ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
NdalamaNdizomveka kuti, ngakhale chuma chambiri chokhudza anthu otenga nawo mbali, palibe amene adalembapo zambiri za masomphenya azamalamulo omwe gulu latsopanoli lapereka.[1] Maloya si nkhani yachigololo kuti omenyera ufulu ambiri alankhulepo: amakhala m'gulu la ogwirizanitsa, ambiri aiwo amagwira ntchito yoteteza maboma ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu, ndipo malamulo omwe amagwira ntchito mkati mwake adapangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo dongosolo ladziko lonse lomwe anthu otenga nawo mbali. (parsociety) ikufuna kutembenuka pamutu pake.
Koma zikhala zoona kuti lamulo ndi gawo la anthu otenga mbali. Ngakhale mโchitaganya chopanda chikapitalism anthu adzayesabe kudyerana masuku pamutu. Ngakhale mu gulu kuthamanga popanda nthumwi taonani ku malamulo amphamvu a malo amodzi adzasemphana ndi malamulo a wina. Ngakhale mโdziko lolingana ndi langwiro anthu adzalakwitsabe.
Lamulo siliyenera kulingaliridwa ngati vuto lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa kwa anthu atsopano. Ndi chida chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandiza anthu atsopano kukula ndikuteteza zikhalidwe zawo. Lamulo silogwirizana ndi makampani, anti-wantchito, ndi zina zotero. Maloya atha kukhala gawo la ntchito zofananira za parecon pamodzi ndi wina aliyense. Chofunika sikupewa kukambirana za malamulo, koma kupeza masomphenya azamalamulo ogwirizana ndi anthu otenga mbali.
Nkhaniyi ikufuna kukhazikitsa "lamulo lotengapo mbali" kwa gulu lotengapo mbali, kapena palaw.
Zofunikira za Parlaw:
Reverse Federalism/Subsidiarity:
Zina mwa momwe malamulo amagwirira ntchito mu Parsociety zakhazikitsidwa kale, makamaka kuchokera kwa Professor Shalom. Parpolity nkhani. Anthu amakumana m'makhonsolo omwe ali ndi zisa kuti apange malamulo, pomwe makhonsolo ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi mamembala 25-40 okha. Pali mabwalo amilandu omwe amathetsa mikangano, ngakhale oweruza sanasankhidwe mwanjira yanthawi zonse.
Makhonsolo okhala ndi Nested amapanga magawano amphamvu pakati pa feduro ndi maboma ang'onoang'ono, koma federalism iyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi yomwe tili nayo pano. Ngakhale kuti tili ndi malamulo adziko omwe akupondereza malamulo a boma omwe amatsutsana ndi malamulo a m'deralo, makhonsolo a pulayimale a parsociety nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa makhonsolo apamwamba. M'mawu ena, palibe Kuphatikiza Mkulu mu dongosolo lino monga mu Constitution ya US. Makhonsolo apamwamba amangopanga malamulo mpaka pomwe zokambirana zapakati pa makhonsolo ndi zofunika, monga kukonzekera kuyankhidwa kogwirizana kuti aletse kufalikira kwa ma virus (chabwino, pokhapokha ngati mutha kuyankha mosagwirizana chifukwa ma virus amaphunzitsidwa bwino amalemekeza malire a gawo lanu). Pali mawu amtundu uwu wa boma m'malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi: mfundo ya subsidiarity, yomwe imanena kuti zisankho ziyenera kupangidwa ndi gawo laling'ono la boma lomwe lingatheke. Ganizirani za parlaw ngati subsidiarity mpaka ku mizu.
Kuvomereza:
Mphamvu za makhonsolo oyambilira zimatsindika chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pagulu lotengapo mbali: kuvomereza. Demokalase yamakono imagogomezeranso kuvomereza ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, koma gulu latsopanoli limaphatikiza kuvomereza kumlingo wosiyana kotheratu.
