STEPHANIE CANNIZZARO ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ambiri omwe adakhudzidwa ndi vuto lanyumba yaku US.
Stephanie akuti iye ndi mwamuna wake, wogwira ntchito ku New Jersey, adasokedwa chaka chatha ndi kampani yotchedwa New Century Mortgage kuti abweze ngongole yanyumba yawo ndi chiwongola dzanja chosinthika chomwe chinayamba ndi chiwongola dzanja cha 11.3 peresenti ndipo chimafunika kulipira $2,900 pamwezi. .
A Cannizzaros adaphonya miyezi inayi yolipira, malinga ndi a Asbury Park Press, ndi kulanda nkhope. Ngati atataya nyumba yawo, Stephanie sakudziwa kumene iye, mwamuna wake ndi ana awo atatu achichepere akathera.
Angelo Mozilo ali m'mavuto chifukwa cha vuto la ngongole yanyumba. Mozilo ndi CEO wa Countrywide Financial, wobwereketsa wobwereketsa kwambiri mdziko muno, yemwe sabata yatha adati akutenga $ 11.5 biliyoni pangongole zadzidzidzi kuchokera kumabanki akulu, atawululidwa za chiwopsezo chachikulu pakati pa obwereketsa zidapangitsa kuti magwero ake angongole aziuma. Katswiri pakampani yogulitsa ma brokerage ya Merrill Lynch adati Countrywide itha kutha pakubweza ndalama.
Koma Angelo Mozilo sadzadandaula za denga lake mutu. A Forbes Kafukufuku wokhudza malipiro akuluakulu akumuika pamalo achisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa ma CEO a mabungwe akuluakulu aku US, ndi chipukuta misozi cha $142 miliyoni pachaka.
Malinga ndi Wall Street Journal, Zosowa zonse za Mozilo zimasamaliridwa ndi Dziko Lonse-kuphatikiza $23,314 yogwiritsa ntchito galimoto ndi $24,076 pamisonkho ndi upangiri wazachuma mu 2004. $35,932 ya chindapusa cha makalabu akudziko chomwe dziko lonse lapansi idatengera ku Mozilo chikanalipira ngongole ya Cannizzaros pazaka 2007 zonse.
Mutha kuganiza kuti Mozilo atha kukhala zam'chitini chifukwa chotsogolera kampani yake kugwa. Koma chaka chatha, zidalengezedwa kuti Mozilo ilipidwa $10 miliyoni osati kusiya ntchito mpaka 2009-pamwamba pa malipiro ake apachaka, mabonasi ndi zosankha zamasheya. Ngati akuyenera kuyeretsa desiki yake, Mozilo mosakayikira ali ndi dongosolo lina lokonzekera - pansi pa mgwirizano wagolide wa parachute womwe kampaniyo idawululidwa chaka chatha, akadapeza $88 miliyoni ngati atasiya kampaniyo pofika Disembala 31.
Nkhani ziwirizi zikuwonetsa kuti omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi vuto lazachuma ku US sakhala ochita mantha ndi mabanki a Wall Street - makamaka osati obwereketsa ngongole ku Countrywide kapena New Century kapena makampani ena obwereketsa nyumba omwe adalemera chifukwa cha nyumba.
Ozunzidwa enieni - kaya ataya nyumba zawo, kapena ngati "angokakamizidwa" kuti alipire mavutowa chifukwa cha zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachuma, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwachuma - ndi anthu ogwira ntchito.
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ZAKA ziwiri zapitazo, a Economist Magazini ina inati kugulitsa nyumba ndi nyumba kukukula kwambiri padziko lonse kukhala โchinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mโmbiri yonse.โ
"Kuwira kumeneko tsopano kukuchepa, ndipo kukhudza kwambiri mabanki omwe amapereka ndalama zogulira malondawa komanso, kuwonjezera pa msika wa masheya," akutero Joel Geier poyankhulana ndi nkhani yatsopano ya. Ndemanga ya International Socialist. "Tsiku lililonse, nsapato ina imatsika - wobwereketsa wina, hedge fund kapena banki amasiya bizinesi kapena kulengeza kuti ili m'mavuto."
