Kuukira koopsa ku Paris usiku wa Lachisanu, Novembara 13, kudakumana mwachangu ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi France ndi anthu aku France. Kuyambira atsogoleri adziko lapansi akuwonetsa chifundo chawo, kukweza mbendera yaku France panyumba padziko lonse lapansi, komanso zowoneka bwino, pa mbiri ya Facebook, aliyense adayimilira mosagwirizana ndi France.
Lingaliro la mgwirizano womwe umayambitsa nkhawa yayikuluyi ndi yosangalatsa, komabe ziyenera kugwirizana ndi kufuna kukangana kwakukulu pankhani zauchigawenga, chiwawa ndi nkhondo. Mkwiyo ndi chisoni siziyenera kutilepheretsa kuganiza.
Chifukwa chiyani Paris? Kodi oukirawo anali ndani, ndipo akanachita bwanji zimenezi? Kodi tingapewe bwanji zigawenga zoterezi? Tisanagwadire ku matanthauzo ang'onoang'ono omwe nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ndi atolankhani ndi atsogoleri athu andale, tiyenera kuyang'ana mayankho odziwa bwino mafunso ofunikawa. Mayankho apano - kuphatikiza kuphulika kwa bomba ku France ku Syria komanso njira zachitetezo chambiri kudera la France - zitha kukhala mafuta owonjezera chiwawa, m'malo mobweretsa njira zothetsera.
"Ife motsutsana Nawo"
Monga dziko la France, kulowetsedwa kwadzidzidzi kwa mbendera yamitundu itatu pakhoma langa la Facebook kunandisokoneza pang'ono. Ndikumva othokoza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano ndi mauthenga odabwitsa oyitanitsa chikondi ndi mgwirizano padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, ndimadzifunsa ngati mbendera ya ku France ilidi chizindikiro choyenera kusonyeza kuyitanidwa kwa mtendere ndi kuphatikizidwa, ndi kubweretsa anthu pamodzi mu umodzi polimbana ndi zigawenga.
Kwa ine, mbendera ya ku France imayimira choyamba dziko la France, maboma omwe alamulira dziko langa, ndi ndondomeko zawo zakunja. Kunyumba, nthawi zambiri ndi chizindikiro cha dziko, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Marine Le Pen kupanga adani kuchokera kwa alendo. Zimayimira zikhalidwe zina zomwe zimatanthauzidwa kuti "French", mosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zakunja zomwe France sayenera kulandirira, motero zitha kukhala zowopsa za tsankho.
Mogwirizana ndi izi bleu-blanc-rouge chipwirikiti, ojambula ambiri ndi anthabwala ayankha paziwopsezo zomwe zimateteza miyambo yachi French; kumwa vinyo, kusangalala ndi moyo, kusuta masitepe. Amanena kuti kuwukira kulikonse kwa zikhalidwe zaku France ndikuwukira kusangalala ndi moyo wokha. Ngakhale osyasyalika m'njira, amatamanda zomwe zingawonekere Kwenikweni pokhala Wachifalansa, zimatilimbikitsa mopanda chilungamo kuti tiwone kuukiridwa kupyolera mu "mkangano wa zitukuko" kumene adani ndi malingaliro akunja akuwopseza moyo wathu, makhalidwe athu.
Tiyeni tifotokoze momveka bwino zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, munkhani iyi ya "ife" motsutsana ndi "iwo", sindikudziwa kuti "ife" akuyenera kukhala ndani. Kodi ndine-mzika yaku France yomwe kwa nthawi yayitali ndimatsutsa mfundo zankhanza zakunja ku Middle East-mwadzidzidzi mbali imodzi ndi boma langa?
Kwa ambiri a ife, akuluakulu a ndale m'dzikoli, omwe adaumirira kuti agwirizane ndi dziko la France pankhondo zomwe sitinkafuna, ndi mbali ya vutoli. Maboma osiyanasiyana otsatizanatsatizana a ku France athandiza mosalunjika pa kukwera kwa magulu ankhanza ndi kutengeka maganizo kwa anyamata kuti agwirizane nawo. Kukweza mbendera yaku France kungathandizire kuchepetsa udindo wawo komanso udindo womwe ali nawo pavutoli. Choyipitsitsacho, chikhoza kuvomereza zochitika zina zankhondo zosafunikira kunja.