Panopa timavotera oyimilira omwe amapangira malamulo m'malo mwathu kapenanso omwe ali ndi mavoti pazovuta zina (m'maboma ena), koma mphamvu zambiri zimasintha boma lochokera ku chilolezo chathu kukhala nthano zopeka. Oimira nawo ndi ovuta kukumbukira ndi kutsutsa, ngakhale atasokoneza kwambiri zofuna za anthu awo. Titha kungovotera oimira omwe amagwirizana ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha ndale zomwe sitingathe kuzipanga. Nkhani zovuta za ndale zimaphatikizapo ukatswiri waukadaulo womwe oyimilira amapeza m'malo mwa anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa i) kudalira kwambiri zigamulo za oyimilira, ii) kumvetsetsa pang'ono za nkhani zomwe nzika zomwe sizikukambirana pawokha, ndi i+ii) gulu loyipa. . Zosankha zachitetezo cha dziko zimasungidwa mwadala kutali ndi ife popanda kuwunika kuchokera kugulu lililonse losakhudzidwa. Anthu omwe amamva kuti alibe ufulu kuti akufuna kusiya demokalase amamangidwa ndikuponyedwa m'ndende (kapena kupita ku demokalase ina ndi mavuto omwewo).
Chilolezo chanu chili kuti? Robert Paul Wolff akufotokoza molondola kuti "ufumu wosankhidwa bwino" ungapangitse ubale wofanana pakati pa abwanamkubwa ndi olamulidwa.[2]
Lamulo lotengapo mbali limayesetsa kukankhira lingaliro lololera pamlingo wogwirizana kwambiri ndi chilolezo ukulu mu boma lililonse labwino. Pokhazikitsa nthumwi zapamwamba zobwerera ku makhonsolo awo otsika "ngati kuli kotheka," anthu amakhala ndi mwayi wotsutsa ndikukumbukira owayimilira ngati kuli kofunikira. Anthu amasankha mwadala m'makhonsolo awo kuti apange malamulo, kuwapatsa chilimbikitso ndi mwayi wopanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndikupeza ukatswiri wochokera ku utsogoleri. Kukambitsirana kowonjezereka kumabweretsa kuwonekera poyera pachitetezo cha dziko ndi zisankho zina. Pomaliza, kudzipatula kumatetezedwa ngati ufulu walamulo, kotero kuti anthu omwe akufuna kuchoka pagulu pa mfundo ali ndi mwayi wotuluka. Lamulo lamtunduwu litha kukwanitsa lonjezo losakwaniritsidwa la demokalase yamakono kwa ife tonse: a boma la, ndi, ndi la anthu.
Chilolezo chatsopanochi chikuyenerabe kukhala ndi malire, ndipo ndizovuta kwa anthu otenga nawo mbali kuti adziwe komwe malirewo ali. Zoletsa zina zakambidwa, monga zomwe Pulofesa Shalom ananena mโnkhani yake ya ParPolity kuti nthawi zina kupatukana kumatha kutsekedwa (pa ยถ6.9), monga ngati dera lolemera kwambiri likufuna kuchoka mโdziko lawo modzikonda. Kupatulapo paufulu walamulo wodzipatula ndi malire pakuvomera. Mfundo yakuti ufulu walamulo ulipo konse ndi malire a chilolezo, ngakhale chofunika. Ndi maufulu ati amene ayenera kutetezedwa mwalamulo? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo? Mwinanso makhothi a khonsolo yayikulu amasankha zosiyanitsidwa ndi Constitution (monga malire a kudzipatula), koma ndi mfundo ziti zomwe ayenera kupanga zisankho zochepetsa chilolezozi?
Onsewa ndi mafunso abwino, ndipo olimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali akuyenera kufotokoza bwino chifukwa chake malire a malamulo pa chilolezo ali ofunikira, pomwe malire a demokalase amakono sali ofunikira. Mosasamala kanthu, pali chivomerezo chochuluka chophatikizidwa mu parlaw kuposa dongosolo lamakono.