Mitengo ya nyumba itayamba kutsika koyambirira kwa chaka chino, ofotokoza zachisoni adaganiza kuti vuto lalikulu lingokhala makampani obwereketsa omwe amakhala ndi ngongole zomwe zimatchedwa "sub-prime" - zoperekedwa kwa obwereketsa omwe alibe mbiri yangongole pang'ono kapena alibe, kubwezera onse. mitundu ya chiwongola dzanja ndi chiwongola dzanja chosinthika chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kubweza kubwezere pakapita nthawi.
Koma zomwe zidawonekera chilimwechi ndikuti chiwonongeko cha ngongole chimapitilira obwereketsa ang'onoang'ono. Mayina akulu akulu azachuma padziko lonse lapansi akuvomereza "kukhudzidwa" kwawo ndi ngongole zoyipa - osati kungobwereketsa, komanso ngongole zamakampani.
Bear Stearns, Goldman Sachs ndi ena ambiri anali m'gulu lazachuma chandalama zomwe zimadziwika kuti zotumphukira, zomwe zidaphatikizira ngongole masauzande ambiri m'ma bond akuluakulu, kuti zigulidwe ndikugulitsidwa ndi omwe amagulitsa ndalama kwambiri. Zomangira izi zikufalitsa kuwonongeka kwa subprime kutali. Kwa ena mwa ma bond obwereketsa ngongole, mabanki sangapeze ogula pamtengo uliwonse.
Chifukwa chokayikira kuti ndi ngongole zingati zomwe zili kunja uko, mabanki ndi mabungwe ena azachuma akukhwimitsa zofunikira kwa makasitomala odalirika - zomwe zimadziwika kuti kutsika kwa ngongole.
Mapeto a kuwonjezereka kwa nyumba anali atakhudza kale makampani okhudzana ndi malo ogulitsa nyumba ndi zomangamanga, koma kuyimitsidwa kwa ngongole kungathe kufalikira kumadera ena azachuma, ndipo mwamsanga-kuyambitsa kugwa kwachuma.
Masabata angapo apitawo, International Monetary Fund idalengeza kuti ikukweza malingaliro ake pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, kuneneratu kuti kuchepa kulikonse ku US kungathetsedwe ndi kukula kofulumira ku China ndi India, komanso kukwera kwa Japan ndi Europe.
Koma mantha a mwezi uno pamisika yazachuma akuwonetsa kuti izi zitha kuchitika-vuto lomwe lidayambika chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa ngongole zanyumba zaku US zomwe zikuyambitsa kutsika kwangongole komwe kukulepheretsa kukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi.
Chilichonse chomwe chingachitike pambuyo pake, izi ndi zotsimikizika-chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwachuma chimabwera pambuyo pakukula kwachuma komwe moyo wa ogwira ntchito aku US udayima kapena kutsika.
Ngakhale kutsika kwachuma komaliza kutatha mu 2001, ndalama zapakatikati (zosinthidwa ndi inflation) zidapitilira kutsika, kutha pafupifupi 4 peresenti kutsika mu 2004 kuposa zaka zisanu m'mbuyomu. Mayiko ena m'mafakitale aku Midwest adavutika ndi kupsinjika ngati kutsika pakati pa "boom". Ku Michigan, ndalama zenizeni zapakhomo zidatsika ndi 18 peresenti pakati pa 1999 ndi 2004.
Tsopano, osapanganso malo otayika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachuma komaliza, ogwira ntchito ku US akukumana ndi kuthekera kuti pansi kugwanso. Zizindikiro zoyamba nthawi ino sizikhala kutayika kwa ntchito-koma kutsekedwa kwanyumba. Ndipo zichitika nthawi ino Congress itachita kuyitanitsa kwa Corporate America ndikupereka chiwongolero cha bankirapuse chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ngongole yayikulu ikhale chigamulo cha moyo wonse.
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NTCHITO yoyamba yodzitetezera padziko lapansi yakhala ikuonekera bwino. Vuto, likuti, ndi anthu omwe amalephera kubweza ngongole zawo zanyumba. Amachepa kwambiri kuposa momwe angatafunire ndi nyumba zawo zatsopano, ndipo tsopano - mwatsoka - akulipira mtengo.
Woyembekezera kukhala pulezidenti waku Republican Rudolph Giuliani adafotokoza mwachidule mfundoyi pochonderera molimba mtima pa nkhani yazamalonda ya CNBC yoti "osabwezedwa ndi boma" kwa obwereketsa. "Ichi ndi chinthu chomwe msika uyenera kuwongoleredwa," adatero.