Ndipo chachiŵiri, “iwo” ndani? "Nkhondo Yowopsya", monga momwe yasonyezedwera momveka bwino ndi atsogoleri a dziko lapansi, si nkhondo yachikhalidwe, ndi mdani womveka, wowonekera. Otsutsa kupha kwa Paris sanali alendo; ambiri a iwo anali nzika za ku France kapena za ku Ulaya, zobadwa ndi kukulira pa nthaka ya ku Ulaya. Sitikunena za mdani wodabwitsa, wakutali, koma za anyamata ndi atsikana achifalansa omwe ali mbali ya gulu lachi French monga wina aliyense.
Chiwonetsero cha mphamvu
Ndipo komabe, pulezidenti waku France adalengeza mwachangu "nkhondo" ndikuwonjezera kuphulika kwachindunji ndi koopsa kwa zolinga za IS ku Syria. Zigawengazo pokhala makamaka nzika za ku Ulaya, kodi sikungakhale kwanzeru kudzifunsa kuti vuto nchiyani m’madera mwathu m’malo mochita nkhondo mopupuluma ngati imeneyi kunja?
Chodetsa nkhawa, pakhala pali kukana pang'ono mkati mwa media kapena ngakhale mkati mwa mapiko akumanzere aku France, ku mfundo za Hollande. Kodi kukhudzidwa ndi mkwiyo wa kuukira kwa Paris zatilepheretsa kuzindikira kuti kuponya mabomba ku Middle East sikungathetse ziwopsezo zachitetezo zomwe zimachokera mkati?
Uchigawenga ndi mdani wosaoneka wochokera ku zovuta za ndale, zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa mochenjera komanso moganizira. Mbiri yatiwonetsa kuti zaka 14 za "Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Zigawenga" ku Middle East zangowonjezera chiwawa, uchigawenga komanso zomvetsa chisoni, imfa zambiri. Kodi si nthawi yoti tiyambe kuganizira za njira zosiyanasiyana?
Chiyambireni zigawengazi, a Francois Hollande apereka maganizo ake kuti asinthe malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino pofuna kuti boma lizitha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu polimbana ndi uchigawenga. Zosinthazi zikuphatikizanso kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zapulezidenti, kulola a Hollande kuti akhazikitse chitetezo popanda kuwunika momwe nyumba yamalamulo ikuyendera. Purezidenti akufuna kukulitsa nthawi yanthawi yadzidzidzi, kuchepetsa ufulu woyenda komanso ufulu wosonkhana, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero zazikulu, m'dzina lachitetezo cha dziko.
Kusinthaku kungapangitsenso kukulitsa tanthauzo la nzika zomwe akuzifuna kwa aliyense amene "akuganiziridwa mozama" kuti akuwopseza bata, ndikutsegula chitseko ku zenizeni zodetsa nkhawa za njira zankhanza za apolisi zolunjika kwa achinyamata osauka, okhumudwa. Kuphatikiza apo, Hollande akufuna kuchotsa dziko la France kwa nzika zonse ziwiri akukayikira zauchigawenga.
Zomwe Purezidenti akuchita ndizosokoneza kwambiri, ndikulimbitsa masomphenya opotoka a mdani "wachilendo", zomwe sizingalephereke kutsata tsankho komanso tsankho komanso machitidwe kwa alendo, kapena aliyense amene akuwoneka ngati wakunja, ku France. Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa Le Parisien, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti 84% ya omwe adafunsidwa adathandizira chigamulo chowonjezera mphamvu zoyendetsera apolisi ndi asitikali, pomwe 91% idagwirizana ndi lingaliro lochotsa dziko la France kwa zigawenga zomwe akuwakayikira.
Kodi mfundo zaku France zotseguka komanso zikhalidwe zambiri zili kuti zomwe timaziteteza molimbika tsopano? Sitiyenera kulola kuti mantha ndi nkhani yolakwika ya "ife" motsutsana ndi "iwo" ilungamitse mfundo zankhanza zolimbana ndi nzika zathu, kapena kwa wina aliyense pankhaniyi, kuphatikiza othawa kwawo omwe akuthawa zoopsa zomwe timati tikulimbana nazo.