Mwambo:
Kupatulapo nkhani zokhudzana ndi chilolezo, funso lina likutsalira la momwe mungasamalire mabowo pamalamulo. Ubwino umodzi wokhala ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wolamulira chilichonse ndikuti gulu limodzi laling'ono limatha kudzaza kusiyana kwa malamulo mwachangu ndikukhudza dziko lonse. Vuto ndi lakuti amadzaza mipata imeneyi mโnjira yochepetsera chilungamo ndi chilungamo cha malamulo. Mosiyana ndi izi, malamulo abwino amapangidwa ndi mabungwe aboma, koma kugawikana kwa mabungwe omwe akutenga nawo mbali kumatanthauza kuti mikangano yamalamulo imabuka nthawi zonse khonsolo ya pulaimale isanakhale ndi mwayi wokambirana nkhani inayake.
Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuphatikiza mtundu wa malamulo omwe amachotsedwa kwambiri kuzamalamulo aku America: malamulo achikhalidwe. Lamulo la pachikhalidwe limatanthauzidwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati mwambo wochitidwa chifukwa chokakamizidwa ndilamulo. Ngati makhonsolo awiri achita zinthu motalika kokwanira, ndiye kuti mchitidwewu umakhala lamulo loletsa khalidwe lawo. Ufulu woletsa kuyenda kapena matanthauzo a zitsimikizo zalamulo (komwe uyenera kukhala ndi thanzi, kapena ufulu wokhala ndi chilengedwe, mwachitsanzo) ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo achikhalidwe ngati palibe lamulo la khonsolo pankhaniyi. Lamulo lachikhalidwe lingathe kudzaza mipata yazamalamulo ndi kupanga dongosolo lazamalamulo logwira ntchito mokwanira.
Chitsanzo:
Kuti muwone momwe mbali zamalamulo otengera nawo mbali zimagwirira ntchito, lingalirani za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwa munthu payekhapayekha. Kuvomerezeka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumagawaniza kupita patsogolo - kodi ndi nkhani yaufulu waumwini kapena mphamvu ya khansa yomwe imafuna malamulo ena? M'dongosolo lamakono chisankho chapangidwa kwa ife kuchokera pamwamba ndi oimira athu. Gulu lamagulu limatha kulolera bwino zomwe anthu amakonda. Umu ndi momwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mayina amisewu ochokera kunyumba kwanga ku San Francisco:
Tinene kuti tili ndi ma Council awiri m'misewu iwiri yosiyana yotchedwa Guerrero ndi Valencia. Guerrero Council imavota kuti avomereze mankhwala osokoneza bongo pomwe Valencia Street satero. Bungwe lapamwamba lotsatira lomwe lili ndi nthumwi zochokera m'misewu yonse iwiri (yotchedwa Mission Neighborhood Council) nawonso amavotera kuvomereza mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Voti yapamwambayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mikangano yamalamulo pakati pa misewu iwiri. Nawa mndandanda wa zochitika zotheka kuchokera pakukhazikitsa uku:
1. Ndimakhala mumsewu wa Guerrero ndipo ndimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mumsewu wa Guerrero mkati mwazotsatira zamalamulo ovomerezeka. Palibe chilolezo chalamulo.
2. Ndimakhala pa Valencia Street ndipo ndimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa Valencia Street. Ndimalangidwa mkati mwa magawo oletsa mankhwala ku Valencia.
3. Ndimakhala pa Guerrero Street ndipo ndimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa Valencia Street. Tsopano pali mkangano ndi malamulo, ndipo lamulo la Mission Neighborhood Council limayang'anira. Popeza bungwe lapamwamba limeneli lokhala ndi oimira mโmisewu yonse iwiri lalola mankhwala ozunguza bongo, sindikuloledwa ndi lamulo lililonse.
4. Ndimakhala pa Valencia Street ndipo ndimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pa Guerrero Street. Lamulo la Mission Neighborhood Council likugwiranso ntchito, ndipo liripo mwinamwake palibe chilolezo chalamulo (onani ndemanga yanga yachisanu pansipa chitsanzo).
5. Wina wochokera mdera lomwe adaletsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amamwa mankhwala ku Mission Neighborhood. Tsopano lamulo la bungwe lapamwamba lotsatira, San Francisco Council, limayang'anira mkanganowo pansi pa mkangano wa mfundo zamalamulo zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.
