitsulo zina zosoลตa, ndipo minda ya petroleum ili mโmphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumโmaลตa kwa Amazonia.
GDP ya Peru ya US $ 270 biliyoni (Banki Yadziko Lonse - 2019) ndiyosocheretsa, chifukwa gawo lalikulu limapangidwa ndi mafakitale ambiri akunja omwe ali ndi mafakitale, zopanga komanso zaulimi zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira nthawi zonse, zomwe zikusiya zochepa mdzikolo ndichifukwa chake umphawi wakula. sizinasinthe kwenikweni pazaka 30 zapitazi. Ngakhale kuti m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za 2000 dziko la Peru linali ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa GDP, pakati pa 5% ndi 7% pachaka - pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse amapita ku 20% ya anthu ndipo ena onse amatsikira ku 80%, ndi 10% pansi. 20% sakhala pafupi ndi chilichonse.
Chiwopsezo cha umphawi pambuyo pa covid chikuphatikiza pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a anthu aku Peru, mpaka 50% paumphawi wadzaoneni. Ziwerengero zenizeni sizikupezeka. Omwe adalembedwa ndi World Bank akuwonetsa umphawi wa 27% ndi zabodza. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo losakhazikika ku Peru limakhala pafupifupi 70%. Ngakhale kuti ndizosavomerezeka zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dziko la Peru liziyenda pang'onopang'ono, ndi gawo lazamwambo lomwe lasautsa anthu ambiri.
Pedro Castillo, ngati atalengezedwa kuti ndi wopambana, ali ndi ntchito yovuta kutsogolo. Amagwirizana ndi wandale wodziwa bwino komanso wolemekezeka mdziko lonse, Veronica Mendoza wochokera ku Cusco. Adazindikiranso mlangizi wachuma wa Bambo Castillo, Pedro Francke, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yakumanzere.
Bambo Francke anali mkulu wa bungwe la Cooperation Fund for Social Development (FOES), bungwe loyendetsedwa ndi boma la Peru lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe a anthu komanso mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, olimbikitsa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati ndikukhazikitsa ntchito. Anakhalanso ndi maudindo angapo ku Peruvian Central Bank ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati katswiri wa zachuma ku World Bank.
M'mawu andale, a Francke adalekanitsa utsogoleri wa Castillo kuchokera ku zomwe adazitcha kuti Chavez socialism of control currency, nationalizations ndi kuwongolera mitengo. M'malo mwake, awa ndi mawu osavuta komanso osakondera, chifukwa maiko awiriwa ndi osiyana kwambiri kotero kuti palibe kuyerekeza. Koma cholinga chake ndikukhazika mtima pansi anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa komanso akumanja omwe akhudzidwa. Mapiko akumanja, makamaka El Comercio ndi ogwirizana nawo amawongolera nkhani, amawongolera pafupifupi 90% ya media yaku Peru.
Bambo Francke adauza a Reuters kuti, "Lingaliro lathu siliyenera kukhala ndi kulowererapo kwakukulu pazachuma", kusonyeza kuti Castillo adzalemekeza chuma cha msika. Francke adanenanso kuti Boma la Castillo silingapitirize kutulutsa dziko komanso kulanda katundu. Atha, komabe, kukambirananso za kugawana phindu lamakampani. Nditakumana ndi Boma la Velasco m'ma 1970, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodetsa nkhawa za anthu achikulire aku Peru, omwe adakhala zaka za Velasco.
Pedro Francke nayenso anabwereza zimene Castillo ananena mu zokamba zake ndawala, kuti adzalimbikitsa m'deralo pa ndalama zakunja, zonena zomveka, chifukwa panopa chuma Peruvia pafupifupi 70% dollarized, kutanthauza kuti mabanki m'deralo ndalama okha makamaka ndi Wall Street, pamene. ndalama zopezedwa kwanuko zimayikidwa kunja osati kunyumba. Tikukhulupirira kuti Castillo atha kukhala ndi chidaliro chofunikira kuti abweretse ndalama zakomweko ndi ndalama zakomweko. Ngati ndi choncho, izi zitha kukhala m'gulu lazinthu zabwino kwambiri zachuma ku Peru - kupititsa patsogolo kudziyimira pawokha pazachuma komanso ulamuliro pazandalama.
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Panthawi yolemba izi, patatha masiku 10 chivoterechi, voti ikubwerezabwereza ndipo mikangano yokhudzana ndi chinyengo cha ovota ikukulirakulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chisokonezo, chomwe chimakula kwambiri. Titha kungoyembekeza kuti bungwe la Peruvia Election Commission likugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achilungamo ndipo limatha kupewa zipolowe.
* Peter Koenig ndi katswiri wofufuza za geopolitical komanso yemwe kale anali Senior Economist ku World Bank ndi World Health Organization (WHO), kumene wakhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka 30 pa madzi ndi chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Amaphunzira ku mayunivesite aku US, Europe ndi South America. Amalemba pafupipafupi magazini a pa intaneti ndipo ndiye wolemba Implosion - Wosangalatsa Wachuma Wokhudza Nkhondo, Kuwonongeka Kwachilengedwe ndi Umbombo Wamakampani; ndi wolemba nawo buku la Cynthia McKinney โPamene China Iyetsemula: Kuchokera ku Coronavirus Lockdown mpaka Pamavuto Padziko Lonse Politico-Economicโ (Clarity Press - Novembala 1, 2020).
Peter Koenig ndi Wothandizira Kafukufuku wa Center for Research on Globalization.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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