Chifukwa chiyani nzika zaku France zidaganiza zopha?
Chifukwa chomwe atolankhani amayang'ana kwambiri mbali iyi yotsutsana ndi mfundo zaku France za liberté, egalité, fraternité, ndi makhalidwe owopsa ndi odana ndi olalikidwa ndi IS, ndikuti amapereka mayankho osavuta ku mafunso ovuta. N'chifukwa chiyani Paris anaukiridwa? Chifukwa, tikuuzidwa, umaimira mtima wa ufulu, multiculturalism, secularism ndi chisangalalo cha moyo. Koma kodi n'zoona? Dziko la France silikuwoneka kuti likuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zomwe limanena.
Funso lenileni liyenera kukhala lakuti: n’chifukwa chiyani amuna ndi anyamata achichepere a ku France (ndi ku Belgian) anasankha kupereka moyo wawo nsembe kuti aphe anthu a m’dera lawo?
Mayankho awiri akuwoneka kuti atuluka. Yoyamba, makamaka yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu a ndale ndi atolankhani, ndi yakuti akuphawo anali "omisala", "osokoneza ubongo" ndi "opanda pake", ndipo sakanatha kuchita mwanzeru. Njira imeneyi imakana kupendedwa koyenera kwa zolinga za akuphawo, kuwasankhira pambali kuti akonde malingaliro achipembedzo opanda nzeru ndi onyanyira, ndipo motero amalungamitsa kuyankha mwachiwawa ndi mwaukali chabe.
Yankho lachiwiri, lochokera kumagulu ambiri akumanzere, otsutsana ndi tsankho, amanena kuti zigawenga zoterezi ndi zotsatira zachindunji za ndondomeko zakunja ndi zapakhomo ku France. Ngakhale onse akuwoneka kuti amatsutsana kwambiri, ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana: amalepheretsa bungwe komanso kuyankha kwa omwe akuukirawo. Njira yachiwiriyi, yomwe imasonyeza malingaliro osatsutsika a ndale, imakhalabe yolakwika mofanana ndi yoyamba: imayiwala kuti akuphawo ndi anthu omwe amaganiza ndi kuchitapo kanthu, osati chabe zinthu zopanda pake za ndondomeko yachilendo ya tsankho ndi imperialist.
Ndikofunikira kuzindikira omwe akuukirawo ngati anthu, okhoza kuchita ndi kuganiza mwanzeru, chifukwa ndi sitepe yoyamba yomvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe amachitira. Kutengeka maganizo kwachipembedzo kumangoyambitsa ziwawa, monga momwe zakhalira ndi malingaliro ena ambiri m'mbuyomu, monga kukonda dziko, fascism, kapena communism. Mfundo zimenezi si zimene zimayambitsa chiwawa. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingaoneke ngati zoonekeratu, m’pofunika kutsindika mfundo yakuti kunyanyira kwachipembedzo si chifukwa chake chifukwa Mnyamata angatenge mfuti ndikuwombera pagulu la anthu, ndi chabe chida kuwongolera mkwiyo wawo.
Tiyenera kuyesetsa kuona chiyambi cha kusakhutira kwa anyamatawa. Zokambirana ziyenera kutsegulidwa za dongosolo la sukulu, za ghettoization ya m'matauni kudutsa France, zachiwawa apolisi ndi njira zachitetezo zapakhomo, za ndondomeko ya ndende, za kusankhana mitundu, za ndondomeko yathu yokhotakhota, yokhudza kuponderezana ndi kukhwima kwadziko; ndipo mndandanda ukupitirira.
Mafunso amenewa ndi ovuta kuwayankha, ndipo ndi ovuta kuwayankha. Chifukwa chake, timakonda kujambula chithunzi chakuda ndi choyera, wathu makhalidwe motsutsana awo m'malo mokumana ndi zovuta zamkati zamagulu athu osweka.