Pomaliza! Tili ndi lamulo pa nkhani yotsutsana yomwe ndi yamadzi kwambiri moti imatha kuwonetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'misewu yosiyana. Sipadzakhalanso kulandidwa ufulu, palibenso boma la anthu osankhika, osakhalanso m'chinyengo cha chilolezo. Koma pali zovuta zambiri zomwe zimachokera ku chitsanzo ichi zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa:
Choyamba, kodi konsolo iliyonse yayikulu iyenera kukambirana nkhani iliyonse kuti dongosolo lazamalamulo ligwire ntchito? Zikumveka ngati ululu; mwamwayi, sitiyenera kupita kutali choncho. Membala aliyense wa khonsolo iliyonse sayenera kusankha mwachidwi nkhani iliyonse; amangofunika kukhala ndi mwayi wokambirana nkhani iliyonse. Ngati mulibe mphamvu pa legalization mankhwala, ndiye musapite kumsonkhano sabata imeneyo. Ngati muli ndi mphamvu zambiri pa voti yochotsa mimba sabata yotsatira, pitani ku msonkhano umenewo m'malo mwake. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti aliyense amaitanidwa ku misonkhano yonseyi.
Chachiwiri, kodi anthu angadziwe bwanji kuti malamulowo ndi otani ngati asintha kuchoka ku msewu kupita ku msewu? Zowonadi, parlaw imaphatikizapo kugwirizana kwambiri pakati pamagulu. Koma ili ndi vuto laukadaulo, mosiyana ndi lingaliro. Ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri - momwe intaneti komanso ukadaulo wamafoni am'manja zilili kumapangitsa kuti nkhani yolumikizana ikhale yopambana kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse m'mbiri ya anthu.
Ndikoyeneranso kukumbukira kuti ngati anthu achita zinthu motalika kokwanira ndiye kuti mwambo ukhoza kukhala lamulo lachikhalidwe. Ngati chiletso cha mankhwala ku Valencia Street sichinakhazikitsidwe kwa nthawi yokwanira ndipo munthu amene amabwera mumsewuwo amangidwa, ndiye kuti munthuyo akhoza kunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwaletsedwa pa Valencia Street ndi mwambo. Kudandaula kwa lamulo la chikhalidwe kungathe kuteteza anthu omwe analakwitsa ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino pomvetsetsa malamulo pa malo aliwonse.
Chachitatu, kodi pali chilichonse chimene chingachitidwe kuti malamulo ochulukawa asakhale osokoneza komanso osavuta kumva? Yankho ndi mwamtheradi. Ndimaona kuti ndizothandiza kuganiza za tanthauzo la paralaw ngati mgwirizano pakati pa kuchita bwino ndi chilungamo. Mtengo wa malamulo omwe akupangidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa mwachilungamo ndikuti akhoza kugwira ntchito moyenera. Ichi sichinthu choyipa kwenikweni; timapanga tradeoff ngati izi nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, m'malamulo a ku America timapatula umboni wopezeka pamilandu ngati apolisi adaupeza mosaloledwa; ngakhale umboni wolondola, wolondola. Izi lamulo lopatula ndi kusinthana kwa magwiridwe antchito a chilungamo; parlaw amachita mofanana, koma pamagulu ambiri a khalidwe.
Kusiyana kwa malamulo ndi dongosolo lomwe lilipo pano ndikuti anthu amasankha nthawi yomwe akufuna kuti malamulowo aziyenda bwino komanso akafuna kuti azichita zinthu mwachilungamo. Ngati misewu ya Guerrero ndi Valencia, akuda nkhawa ndi chisokonezo, ingovota kuti atsatire ndondomeko ya mankhwala ya Mission Neighborhood Council ndiye kuti akhoza kuchita zimenezo. Koma ngati Guerrero Street ndi msewu wokhawo ku America womwe umafuna mankhwala ovomerezeka mwalamulo ndipo akufuna molakwika (kuchita bwino kuthetsedwa!), Ndiye kuti akhoza kulembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pansi pa lamulo ngati sakuvulaza wina aliyense. Mu America yamakono iwo onse adzamangidwa - kusiyana ndi kwakukulu.