Yankho lalifupi pazifukwa zotere ndikuti Wall Street ikuimba mlandu wozunzidwayo - njira iyi idathandizira anzawo pazandale, monga Giuliani, kwazaka zambiri.
Yankho lalitali ndiloti amapeza nkhani m'mbuyo. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa nyumba ndi kubwereketsa ngongole kudayendetsedwa ndi zokonda zandalama zazikulu zomwe adapeza kuchokera kwa iwo. Chidwi chawo chofuna kupeza phindu lalikulu chinakokera anthu wamba kulowa mโmalo, osati mwanjira ina.
Kuphulika komaliza kwa kuwira kwa nyumba kunayambika kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma ya boma la US, yopangidwa ndi Alan Greenspan. Monga mkulu wa Federal Reserve, a Greenspan adakankhira chiwongola dzanja kutsika kwambiri kuti athetse kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha kugwa kwachuma ku Asia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990-ndipo, pambuyo pake, kuphulika kwa dot-com ku US kudayamba. Malo ogulitsa nyumba adayamba, komanso bizinesi yobwereketsa nyumba idayambanso.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chodabwitsa cha "ndalama zokhazikika" -chiwerengero cha zilembo zamalonda ovuta kwambiri, kutengera ngongole zanyumba ndi ngongole zina monga zogulira ndi kugulitsidwa - zinayamba kutchuka pa Wall Street.
Poyang'anizana ndi kubwezeredwa kwachuma pazachuma "zenizeni", ndalama zokhala ndi ndalama zambiri komanso osewera ena akuluakulu adakakamiza mabanki kuti apeze ndalama zambiri zobwereketsa nyumba, ndipo mabanki nawonso adakakamiza makampani obwereketsa ndalama kuti apeze ndalama ndi kubweza ngongole, panjira iliyonse yomwe ingakope makasitomala atsopano.
Mabungwe angongole-omwe amati ndi oyang'anira azachuma-adachita nawo gawo popereka mavoti kuzinthu zotengera ngongole zanyumba zomwe zidabisa chiwopsezo cha gawo lawo laling'ono. Nkhani zama bond zomwe zimatengera gawo lalikulu pangongole zazing'ono zidakwanitsa kupeza mtengo wa AAA, kutanthauza kuti kuyikamo ndalama kunalibe chiopsezo ngati kugula ma bond a US Treasury.
"Zikanakhala kuti zotetezedwa poyamba zidalandira ziwopsezo zomwe ena mwaiwo ali nazo tsopano," atero Wall Street Journal lipoti sabata yatha, โndalama zambiri za penshoni ndi zogwirizana zikanaletsedwa ndi malamulo awoawo kuzigula. Hedge funds ndi osunga ndalama ena otsogola akanatha kuwasamalira mosamala kwambiri. Ndipo obwereketsa ena akadasiya kubwereketsa ngongolezo, popanda msika wachiwiri wokonzeka kwa iwo. โ
Mwanjira ina, kuwonongeka kwa ngongole kudapangidwa, kukwezedwa ndikuchulukitsidwa ndi Wall Street. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizokhumudwitsa kuti malingaliro akuluakulu othana ndi vutoli amaika zofuna zabizinesi patsogolo.
Malingaliro a ndale za demokalase - ngakhale akunena kuti akufuna kuteteza eni nyumba omwe akuwopseza kuti adzalandidwa - sangachite zambiri kuposa kubweza mabanki ndi oyerekeza omwe umbombo wawo udayambitsa mavutowo.
Njira yothetsera vutoli ikafuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu. Chifukwa chimodzi, bilu ya bankirapuse iyenera kuthetsedwa nthawi yomweyo. A Feds atha kulanda makampani obwereketsa nyumba ndi kulanda katundu wa achinyengo aliwonse omwe amagwirizana nawo. Ngongole zomwe zidaphatikizidwa pamodzi m'mabondi kuti ochita njuga azitchova njuga zitha kulandidwanso, ndipo ngongolezo zimakambidwanso mowolowa manja.
Koma ku America lero, phindu la hedge fund limabwera pamaso pa nyumba za anthu ogwira ntchito.
Ndi mtundu wanji wa anthu omwe amaika zopinga zazikuluzikulu ngati izi m'njira yoti anthu atsimikizire chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamoyo - kukhala ndi denga pamutu pawo? Pamene vutoli likupitilira, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri - ku US komanso padziko lonse lapansi - azifunsa funsoli.
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