Kafufuzidwe kakang'ono kamene kachitika pa omenyana ndi IS, kunja ndi mkati mwa Ulaya, akuwonetsa kuti anyamata salowa m'gulu lochita monyanyira pazifukwa zachipembedzo. The Abale a Kouachi omwe adawombera a Charlie Hebdo adakumana ndi umphawi wovuta pambuyo pa kudzipha kwa amayi awo, osathandizidwa pang'ono ndi chithandizo chamankhwala komanso kuzunguliridwa ndi ziwawa zazikulu ali ana.
Kukwiyira chisalungamo chimene akukumana nacho, kupatukana, ndi zaka za kunyazitsidwa kowonjezereka kuchokera m’maboma omwe akuyenera kukhalamo kungasonkhezere anyamata kusonyeza kuipidwa kwawo kupyolera m’chisonkhezero chachipembedzo chonyanyira. IS ingokhala gulu lokonzekera, lomwe likuwopseza kwambiri magulu aku Europe, ndipo limapatsa anyamata onyozeka ndi okwiyawa njira yotetezera ulemu wawo ndi kunyada kwawo.
As Anne Aly akufotokoza kuti: “Chipembedzo ndi malingaliro zimagwira ntchito monga njira zopezera malingaliro a ‘ife motsutsana ndi iwo’ ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa chiwawa kwa awo amene akuimira ‘mdani’, koma sizimasonkhezera kutengeka maganizo.”
Njira zothetsera mavuto aakulu
Njira zothetsera mavuto zimatanthauza, choyamba, kuthana ndi vuto lomwe linayambira. Julien Salingue adalongosola lingaliro ili momveka bwino pambuyo pa kuwombera kwa Charlie Hebdo: "Kusintha kwakukulu, choncho kufunsa kwa dongosolo lomwe limapanga kusiyana kwapangidwe ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa ndikofunikira".
Chisalungamo chili chonse ndi mchitidwe uliwonse wochititsa manyazi munthu wina aliyense pagulu zitha kuyambitsa mkwiyo ndi chidani, zomwe tsiku lina zitha kusintha kukhala chiwawa. James Gilligan adalemba zambiri za momwe ndende zaku America zimagwirira ntchito kukulitsa manyazi ndi manyazi zomwe zimakakamiza anthu kuchita zachiwawa poyamba. Kusanthula kumeneku ndi kothandiza poyang'ana magulu a ku Ulaya, ndi njira za tsankho ndi zochititsa manyazi zomwe zimakakamiza anyamata kuti achite mwachiwawa.
Tiyenera kutsutsa ndondomeko zonse, zokambirana ndi machitidwe omwe amavomereza ndi kulimbikitsa ndale za udani. Ziwawa za apolisi kwa anyamata achiarabu, mwachitsanzo, zimachitika pafupipafupi ku France. Amedy Coulibaly, wosewera wina mu kuwombera kwa Paris mu January 2015, anavutika ndi imfa ya bwenzi lake mu "slipup" wapolisi pamene anali ndi zaka 18. Mtundu woterewu wachindunji wochitidwa tsiku ndi tsiku umawonjezera chiwawa cha zomangamanga ndi tsankho anyamata ochokera anthu osauka amakumana nawo m'mabungwe aku Europe. Nkhondo kwa iwo sichowonadi chakutali, chosagwirizana, koma pafupi ndi moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Chipongwe chilichonse chosankhana mitundu, nkhanza za apolisi, kuzengedwa mlandu mopanda chilungamo, kapena kusalidwa kumawabweretsera gawo limodzi kuti achite zoopsa ngati kupha anthu ku Paris. Choncho tiyenera kukayikira dongosolo lomwe tikukhalamo ndi moyo umene timauteteza mwachipongwe pambuyo poukiridwa, chifukwa vutoli likhoza kukhala pafupi ndi ife kuposa momwe timaganizira.
Claire Veale ndi omaliza maphunziro ku SOAS, University of London, ku Violence, Conflict & Development. Atakhala ndikugwira ntchito m'makontinenti angapo, ali ndi chidwi chofuna kulemba za kayendetsedwe ka anthu, ndale za Latin America, ufulu wa amuna ndi akazi komanso nkhani zachitukuko padziko lonse lapansi.
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