Chachinayi, ndi kuyang'ana makamaka zochitika #4, kodi tikufunadi gulu limene munthu wina wa mumsewu wa Valencia amaloledwa kuphwanya malamulo a khonsolo yawo mwa kusuntha mdadada umodzi kupita ku Guerrero Street? Kutsutsa kumeneku kwanenedwa mopanda chilungamo. Lamulo lililonse limagwira ntchito kwa munthu ndi gawo; ngati chimodzi kapena china chikusintha kuposa palibe chachilendo pakusintha kwa lamulo. Palibe amene anganene kuti mwana wazaka 19 waku America yemwe amamwa chakumwa ku Mexico akuphwanya momveka bwino malamulo aku America. Mofananamo, palibe amene anganene kuti munthu amene akuyendetsa galimoto mumsewu umodzi wokhala ndi malire a 40 MPH akuphwanya lamulo mobisa pamene malire ake othamanga ndi 30 MPH. Malamulo akumwa a ku America sagwira ntchito ku Mexico; malire a liwiro amakhazikika mofananamo kwa munthu amene akuyendetsa galimoto pa msewu winawake. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito ndi parlaw, kungokhala ndi zovuta zambiri zamalamulo pamagawo ang'onoang'ono, msewu ndi msewu.
Chachisanu, vuto lazamalamulo likhoza kukhalapo ngati wina amwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mumsewu wa Guerrero ndikuyambitsa mavuto okhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Valencia Street (mwina wopeลตa atakopeka ayamba kuwononga nyumba za anthu, mwachitsanzo). Tsopano mwina zotsatira za lamulo lovomerezeka la mankhwala sizikhalanso zaumwini / zakomweko. Khothi lamilandu lingafunike kuthetsa vutoli kuti liwunike zotsatira zenizeni za lamulo. Ngati Khothi la Mission Neighborhood lingagamula kuti lamulo lololeza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ili ndi vuto lodziwika bwino, ndiye kuti liletsa malamulo a Mission ndi Guerrero. Zotsatirazi sizikutanthauza kuti Guerrero Street akadali sangakhale ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka, koma zikutanthauza kuti ayenera kubwereranso ku bolodi lojambula kuti apange lamulo lodziwika bwino lomwe limachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa Valencia Street.
Kufananiza Parlaw ndi Lamulo Lilipo:
Kuti wina angaganize kuti zonsezi zikumveka ngati zongopeka kuti zichitike, ndili ndi nkhani kwa inu. Chikhazikitso chalamulo ichi chimagwira ntchito a zambiri monga dongosolo lazamalamulo lapadziko lonse tsopano.
Taganizirani izi. Malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi amagawidwanso, kupatula m'malo mwa makhonsolo tili ndi mayiko. Kuvomereza lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi pafupifupi nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuti lamuloli litsatidwe motsutsana ndi boma; umu ndi momwe United States akhoza kupeลตa maudindo ambiri a mayiko mwa kungosaina nawo (ndipo ndinganene kuti ili ndi vuto la US kukhala mphamvu ya dziko la hegemonic, osati vuto ndi momwe malamulo apadziko lonse amasungira chilolezo cha dziko). Khoti Lapadziko Lonse silingamve mlandu pokhapokha ngati dzikolo livomereza kapena bungwe la UN Security Council, lomwe si bungwe lazamalamulo, likukakamizani kupezekapo. Lamulo lachikhalidwe ndi chizindikiro cha kusaina kwa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi monga momwe afotokozera Ndime 38 ya lamulo lopanga Khothi Ladziko Lonse.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo ndikuti akale amateteza kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma pamalire awo. Koma ambiri mwa akatswiri azamalamulo akukhazikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi koyambirira kwa 20th zaka zana anali otsutsa kwambiri kupereka kukhulupirika kosagwedezeka ku lingaliro la ulamuliro wa boma. Katswiri wina wa ku Germany, Hans Kelsen, ananena kuti ulamuliro wa boma sikofunikira kuti malamulo apadziko lonse agwire ntchito ndipo ananena kuti aliyense amene anganene kuti ayi akupereka mkangano wandale ngati mkangano womveka.[3] Hans Morgenthau, wofunikira kwambiri pakukulitsa ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi, adawonanso ndale zamphamvu za boma ngati "zisankho zomvetsa chisoni" ndipo adafuna boma lapadziko lonse lapansi lokhala ndi apolisi apadziko lonse lapansi omwe angadutse malire odziyimira pawokha.[4] Potsirizira pake, Hersh Lauterpacht anatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti ulamuliro waufulu wa tsiku lake unali "chotchinga chosagonjetseka pakati pa munthu ndi lamulo la anthu."[5]
Chifukwa chake mwina ulamuliro wadziko siwofunika m'malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Posiyanitsa kusiyana kumeneku ndi kufananiza kochulukira pakati pa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi m'malamulo, kumapangitsa kufananiza njira zamalamulo izi kukhala zothandiza m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, lamulo lokhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndilotheka - liripo. Chachiwiri, kupambana kowoneka bwino ndi kulephera kwa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza olimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali kumvetsetsa momwe malamulo amagwirira ntchito.
Chifukwa Chake Anthu Amatsatira Lamulo Lapadziko Lonse & Chifukwa Chake Angachitire Ku Parlaw:
Mwachitsanzo, vuto limodzi m'malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi lomwe likuyenera kuganiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi ogawana nawo ndilakuti anthu satsatira malamulo a mayiko momwe akuyenera kukhalira. Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zasekedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku wotsatira malamulo omwe apezeka kuti akuwonjezera kutsata.[6]
Choyamba, kafukufuku wowona wasonyeza poyamba kuti mapangano omwe amakambidwa ndi omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri (monga magulu osankhika omwe amakambirana mapangano azachuma) amatsogolera kutsata bwino kuposa mapangano omwe anthu amakambitsirana makamaka kwa anthu ena (monga mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe). Chachiwiri, kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwa mbiri kumabweretsa kutsatiridwa bwino, kotero chilichonse chomwe chimapangitsa mayiko kudalirana ndikuwonjezera kudalirana ayenera kuwonjezera kutsata. Chachitatu, mu mfundo yofananira, chilichonse chomwe chimapangitsa kuti boma liziyang'ana kwambiri zokomera mayiko (ma NGO, omenyera ufulu wa anthu, zokomera anthu ammudzi, ndi "mabizinesi amakhalidwe abwino" kunyumba ndi kunja) zapezekanso kuti zikuwonjezera kutsata malamulo. Mphamvu izi zimakakamiza kuyika malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ngati malamulo apakhomo, zomwe zimawapatsa mphamvu zowonjezera.
Mfundo yakuti mitundu iyi ya mphamvu imapangitsa kuti anthu azitsatira bwino malamulo a mayiko akulonjeza kuti azitsatira malamulo ogwirizana, popeza, kachiwiri, machitidwe awiriwa ali ndi zofanana. A parsociety amatsindika za demokalase yadala, kotero kuti mapangano ambiri amakambidwa ndi anthu omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri nawo. Pangano la ufulu wachibadwidwe mu gulu la anthu silimapangidwanso ndi akuluakulu a ndale (nthawi zambiri osasankhidwa), koma ndi atsogoleri omwe adakwera kuchokera kumagulu ofanana ndipo motero ali ndi zolimbikitsa zachindunji zokakamiza kutsatiridwa bwino. Ponena za kudalirana, gulu lodalirana ndilo dongosolo lodalirana kwambiri lomwe lingaganizidwe m'chitaganya chotukuka. Dziko lalikulu lomwe likugwiritsa ntchito chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi silingakhalepo mgulu la anthu chifukwa cha kutsindika kwa parecon pa kugawana zinthu, kukonzekera nawo limodzi, ndi malipiro chifukwa cha khama ndi kudzipereka. Chifukwa mphamvu zandale ndi zamalamulo zimakhazikika m'magulu ambiri kuposa demokalase yamakono, magulu ngati omenyera ufulu wawo amatha kulimbikitsa kuphatikizira mapangano ochulukirapo m'malamulo awo.
Kutsiliza:
Kufotokozera momveka bwino malamulo oyendetsera malamulo kumathandiza kuti zikhale zosavuta kumvetsetsa momwe malamulo angagwirire ntchito m'madera atsopano omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito potsatira mfundo zogwirizanitsa. Kufanana kwa malamulo a palaw ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndikothandiza kuti onse awiri akhale ndi malamulo omwe alipo kuti afananize komanso kuthana ndi zotsutsa zomwe malamulowo sangathe.
Palinso zotsutsa zina za parlaw zomwe sizingaganizidwe ndi nkhani ngati iyi yomwe imangoyambitsa chitsanzo. Nawa awiri aiwo kuti tiganizire mozama:
1) Pankhani yodalirana iyi, chinthu chimodzi chabwino cha kudalirana kwa magulu amagulu ndikuti zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidziwika bwino. Anthu angasamalirena wina ndi mnzake kudutsa malire a mayiko chifukwa, palibe. Vuto ndilakuti pakadali pano tikukhala m'dziko la jingoism, kukweza mbendera, komanso kukhazikika kwa America. Ili si vuto longoyerekeza, chifukwa ndizotheka kuti chizindikiritso cha dziko chisinthe (Ufulu waposachedwa wa Kosovo ndi chitsimikizo chomaliza cha kusintha kwa chidziwitso cha dziko, mwachitsanzo). Kwenikweni, kupanga chizindikiritso chamitundu yonse kungakhale kovuta ngati malingaliro amphamvu okonda dziko lathu oikidwa m'maganizo mwathu ndi atolankhani, akuluakulu andale, masukulu, ndi ena atapambana. Kuti tipeze phindu lonse la kudalirana, kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi anthu / dziko / dziko lawo kuyenera kukhala "kopanda chilonda" mwanjira ina kuti malingaliro ochuluka athe kuphuka.
2) Parlaw ikhoza kukhala chitsanzo chosamvetseka chomwe chimagwira ntchito mopitirira malire, koma osati pakati. Gulu lodalirana lapadziko lonse lapansi lochita nawo zinthu lingathe kuchotseratu khonsolo iliyonse yachinyengo ndi kutsatiridwa mwamphamvu ndikulowa mu dongosolo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m'dera laling'ono (monga gulu la anthu obadwa kumene kapena banja limodzi) ndizosavuta kuganiza ndi kuyendetsa zinthu mothandizana. Vuto limakhala pamene theka la dziko lapansi likuchita nawo mbali ndipo theka la dziko lapansi likuyendetsedwabe ndi machitidwe opanda chilungamo monga demokalase yamakono kapena ulamuliro wankhanza. Ngati malamulo a malamulo amagwirizana kuti agwire ntchito mwachilungamo, ndiye kuti mayiko omwe ali ndi nkhanza kwambiri angagwiritse ntchito chiwawa kuti afooketse kapena kuwononga mbali yowunikira kwambiri ya dziko. Mosakayikira izi ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Spain yemwe anali wankhanza pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Spain. Njira yabwino yothanirana ndi chitsutsochi ndikumanga chithandizo chovuta kwambiri kotero kuti gulu limatha kudziteteza ku mphamvu zoyipa, zofooketsa.
Matt Halling pano ali m'chaka chake chomaliza kusukulu ya zamalamulo ku University of California, Hastings. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]. Nkhaniyi ndi mtundu wofupikitsidwa wa zolemba za ophunzira zomwe zidzasindikizidwa mu Fall 2008 Hastings International & Comparative Law Review.
[1] Mutu udawuziridwa kuchokera ku No Gods No Masters: An Anarchist Anthology (Daniel Guerin ed., AK Press 2005) (1980).
[2] Robert Paul Wolff, Kuteteza Anarchism 30 (1970).
[3] Hans Kelsen, Chiyambi cha Mavuto a Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo 124 (1992) (1934).
[4] Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa Morgenthau, onani Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870-1960 449 & 469 (2002).
[5] Hersh Lauterpacht, Lamulo Lapadziko Lonse ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe 77 (1950).
[6] Maphunziro onsewa amatchulidwa ndikuwunikidwa muzolemba zowunikira malamulo ndipo amapezeka mukafunsidwa.